Unreinforced Masonry - Shear Loading

EUROCODE 6 Unreinforced masonry – shear loading
Background and applications
Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009
Unreinforced masonry – shear loading
1 Masonry members under shear loading

Types
• In plane
• Out of plane
In plane
out of plane
a) In plane shear b) Out of plane shear

Figure 1 Types of shear action
In plane shear loading occurs in connection with the transmission of wind loads and stiffening
forces of masonry buildings as well as other lateral forces in plane of walls.
Out of plane shear has to be verified in case of lateral actions perpendicular to the wall area.
Typically examples are the wind action perpendicular to the wall or the pressure of earth or
loos stock material.
2 Bracing of buildings
The layout of the walls in the ground plan of the building should be foreseen in such a way
that the sufficient bracing of a building should be guaranteed.
In traditionally buildings the sufficient stiffening can be assumed. The current tendency of
economically solutions in residential and office buildings lead to an open ground plan with a
minimum of stiffening walls, which makes the verification of stiffening walls often necessary.
The principles of bracing are:
• an available concrete ceiling or ring beam
• more than 3 walls
• the axes should not intersect in one point
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Jäger

TU Dresden page 1
M0
a) favourable
high excentricity
M0
M0
b) unfavourable
c) instable
Figure 2 Arrangement of stiffening walls
3 Verification format
Table 1 Procedure according to EC 6
EN 1996-1-1 EN 1996-3
General rules Simplified calculation methods
filled head joints: ⎡l ⎤ N ⎡l ⎤

⎧0,065 ⋅ f b V Rd = c v ⋅ ⎢ − e Ed ⎥ ⋅ t ⋅ f vdo + 0,4 ⋅ Ed ≤ 3⎢ − e Ed ⎥ ⋅ t ⋅ f vdu
f vk = f vk 0 + 0,4 ⋅ σ d ≤ ⎨ ⎣ 2 ⎦ γ M ⎣ 2 ⎦
⎩ f vlt with:
unfilled head joints: M Ed
e Ed =
⎧0,045 ⋅ f b N Ed
f vk = 0,5 ⋅ f vk 0 + 0,4 ⋅ σ d ≤ ⎨
⎩ f vlt cv = 3 filled head joints
cv = 1,5 unfilled head joints
shell bedded masonry:
eEd: excentricity of load
g ⎧0,045 ⋅ f b t: thickness of the wall
f vk = ⋅ f vk 0 + 0,4 ⋅ σ d ≤ ⎨
fvd0= fvk0/γM
t ⎩ f vlt
NEd: vertical load
l: length of the wall
VRd = f vd ⋅ t ⋅ lc fvdu: ultimate shear strength
with:
fvk0: adhesive shear strength without load
σd: compressive stress, perpendicular with shear
load
fb: compressive strength of masonry
fklt: limit of shear strength
g: overall with of mortar strips
t: thickness of the wall
verification
V Ed ≤ V Rd

TU Dresden page 2
3.1 Background – theory

Depending on the ratio of shear to the vertical component of compression stress failure
initiated differently. The shear fracture failure of masonry is a curve illustration of four modes
of failure.
Figure 3 failure modes of a shear wall
The failure of a masonry wall depends on the strength of the unit and mortar. Around the unit
exist different areas of compressive stress and shear.
Figure 4 equilibrium of forces at a masonry unit
4 Procedure
4.1 In plane shear loading

Schedule
A) Actions
1. Determination of wind action
2. Determination of bracing forces
3. Distribution of forces on the stiffening walls (see Figure 5)
4. Determination of normal stresses/forces and compressed area
a. Bending action due to in plane lateral forces and
b. determination of the compressed area

TU Dresden page 3
c. Bending due to deflection of the ceilings

B) Resistance
5. Determination of shear strength and/or shear resistance
C) Verification
6. Design action ≤ Design resistance
yj *
yMo,j YMo
*
y*
2 M2 *
z*
zj
zMo
j *
S
ez
Mj Mo
ZMo,j
y 3 n
0
Hw,i,y 1 M1 mx,o Mn
z M3
conection with shear force ey
neglect at calculation H0w,i,z
Figure 5 Determination of the shear centre in the ground plan
4.2 Out of plane shear loading

Schedule
A) Actions
1. Determination of wind action
2. Determination of normal stresses/forces and compressed area
a. Bending action due to in plane lateral forces and
b. determination of the compressed area
B) Resistance
3. Determination of shear strength and/or shear resistance
C) Verification
4. Design action ≤ Design resistance

TU Dresden page 4
5 Example for in plane shear
5.1 Building
Figure 6 longitudinal section A-A
Staircase
Figure 7 top floor plan

TU Dresden page 5
Beam
Staircase
Figure 8 first floor plan
Beam
Staircase
Figure 9 basement plan

TU Dresden page 6
5.2 Pos. W2 interior wall acc. to part 1-1

5.2.1 Geometry
thickness of the wall t = 0,24 m

length of the wall l = 2,24 m
span length of the slab l1 = 3,60 m
5.2.2 Material parameters
clay bricks, group 2, fb = 15 N/mm²

mortar M 2,5, fm = 2,5 N/mm²
5.2.3 Loading
beam
zone of beam
load
Figure 10 Loading and load distribution for Pos. W2 due to the beam
Design value of the actions SE see EC 1[6.4.3.2 and annex A1.2] with the following
simplification.

TU Dresden page 7
Consideration of all unfavourable variable actions:

∑( )
γ Gj ⋅ G kj + 1,5 ⋅ Q k,i ∑
Load case combinations see Figure 11.
1,35Ng+1,5Nq 1,35Ng+1,5Nq 1,35Ng 1,35Ng 1,35Ng
1,35g+1,5q 1,35g 1,35g+1,5q 1,35g+1,5q 1,35g
1,5H,w 1,5H,w 1,5H,w

1,35g 1,35g+1,5q 1,35g 1,35g 1,35g+1,5q
LFK 1 LFK 2 LFK 3 LFK 4 LFK 5
1,0Ng 1,0Ng 1,0Ng 1,35Ng+1,5Nq
1,0g 1,0g+1,5q 1,0g 1,35g+1,5q
1,5H,w
1,0g 1,0g 1,0g+1,5q 1,35g+1,5q
LFK 6 LFK 7 LFK 8 LFK 9
Figure 11 Load case combinations for Pos. W2
Load case combination 1 is verified. The numerical values for load case combination 6 are
declared in brackets.
- vertical loads
beam
Ag=56,6 kN; Ap=16,9 kN
angle of load distribution 60° (Figure 10)
dead load of the wall
g wall = 4,68kN / m²
roof loads
N g,roof = 22,96kN / m , N q,roof = 6,47kN / m

TU Dresden page 8
Table 2 configuration of the characteristic loads Pos. W2
Ng Nq
[kN/m] [kN/m]
top of the wall 22,96 6,47

middle of the wall 87,55 23,95
bottom of the wall 68,08 16,33
slab loading
slab over first floor
g = 5,50kN / m , q = 1,50kN / m
slab over basement
g = 5,50kN / m , q = 2,75kN / m
- horizontal loads
- wind
design values of the horizontal loads
(proportion of the sum of second moments of area 0,456)
wind upper floor
w 1 = 1,5 ⋅ 0,456 ⋅ (0,40 + 0,25) ⋅ 10,36 = 4,606kN / m (4,606kN/m )
wind first floor
w 2 = 1,5 ⋅ 0,456 ⋅ (0,40 + 0,25) ⋅ 12,44 = 5,531kN / m (5,531kN/m )
- the structure is inclined due to deviation from the vertical
Determination of forces of obliquity (bracing forces in principle see Figure 12) with the
unfavourable load case g+q (peak values of the vertical loads)
Nk,i-1
Hα,i-1
N k,i
H α,i
H α,i+1 Nk,i+1
1 N1 Q1 M1
Figure 12 Forces due to unintentional obliquity (principle sketch)
1
EC 6 –5.3 – assumption that the structure is inclined at an angel ν = radians to
100 htot
the vertical; htot is the total height of the structure in metres.
1
ν= = 3,569 ⋅ 10 − 3
100 7,85
HLn=ν⋅Fn
HL1 = 3,569 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ 520,43 = 1,86kN (1,86kN)
HL 2 = 3,569 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ 1127,58 = 4,47kN (4,47kN)
proportion of the loads from obliquity:
HL1 = 0,456 ⋅ 1,86 = 0,848 kN (0,848kN)
HL 2 = 0,456 ⋅ 4,47 = 2,038kN (2,038kN)

TU Dresden page 9
Total shear force in longitudinal direction of the wall:

V = 0,848 + 2,038 + 4,606 ⋅ 2,50 + 5,531 ⋅ 2,75 = 29,61kN (29,61kN)
HL1=0,848 kN
w1=4,606 kN/m
HL2=2,038 kN
w2=5,531 kN/m
Figure 13 loads from wind and obliquity
5.2.4 bending moments

- moments as a result of vertical loads
- characteristic compressive strength of masonry
compressive strength of the unit fb= 15 N/mm²

compressive strength of the mortar fm= 2,5 N/mm²
fk = K ⋅ fb0,7 ⋅ fm0,3 = 0,45 ⋅ 15 0,7 ⋅ 2,5 0,3 = 3,94 N / mm ²
- modulus of elasticity
E 4 = E c 0m = 30500MN / m²
E1 = E 2 = 1000 ⋅ fk = 39400MN / m²
- second moment of area
1,00 ⋅ 0,16 3
I 4 = IB = = 3,413 ⋅ 10 − 4 m 4
12
1,00 ⋅ 0,115 3
I1 = = 1,267 ⋅ 10 − 4 m 4
12
1,00 ⋅ 0,24 3
I2 = = 1,152 ⋅ 10 −3 m 4
12
- stiffness factor
n = 4 members fixed at both ends
n = 3 otherwise

TU Dresden page 10
- slab loading
Load case combination 1 is verified with 1,35 ⋅ g + 1,5 ⋅ q . The numerical values for load
case combination 6 are declared in brackets.
slab over first floor
q 4 = 1,35 ⋅ 5,50 + 1,5 ⋅ 1,50 = 9,675kN / m² (5,500kN / m²)
slab over basement
q 4 = 1,35 ⋅ 5,50 = 7,425kN / m² (5,500kN / m²)
Bending moment at the top of the wall
Simplified frame model
9,675 ⋅ 3,60 2
M full = − = −10,449kNm / m (-5,94kNm/m)
12
with
E1M ⋅ I1M = 3940 ⋅ 1,152 ⋅ 10 −3 = 4,5389 MNm 2
E 2M ⋅ I2M = 3940 ⋅ 1,267 ⋅ 10 −4 = 0,4992 MNm2
E B ⋅ IB = 30000 ⋅ 3,413 ⋅ 10 −4 = 10,2390 MNm 2
4 ⋅ 4,5389
2,75
M1 = ⋅ ( −10,449 )
4 ⋅ 4,5389 3 ⋅ 0,4992 4 ⋅ 10,2390
+ +
2,75 3,00 3,60
M1 = 0,357 ⋅ ( −10,449) = −3,733kNm / m (-2,121kNm/m)
4 ⋅ 10,2390
3,60
km = = 1,602 < 2,0
4 ⋅ 4,5389 3 ⋅ 0,4992
+
2,75 3,00
design value
k
Mo = (1 − m ) ⋅ M1 = 2,238kNm / m (1,273kNm/ m)
4
Bending moment at the bottom of the wall
7,425 ⋅ 3,60 2
M full = − = −8,019kNm / m
12
M 2 = 0,280 ⋅ 8,019 = 2,243kNm / m (1,663kNm/m)
4 ⋅ 10,2390
3,60
km = = 0,837 < 2,0
4 ⋅ 4,5389 3 ⋅ 0,4992
+
2,60 2,75
Bending moment at the bottom of the wall

M 2 = 0,280 ⋅ 8,019 = 2,243kNm / m (1,663kNm/ m)
k = 0,837 < 2,0 Reduction factor
M2 = 0,791 ⋅ 2,243 = 1,774kNm / m (1,315kNm/ m)
moment in the middle of the wall (from the moments at the top and the bottom of the wall)
1
Mm = (2,238 + 1,774 ) ⋅ − 2,238 = −0,232kNm / m (0,021kNm/ m)
2
design value

TU Dresden page 11
Mm = Mm = 0,232kNm / m (0,021kNm/ m)
Corresponding normal force in the middle of the wall considering the load propagation of the
beam
5.2.5 Design values

• Design values of the actions
top of the wall
NEd = NK = 1,35 ⋅ 22,96 + 1,5 ⋅ 6,47 = 40,70kN / m (22,96kN/m )
middle of the wall
Nm = 1,35 ⋅ 87,55 + 1,5 * 23,95 = 154,12kN / m
( Nm = 87,55kN/m )
from wind and obliquity
M = 0,848 ⋅ ( 2,50 + 1,375 ) + 2,038 ⋅ 1,375 + 4,606 ⋅ 2,5 ⋅ 2,625 + 5,531 ⋅ 1,375 ⋅ 0,688
M = 41,547kNm (41,547kNm )
N = 1,35 ⋅ [(22,96 + 4,68 ⋅ 1,375 ) ⋅ 2,24 + 56,6] + 1,5 ⋅ [6,47 ⋅ 2,24 + 16,9]
N = 212,39kN (122,44kN)
41,547 2,24
e= = 0,196m (0,339m) < 0,373m =
212,39 6
(section uncracked!)
6 ⋅ M 6 ⋅ 41,547
Nσ = ± 2 = = ±49,682kN / m ( ±49,682kN/m )
L 2,24 2
NEd = Nm + N σ = 154,12 + 49,682 = 203,80kN / m (137,23kN/ m)
bottom of the wall
NF = 1,35 ⋅ 68,08 + 1,5 ⋅ 16,33 = 116,40kN / m (68,08kN/m )
from wind and obliquity
M = 0,848 ⋅ ( 2,50 + 2,75 ) + 2,038 ⋅ 2,75 + 4,606 ⋅ 2,5 ⋅ 4,00 + 5,531 ⋅ 2,75 ⋅ 1,375
M = 77,031kNm (77,031kNm )
N = 1,35 ⋅ [(22,96 + 12,12) ⋅ 2,24 + 56,6] + 1,5 ⋅ [6,47 ⋅ 2,24 + 16,9]

N = 229,585kN (135,182kN )
77,031 2,24 L
e= = 0,336m < 0,373m = = (section uncracked!)
229,585 6 6
⎛ 2,24 L ⎞
⎜ 0,570m > 0,373m = = ⎟
⎜ 6 6⎟
⇒ (section partial cracked!)
⎜ 2,24 L ⎟
⎜ 0,570m < 0,747m = = ⎟
⎝ 3 3⎠
Length of the compressed section for load case combination 6:
L 2,24
L c = 3 ⋅ c = 3 ⋅ ( − e) = 3 ⋅ ( − 0,570 ) = 1,650m
2 2
6 ⋅ M 6 ⋅ 77,031
Nσ = ± 2 = = ±92,113kN / m
L 2,24 2
6 ⋅ M 6 ⋅ 77,031
( Nσ = ± 2 = = ±169,765kN / m )
Lc 1,650 2
NEd = NF + N σ = 116,40 + 92,113 = 208,51kN / m (237,85kN/ m)

TU Dresden page 12
• Design values of the resistance

eccentricity
top of the wall
2,238
e0 = = 0,055m (0,055m)
40,70
middle of the wall
0,232
em = = 0,0011m (0,0001m)
203,80
bottom of the wall
1,774
eu = = 0,0085m (0,0055m)
208,51
Initial eccentricity
h 2,26
e init = ef = = 0,00502m [EC 6-5.5.1]
450 450
with h ef = 0,871 ⋅ 2,59 = 2,26m [EC 6-6.1.4(10)]
wall supported on three sides, l = 2,24m < 3,60m = 15 ⋅ 0,24 .

ρ 2 = 1,0 , load eccentricity at the top of the wall
0,24 t
e o = 0,055m (0,031m) < 0,06m = =
4 4
1
ρ3 = 2
⋅ 1,0 = 0,871 > 0,3
⎛ 1,0 ⋅ 2,59 ⎞
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⋅ 2,24 ⎠
resultant eccentricity
Top of the wall
e i = 0,055 + 0,00502 = 0,060m (0,060m) > 0,012m = 0,05 ⋅ 0,24
middle of the wall
e mk = 0,0011 + 0,00502 = 0,0061m (0,0051) < 0,012m = 0,05 ⋅ 0,24
⇒ 0,05 ⋅ t becomes decisive
bottom of the wall
e i = 0,0085 + 0,00502 = 0,0135m > 0,012m = 0,05 ⋅ 0,24 (0,0105m<0,012m)
Reduction factors for slenderness and eccentricity [EC 6-6.1.3]:
Top of the wall
0,060
ΦK = 1− 2 ⋅ = 0,5 (0,5)
0,24
middle of the wall
u2
−
Φm = A1 ⋅ e 2
2,26
−2
0,24 7,417
with u= = = 0,350 (0,350)
0,012 21,15
23 − 37 ⋅
0,24
0,012
A1 = 1− 2 ⋅ = 0,900 (0,900)
0,24

TU Dresden page 13
0,350 2
−
Φ m = 0,900 ⋅ e = 0,847 (0,847)2
bottom of the wall

0,0135
ΦB = 1− 2 ⋅ = 0,888 (0,900)
0,24
Design values of the resistance [EC 6-6.1.2]:
Top of the wall
0,24 ⋅ 3,94
NRd = 0,5 ⋅ = 278,91kN / m (278,91kN/ m)
1,7
middle of the wall
0,24 ⋅ 3,94
NRd = 0,847 ⋅ = 471,13kN / m (471,13kN/ m)
1,7
bottom of the wall
0,24 ⋅ 3,94
NRd = 0,888 ⋅ = 493,94kN / m (500,61kN/ m)
1,7
5.2.6 Verification to vertical loading

[EC 6-6.1.2]:
NEd ≤ NRd
Top of the wall
NEd = 40,70kN / m < 278,91kN / m = NRd
( NEd = 22,96kN / m < 278,91kN / m = NRd )
middle of the wall
NEd = 203,80kN / m < 471,13kN / m = NRd
( NEd = 137,232kN / m < 471,13kN / m = NRd )
bottom of the wall
NEd = 208,51kN / m < 493,94kN / m = NRd
( NEd = 237,85kN / m < 500,61kN / m = NRd )
5.2.7 Verification to shear loading

• Design value of the shear resistance
f vk ⋅ t ⋅ l c
VRd =
γM
with fvk shear strength
t thickness of the wall
lc length of the wall
γM safety factor
f vk = fvko + 0,4 ⋅ σ d
f vko = 0,20MN / m² [EC6-Tab. 3.4] für Mauersteingruppe 2, Mörtel M2,5
Length of the compressed section and design compressive stress for load case
combination 1+6:
L = 2,24m ( L c = 1,650m )
min N 0,229585
vorhσ d = = = 0,427MN / m 2 (0,341MN / m 2 )
t ⋅ lc 0,24 ⋅ 2,24

TU Dresden page 14
Characteristic value of shear resistance

f vk = 0,20 + 0,4 ⋅ 0,427 = 0,371 MN / m² (0,336MN/m²)
< 0,065 ⋅ fb = 0,065 ⋅ 15 = 0,975 MN / m²
< 1,0 MN / m² = f vlt limit value for f vk (possibly defined at the National Annex)
Design value of the shear resistance:
0,371⋅ 0,24 ⋅ 2,24
VRd = = 117,3 kN (106,7kN)
1,7
• Shear force for load case combination 1 + 6
Q=V=29,61kN (29,61kN)
• verification
VEd = 29,61kN < 117,3kN = VRd
(29,61kN < 106,7kN) .
5.3 Pos. W2 interior wall – simplified method acc. to part 3

5.3.1 Requirements
• the building has not more than three stores above ground level;
• the walls are fixed either through the ceiling or through appropriate constructions,
such as ring beams with sufficient rigidity;
• load depth of the ceiling and the roof on the wall is at least 2 / 3 of wall thickness, but
not less than 85 mm;
• the floor height is not higher than 3.0 m;
• the smallest dimensions in the building floor plan is at least 1 / 3 of building height;
• the characteristic values of the variable loads on the ceiling and the roof are not more
than 5.0 kN / m²;
• the largest span of the ceiling is 6.0 m;
The conditions are complied with.

⎡l ⎤ N ⎡l ⎤
VRd = c v ⋅ ⎢ − e Ed ⎥ ⋅ t ⋅ f vdo + 0,4 ⋅ Ed ≤ 3 ⎢ − e Ed ⎥ ⋅ t ⋅ f vdu
⎣ 2 ⎦ γ M ⎣ 2 ⎦
with:
cv = 3 (filled head joints)
Excentricity from wind and obliquity for load case 1

M = 0,848 ⋅ ( 2,50 + 2,75 ) + 2,038 ⋅ 2,75 + 4,606 ⋅ 2,5 ⋅ 4,00 + 5,531 ⋅ 2,75 ⋅ 1,375
M = 77,031kNm (77,031kNm )
N = 1,35 ⋅ [(22,96 + 12,12) ⋅ 2,24 + 56,6] + 1,5 ⋅ [6,47 ⋅ 2,24 + 16,9]

N = 229,585kN (135,182kN )
77,031 2,24 L
eEd = = 0,336m < 0,373m = = (section uncracked!)
229,585 6 6

TU Dresden page 15
⎡ 2,24 ⎤ 0,2 0,229 ⎡ 2,24 ⎤ 0,371

VRd = 3 ⋅ ⎢ − 0,376⎥ ⋅ 0,24 ⋅ + 0,4 ⋅ ≤ 3⎢ − 0,376 ⎥ ⋅ 0,24 ⋅
⎣ 2 ⎦ 1,7 1,7 ⎣ 2 ⎦ 1,7
VRd = 180kN ≤ 117kN
• verification
VEd = 29,61kN < 117kN = VRd
.
6 Example for out of plane shear
6.1 Pos. W1 exterior wall

6.1.1 Geometry
thickness of the wall t = 0,24 m

length of the wall l = 10,36 m
span length of the slab l1 = 2,59 m
6.1.2 Material parameters
clay bricks, group 2, fb = 15 N/mm²

mortar M 2,5, fm = 2,5 N/mm²
6.1.3 Loading
w = 0,456 kN/m²
2,59
0,24
Figure 14 Wind loading for Pos. W1
- vertical loads
jamb wall
Ag=4,68 kN/m
dead load of the wall
g wall = 4,68kN / m²
roof loads

TU Dresden page 16
Ng,roof = 1,29kN / m , Nq,roof = 1,56kN / m
- horizontal loads
- wind
w d = 1,5 ⋅ 0,456 = 0,684kN / m²
6.1.4 Shear force as result of wind

Vd = 0,684 ⋅ 2,59 / 2 = 0,89kN / m

f ⋅l ⋅ tc
VRd = vk
γM
with fvk shear strength
tc thickness of the compression zone of the wall
l length of the wall
γM safety factor
f vk = fvko + 0,4 ⋅ σ d
f vko = 0,20MN / m² [EC6-Tab. 3.4] unit group 2, mortar M2,5
No moments from load on the top of the wall, because support of the ceiling is parallel to its
span direction.
l
e = e lim = 0,05 ⋅ 0,24m = 0,012 < = 0,04m (section uncracked!)
6
t c = t = 0,24m
min N = 4,68 + 1,29 = 5,97 kN/m
min N 0,00597
vorhσ d = = = 0,025MN / m 2
t ⋅l 0,24 ⋅ 1
Characteristic value of shear resistance

f vk = 0,20 + 0,4 ⋅ 0,025 = 0,21MN / m² < 0,065 ⋅ fb = 0,065 ⋅ 15 = 0,975MN / m²
Design value of the shear resistance:

0,21⋅ 0,24 ⋅ 1,00
VRd = = 29,6kN / m
1,7
• verification
VEd = 0,89kN < 29,6kN = VRd

TU Dresden page 17

Unreinforced Masonry - Shear Loading

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unreinforced Masonry - Shear Loading

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EUROCODE 6 Unreinforced masonry – shear loading

Background and applications

Dissemination of information for training – Brussels, 2-3 April 2009