Written as per the latest syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook

Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

STD. IX
Science and Technology

Salient Features
• Written as per the new textbook.
• Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus.
• Ample numericals for thorough revision.
• Memory maps provided for revision at a glance.
• Chapter-wise assessment with every chapter for knowledge testing.
• Model Question Papers in accordance with the latest paper pattern.

Answers to Model Question papers are available in downloadable PDF

format at www.targetpublications.org/tp12350

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P.O. No. 104460

12350_JUP
 Chapterwise Distribution of Marks: Term II
Part - I Part - II
Marks Marks
Chapter Chapter
Chapter Name Marks with Chapter Name Marks with
No. No.
options options
Classification of
1. Laws of Motion 1 1 6. 1 2
plants
Energy Flow in an
2. Work and Energy 1 2 7. 2 2
Ecosystem
Useful and
3. Current Electricity 2 3 8. 2 3
Harmful Microbes
Measurement of Environmental
4. 2 2 9. 2 3
Matter Management
Information
Acids, Bases and
5. 2 3 10. Communication 1 1
Salts
Technology (ICT)
Life Processes in
11. Reflection of Light 8 12 15. 9 12
Living Organisms
Heredity and
12. Study of Sound 8 10 16. 9 12
Variation
Carbon : An Introduction to
13. 8 12 17. 9 12
Important Element Biotechnology
Substances in Observing Space :
14. 8 10 18. 5 8
Common Use Telescopes
Total marks 40 55 Total marks 40 55
Note: In chapterwise distribution of marks of term II, 80% weightage is given to the chapters from term II
and 20% weightage is given to chapters from term I.

Contents
No. Topic Name Page No.
1. Laws of Motion 1
2. Work and Energy 29
3. Current Electricity 51
4. Measurement of Matter 70
5. Acids, Bases and Salts 96
6. Classification of Plants 121
7. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem 133
8. Useful and Harmful Microbes 147
9. Environmental Management 160
10. Information Communication Technology (ICT) 175
11. Reflection of Light 185
12. Study of Sound 207
13. Carbon : An Important Element 224
14. Substances in Common Use 242
15. Life Processes in Living Organisms 264
16. Heredity and Variation 285
17. Introduction to Biotechnology 303
18. Observing Space : Telescopes 322
First Term Examination (Model Question Paper – I) 329
First Term Examination (Model Question Paper – II) 331
Second Term Examination (Model Question Paper – I) 333
Second Term Examination (Model Question Paper – II) 336
Note: Textual exercise questions are represented by * mark.
Textual solved examples are represented by + mark.
 1 Laws of Motion

Fill in the blanks 2. Select the appropriate options and complete

the following paragraph. [3 Marks]
1. Complete the following statements. (moving, increases, decreases, tangential,
[1 Mark each] accelerated, direction, magnitude, opposite)
i. The shortest distance between initial and final The velocity of _______ object changes with
points of movement of the body is called time. This change in velocity can be in terms
_______ of the body. of _______or _______of velocity or both.
When the velocity of a body _______with
ii. The magnitude of velocity and _______ will time, its acceleration is positive. Here
be equal if motion is along a straight path. acceleration is in the direction of velocity.
iii. Retardation means _______ acceleration. When the velocity of a body _______with
time, its acceleration is negative. Here
iv. If velocity of an object changes by unequal
acceleration is _______ to direction of
amounts in equal time intervals, the object is
velocity.
said to be in _______ acceleration.
Answer:
v. Slope of distance-time graph gives _______ in The velocity of accelerated object changes
case of uniform motion. with time. This change in velocity can be in
vi. The direction of velocity of an object terms of direction or magnitude of velocity
performing uniform circular motion is along or both.
the _______ direction to its position. When the velocity of a body increases with
time, its acceleration is positive. Here
vii. While sharpening a knife, sparks fly off
acceleration is in the direction of velocity.
_______ from the grinding stone.
When the velocity of a body decreases with
viii. _______ is a quantitative measure of inertia of time, its acceleration is negative. Here
a body. acceleration is opposite to direction of
ix. When a car stops suddenly, the person inside velocity.
gets a forward jerk due to _______. Choose the correct alternative [1 Mark each]
x. An _______ force acting on an object brings it
in motion. MCQs based on practical/ activities
xi. A force of 400 N is applied to a table of mass
80 kg, hence the acceleration produced is 1. The coin placed on the cardsheet does not
_______. move along with the sheet, when cardsheet is
flicked with a finger. This is due to
xii. The momentum of a body of mass 5 kg is (A) inertia of rest.
10 kg m/s, then its velocity will be _______. (B) inertia of motion.
xiii. Law of conservation of momentum is a (C) Newton’s third law of motion.
corollary to Newton’s _______ law of motion. (D) Newton’s law of gravitation.
xiv. In a collision, _______ is always conserved.
Answers: 2. To verify Newton’s first law of motion,
i. displacement ii. speed balloon with the wooden disc is placed on
smooth glass sheet. A smooth glass sheet
iii. negative iv. non–uniform surface is used because
v. velocity vi. tangential (A) smooth glass sheet is insulator.
vii. tangentially viii. Mass (B) smooth glass sheet offers very less
friction.
ix. inertia x. unbalanced
2
(C) smooth glass sheet is reflector of light.
xi. 5 m/s xii. 2 m/s (D) smooth glass sheet offers very less
xiii. third xiv. total momentum inertia.
1

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 Std. IX: Science and Technology
3. When wooden and metal block of same 7. Inertia is inability of an object to change its
volume are thrown in soft mud from same state of motion on its own.
height, it is observed that
8. When a body is at rest, there is no force acting
(A) wooden block sinks relatively deeper.
on it.
(B) metal block sinks relatively deeper.
(C) both blocks sink upto same depth. 9. Force is a reciprocal action between two objects.
(D) both blocks float on mud.
10. Momentum is necessary to cause a change in
4. A ball at rest released vertically from a height force applied on an object.
h from ground exhibits maximum velocity
11. When net force F acts for time t on an object,
(A) at height h/2.
change in momentum produced in it is equal
(B) at height h/4. to Ft.
(C) at height h/7.
(D) just before hitting the ground. 12. When no external force is acting on the
objects, momentum gets redistributed between
5. Five cities A, B, C, D the objects during collision.
and E are connected to B
Answers:
each other as shown. If 1. Wrong
a person has to reach A C E
Even if the displacement of an object is zero,
from A to E in shortest the actual distance traversed by it may not be
time he should travel D
zero.
via
(A) city B (B) city C 2. Wrong
(C) city D (D) any of the above Earth moves around the sun with uniform speed.
Answers: 3. Wrong
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) Acceleration can be positive, negative or zero.
4. (D) 5. (B)
4. Right
Name the following [1 Mark each]
5. Wrong
1. The force equal and opposite to action force: For uniformly accelerated motions,
velocity-time graph is a straight line.
2. Product of mass and acceleration:
6. Right
3. Type of motion exhibited by vehicle while
moving through heavy traffic: 7. Right

4. Ratio of total distance covered to total time 8. Wrong

taken: When a body is at rest, there is balanced force
Answers: acting on it.
1. Reaction. 2. Force. 9. Right
3. Non-uniform. 4. Average speed. 10. Wrong
Force (unbalanced) is necessary to cause
Right or Wrong. change in momentum associated with an object.
If wrong, write the correct sentence
[1 Mark each] 11. Right
12. Right
1. Whenever the displacement of an object is
zero, distance traversed by it is also zero.
Odd one out [1 Mark each]
2. Earth moves around the sun with uniform
velocity. 1. Force, Momentum, Acceleration, Mass.
3. Acceleration is always positive. 2. newton, joule, kg m/s2, dyne
4. An accelerated motion is an example of non- 3. Motion of vehicles on a crowded street, a man
uniform motion. going for a stroll on a beach, soldiers
5. For non-uniformly accelerated motions, marching, motion of fishes in water
velocity-time graph is a straight line. Answers:
1. Mass
6. When a body is performing uniform circular It is a scalar quantity whereas remaining are
motion, its velocity changes at every point. vector quantities.
22

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 Chapter 1: Laws of Motion
2. joule Answer:
It is a unit of energy whereas remaining are Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
units of force. i. Negative b. The velocity r. A vehicle
acceleration of the object moving with
3. Soldiers marching
decreases the velocity of
This is an example of uniform motion 10 m/s, stops
whereas the rest are examples of non uniform after 5 seconds.
motion. ii. Positive c. The velocity p. A car, initially
acceleration of the object at rest reaches
Complete the analogy [1 Mark each]
increases a velocity of
50 km/hr in
1. Tendency of a body to resist change in a state 10 seconds
of rest or state of motion : Inertia :: Product of iii. Zero a. The velocity q. A vehicle is
mass and velocity of an object : _______ acceleration of the object moving with a
remains velocity of
2. 1 kg  1 m/s2 : 1 N :: 1 g  1 cm/s2 : _______
constant 25 m/s
3. 1 m/s2 : 102 cm/s2 :: 1 N : _______.
Define [1 Mark each]
Answers:
1. Momentum 1. Motion
Tendency of a body to resist change in a state Ans: The change in the position of an object with
of rest or state of motion is termed as inertia, respect to its surroundings is called motion.
similarly product of mass and velocity of an
2. Distance
object is termed as momentum.
Ans: The actual path followed by a body between
2. 1 dyne the initial and final points of motion
Product of 1 kg and 1 m/s2 is equivalent to (movement) is called distance.
1 N, similarly product of 1 g and 1 cm/s2 is 3. Speed
equivalent to 1 dyne. Ans: The distance covered by a body in unit time is
called speed.
3. 105 dynes
1 N = 1 kg  1 m/s2 = 103 g  102 cm/s2 4. Velocity
= 105 g cm/s2 Ans: The distance travelled by a body in a given
direction in unit time is called velocity.
= 105 dynes
5. Uniform motion
Match the following Ans: The motion in which the object covers equal
distances in equal intervals of time is called
*1. Match the first column with appropriate uniform motion.
entries in the second and third columns and 6. Non uniform motion
remake the table. Ans: The motion in which an object covers unequal
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 distances in equal intervals of time is called
non uniform motion.
i. Negative a. The velocity p. A car, initially
acceleration of the object at rest reaches 7. Acceleration
remains a velocity of Ans: The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
constant 50 km/hr in
8. Uniform circular motion
10 seconds
Ans: When an object moves with constant speed
ii. Positive b. The velocity q. A vehicle is along a circular path, the motion is called
acceleration of the object moving with uniform circular motion.
decreases a velocity of
25 m/s 9. 1 newton
iii. Zero c. The velocity r. A vehicle Ans: The force necessary to cause an acceleration
of the object moving with of 1 m/s2 in an object of mass 1 kg is called
acceleration
increases the velocity 1 newton.
of 10 m/s, 10. 1 dyne
stops after Ans: The force necessary to cause an acceleration of
5 seconds. 1 cm/s2 in an object of mass 1 g is called 1 dyne.

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 Std. IX: Science and Technology
iii. changing speed as well as direction of
State the following laws with examples
[2 Mark each]
motion.
2. Give one example of each of the following:
1. Newton’s first law of motion i. change in speed without a change in
Ans: Statement: An object continues to remain at direction of motion of a body.
rest or in a state of uniform motion along a ii. change in direction of motion without
straight line unless an external unbalanced a change in speed of a body.
force acts on it. iii. change in speed as well as direction of
Examples: motion of a body. [3 Marks]
i. When we are travelling by a bus, we Ans: i. When a body falls under gravity (free
experience backward jerk as the bus fall), its speed increases, but its
starts moving from rest. direction of motion remains the same.
ii. A toy car in motion travels along straight ii. When a body moves along a circular
line unless stopped by an obstacle. path, covering equal distances in equal
intervals of time, its direction of motion
2. Newton’s second law of motion changes continuously but there is no
Ans: Statement: The rate of change of momentum
change in its speed.
is proportional to the applied force and the
iii. When a body is projected obliquely in
change of momentum occurs in the direction
air, it moves along a curved path such
of the force.
that its speed as well as direction of
Examples: motion changes continuously.
i. While catching a ball, cricketer moves
his hands backwards. 3. Use your brain power! (Textbook page no. 4)
ii. In a high jump athletic event, the Amar, Akbar and Anthony are travelling in
athletes are made to fall on a sand bed different cars with different velocities. The
to prevent injury. distances covered by them during different
time intervals are given in the following table.
3. Newton’s third law of motion
Distance Distance Distance
Ans: Statement: Every action force has an equal Time
covered covered covered by
and opposite reaction force which acts in the
by Amar by Akbar Anthony in
simultaneously. clock
in km in km km
Examples:
5.00 0 0 0
i. A book kept on a table remains
5.30 20 18 14
stationary.
ii. An air filled balloon held in hand when 6.00 40 36 28
released, moves forward. 6.30 60 42 42
7.00 80 70 56
4. Law of conservation of momentum 7.30 100 95 70
Ans: Statement: When no external force acts on 8.00 120 120 84
two interacting objects, their total momentum
i. What is the time interval between the
remains constant. It does not change.
notings of distances made by Amar,
OR
Akbar and Anthony?
When two objects collide, the total momentum
ii. Who has covered equal distances in
before collision is equal to the total
equal time intervals?
momentum after collision.
iii. Are all the distances covered by Akbar
Examples:
in the fixed time intervals the same?
i. When a person jumps from a boat, the
iv. Considering the distances covered by
boat is pushed away.
Amar, Akbar and Anthony in fixed
ii. A hammer rebounds after hitting a nail
time intervals, what can you say
into a wall.
about their speeds? [2 Marks]
Answer the following Ans: i. 30 minutes.
ii. Amar and Anthony have covered equal
1. How can the velocity of an object be distances in equal time intervals.
changed? iii. No. Akbar has covered unequal
Ans: Velocity depends on speed and direction. It distances in equal time intervals.
can be changed by iv. Amar and Anthony are travelling with
i. changing speed, uniform speed while Akbar is
ii. changing direction of motion, travelling with non-uniform speed.
44

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 Chapter 1: Laws of Motion
4. Use your brain power! (Textbook page no. 5) i. Equation for velocity-time relation:
i. When an object is at rest in the Consider an object having non-zero
beginning of its motion, what is its initial velocity ‘u’, starting from point A.
initial velocity? Its velocity goes on increasing with
ii. When an object comes to rest at the respect to time and becomes ‘v’ when it
end of its motion, what is its final reaches point B as shown in the figure.
velocity? [2 Marks] The change in velocity is at uniform rate.
Ans: i. When an object is at rest in the  Acceleration of the body is given by,
beginning of its motion, its initial change in velocity
a=
velocity is zero. time
ii. When an object comes to rest at the From figure,
end of its motion, its final velocity is BC
Acceleration (a) =
zero. t
 BC = at
5. Use your brain power! (Textbook page no. 6)
To find change in velocity, draw AC
What difference do you see in the distance-
parallel to OD.
time graphs for uniform and non-uniform
BD = BC + CD = BC + AE
motion? [2 Marks]
But BD = v, AE = u, BC = at
Ans: i. In uniform motion, an object covers
 BD = BC + AE  v = at + u
equal distances in equal time intervals.
 v = u + at ….(1)
Hence, for such a motion, graph of
Equation (1) is the first equation of motion
distance-time shows a direct
and represents velocity-time relation.
proportionality between distance and
ii. Equation for position-time relation:
time and thus, is a straight line.
Let distance covered by the object be ‘s’
ii. In non-uniform motion, an object covers in the time interval ‘t’ under uniform
unequal distances in equal time intervals. acceleration ‘a’.
Hence, for such a motion, graph of From figure, the distance travelled is
distance-time does not show a direct
given by area enclosed within  EABD.
proportionality between distance and
 s = area of quadrilateral EABD
time and can have any shape depending
s = area of rectangle ACDE
on how distance varies with time.
+ area of ACB
6. Explain the term zero acceleration with two 1
s = (ED  EA) +  AC  BC
examples. [2 Marks] 2
Ans: Zero acceleration: But EA = u, DE = AC = t, BC = at
When there is no change in the velocity of a 1
 s = ut + t  at
body with time (i.e., the velocity is uniform), 2
its acceleration is zero. 1
 s = ut + at2 ….(2)
Examples: 2
i. When body is at rest, its acceleration is Equation (2) is the second equation of
zero. motion and represents position-time
ii. When body is moving with constant relation.
velocity, its acceleration is zero. iii. Position-velocity relation:
The distance s’ travelled by object in
7. In the case of a body moving along a time ‘t’ under uniform acceleration ‘a’
straight line with uniform acceleration, is given by area within  EABD.
obtain the equations of motion by graphical  s = Area of trapezium EABD
method. [5 Marks] 1
Ans: Equations of motion by graphical method:  s= (BD + EA)  ED
2
velocity But EA = u, BD = v and ED = t
B 1
v  s= (v + u)  t ….(3)
2
u A From equation (1),
C
vu
a=
t
vu
O E D time  t= ….(4)
a
5

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