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2 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ
ﻓﻌﻞ: ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ
6 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ .........ﻓﻌﻞ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟
6 .......... .... Active Voice and Passive Voice :1 ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ
................................................
6 ............... .................................................................. x
7 ...................................... ............... ............................................................................................................................ Active voice x
........................................................................................
Passive
8 ...................... ...................................................................... (Verbs Main )( ﻭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲVerbs Helping ) ﻛﻤﻜﻲ:2voice
ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ
...................
9 ................................. .......................................................... (Helping Verbs) ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ x
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9 ...... ............................................................................... (Primary Helping Verbs) ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪo
10 ....................... ............................................ .................................. (Modal Helping Verbs) ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻲo
12 .......................................................................................................................................................... (Main Verbs) ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻠﻲx
.................
12 .................................................... ................. (Dynamic and Stative Verbs) ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲo
12 .............. ................................................. ..... (Regular and irregular verbs) ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩo
13 ............................................................................................................ ............. (Linking Verbs ) ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻱ
13 ............... ................................................................................ (Intransitive) ( ﻭ ﻻﺯﻡTransitive) ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻱo
13 ............................................................................................................................ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ
..............................................................................................
14 .............................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................... ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻲﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ
ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ )28 ........... ................................................................. (Gerunds after Prepositions
ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ) 29 ................................................................................ (Gerunds after certain verbs
ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ30 .............. ................................................................ (Gerunds in Passive sense) .
ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ :ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ
31 ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ )ﺑﻪ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻋﺎﻣﻬﺎﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ).......... ............................................................................ ((Phrasal Verbs
31 ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ )....................................................................................................................................................... (Phrasal Verbs
32 ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﺷﺪﻧﻲ )................ ...................................................................................... (Separable Phrasal Verbs
32 ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ )......................................................................................................................................... (Prepositional Verbs
33 ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ -ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ )................................................................................................. (Prepositional Verbs-Phrasal
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ :ﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ
ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ)(past
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ )34 ........................................................................................................... (Continuous Tense Past
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ 34 .............................................................................................................................................. x
xﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 34 .........................................................................................................................
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ )36 ................ ................................................. (Past Perfect Continuous Tense
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ 36 .......................................................................................................................... x
xﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 37 .......................................................................................................
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ )37 .............................................................................................................................. (Past Perfect Tense
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ 37 ....................................................................................................................................................... x
xﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 38 .........................................................................................................................
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ )39 .............................................................................................................................. (Simple Past Tense
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ 39 ....................................................................................................................................................... x
ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 40 ......................................................................................................................... x
ﺣﺎﻝ)(present
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ) 42 .......... ......................................................................................... (Present Continuous Tense
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ 42 ................................................................................................................................................... x
ﭼﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 42 ............................................................................................... x
xﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ingﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺠﻲ ) (Spellﻛﻨﻴﻢ 43 ......................................................................
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ) 44 .................................................................... (Perfect Continuous Tense Present
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ 44 ............................................................................................ ............................... x
xﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 45 .............................................................................................................
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ) 45 ....................................................................................................................... (Present Perfect Tense
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ 45 ............................................................................................................................................................ x
ﻛﻲ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 47 ......................................................................................................................... x
For xﻭ Sinceﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ 49 .........................................................................................................
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ )49 .......................................................................................................................... (Simple Present Tense
ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 49 ................................................................................................................................ x
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ 49 ................................................................................................................................................. x
4 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ)(future
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ )52 ............................. ............................................................................ (Future Continuous Tense
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ 52 ..................................................................................................................................... ............. x
xﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 53 ......................................................................................................................
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ )53 .......................................................................... (Future Perfect Continuous Tense
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ 53 ........................................................................................................................................ x
xﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 54 ..... .......................................................................................................
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ )54 .. ............................................................................................................................ (Future Perfect Tense
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ 54 ........................................................................................................................................................... x
xﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 55 ................... .............................................................................................................
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ )55 ... ............................................................................................................................ (Simple Future Tense
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ 55 ............................................................................................................................................................ x
ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ 56 ................................................................................................................................. x
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ :ﺍﺳﻢ
ﺍﺳﻢﻫﺎ 58 ............... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ 58 .......................................................................................... ........................................................... ......................................
ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ )58 ......................................................................................................................................... (Noun Endings x
ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ )58 .................................................................................................... (Position in Sentence x
xﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ )59 ...................................................................................................................................................... (Functions
ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺍ )59 .................................................... (Countable Nouns, Uncountable Nouns
ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺍ 59 ................................................................................................................................................................................ x
ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺍ 60 ............................................................................................................................................................... x
xﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ 61 . ..........................................................................................
ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ )61 .......................................................................................................................................... (Proper Nouns
ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ 61 ................................................................................................................. x
ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ 62 ............................................................................................................................................. ....... The x
xﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎ 63 .......................................................................................................................................................... The
ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ )ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ(64 ................................... .(Possessive 's) .
ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ )ﻧﺎﻡ ﻫﺎ( 64 .......................................................................................................... x
ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﺪﻩ 65 ................................................................................................................. x
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻬﻢ :ﺻﻔﺖ
ﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎ ) 66 ............................................................................................................................................................................ ( Adjectives
ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ )66 ................ ................................................................................................................ (Determiners
66 ............................................................................................................................... ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ An،Aﻭﻳﺎ The x
.........
Eachﻭ 67 ................................................................................... .......................................................................... Every x
68 ................ ............................................................................................................................. ... Someﻭ x
69 .................................................................................................................................................... (Adjective Any
ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ )orders
..............................
69 .................. ....................................................................... xﺻﻔﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﻞ(Adjective before nouns) :
.......
xﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﻞ ) 70 ........................................................................................ (verbs Adjective after certain
5 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﻓﻌﻞ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ:
ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺣﺘﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻳﻚ
ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺴﺎﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﺜﻞStop! :
ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ Action wordﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ run ،fight :ﻭ work
ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ State wordﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ
ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ belong ، seem ، exist ،be :
ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ) ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﺭ( ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
John speaks English .
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ Johnﻓﺎﻋﻞ) (subjectﻭ speaksﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ
ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻫﺴﺖ:
Action: Renaldo plays football.
State :Owen seems kind.
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ) ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ،ﻗﻴﺪ ﻫﺎ ،ﺣﺮﻭﻑ
ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻭ (...ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ) ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ( sﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻌﻞ ) to workﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ( ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ:
to work , work , worked , works , working
Active Voice:-1
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ active voiceﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ) (subjectﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ
ﺷﻲء ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ) (objectﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
Cat eats fish.
cat :Subject or Active object.
eats : Verb
fish :Passive object
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ)ﻓﺎﻋﻞ( ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ )ﺷﻲء( ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ.
ﻓﻌﻞ:1 ﻓﺼﻞ 7 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﻲء ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩPassive voice ﺩﺭ
:ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
Fish are eaten by cats.
Fish :Subject or Active object
are :Auxiliary Verb
eaten :main verb (past participle)
by ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ
cat :Passive object or Active subject
. ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩActive object : ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
Passive voice :2
: ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪPassive voice ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ
Subject +Auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)
. ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪhelping verb ﻫﻤﺎﻥauxiliary verb ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ
: ﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ
ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﺩﻭbe ﺩﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ ) ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﻞbe ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ
: ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ
make continuous tense -1
make the passive -2
: ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ
ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ-1
( ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ ) ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻲء ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻲءﻓﻌﺎﻝ-2
:ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
subject auxiliary verb (to be) main verb (past participle)
Water is drunk by everyone.
100 people are employed by this company.
I am paid in euro.
We are not paid in dollars.
Are they paid in yen?
: ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢPassive voice ﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﺯ
. ﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﻠﻮﻩ ﺩﻫﻴﻢSubject ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥActive object ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢx
. ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻴﻢPassive object ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪx
: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
subject verb object
ﻳﺎActive Object ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢPresident Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald.
. ﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢPresident Kennedy
. ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻴﻢPassive object ﻣﺎMy wallet has been stolen. ?
: ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
ﻓﻌﻞ:1 ﻓﺼﻞ 8 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪby ﻳﺎ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺖPassive object ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ
:ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
He was killed with a gun.
ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻳﻢ؟by ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ
ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦActive subject ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥPassive object ﻧﻘﺶgun ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ
: ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.ﺗﻔﻨﮓ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﺘﻪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺗﻔﻨﮓ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ
He was killed by somebody with a gun.
I can .
People must .
The Earth will .
ﻓﺼﻞ :1ﻓﻌﻞ 9 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﺁﻳﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ؟ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ؟ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ .ﺩﻟﻴﻠﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ
ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ
ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ.
ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ
ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ
ﺣﺪﻭﺩ 15ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.
ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ :
ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻃﺎﻕ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ:
I teach .
People eat .
The Earth rotates .
ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﺒﺎﺭ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ؟ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ؟ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻠﻲ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻧﻪ
ﺯﻳﺎﺩ .ﺩﻟﻴﻠﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ
ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ.
ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ،
ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
helping verb main verb
John likes coffee.
You lied to me.
They are happy.
The children are playing.
We must go now.
I do not want any.
to make perfect tensesﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ :
) I have finished my homework.ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ finishedﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ
ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺟﻠﻮﻩ ﻛﻨﺪ(
: Do -3
to make negativesﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ I don't like you. :
To make questionsﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ Do you want some coffee ? :
to show emphasisﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ I do want you to pass your exam . :
to stand for main verbs in some constructionsﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ
ﺟﻤﻼﺕ He speaks faster than she does. :
x question x queue
x vanish x visit
x x-ray
x yawn x yell
x zip x zoom
IF condition result
present simple WILL +base verb
If I see Mary I will tell her.
If Tara is free tomorrow he will invite her.
If they do not pass their exam their teacher will be sad.
If it rains tomorrow will you stay at home?
If it rains tomorrow what will you do?
: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ
result IF condition
WILL +base verb present simple
I will tell Mary if I see her.
He will invite Tara if she is free tomorrow.
Their teacher will be sad if they do not pass their exam.
Will you stay at home if it rains tomorrow?
What will you do if it rains tomorrow?
: ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢmay ﻭ ﻳﺎShall ، Can ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﭼﻮﻥWill ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ: ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight.
result IF condition
WOULD +base verb past simple
I would be happy if I married Mary.
She would marry Ram if he became rich.
Would you be surprised if it snowed next July?
What would you do if it snowed next July?
: ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢMight ﻭShould ،Could : ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﭼﻮﻥWould ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ: ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
If I won a million dollars, I could stop working .
result IF condition
WOULD HAVE +past participle past perfect
I would have told Mary if I had seen her.
I would have invited Tara if she had been free yesterday.
Their teacher would have been sad if they had not passed their exam.
Would you have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday?
What would you have done if it had rained yesterday?
ﺷﺮﻁ:2 ﻓﺼﻞ 23 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
IF condition result
present simple present simple
If you heat ice it melts.
.ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻫﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻻﻏﻴﺮ
: ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪWhen ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯIf ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ: ﺗﺬﻛﺮ
When I get up late, I miss my bus .
: ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
IF condition result
present simple present simple
If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work.
If I am late for work my boss gets angry.
If people don't eat they get hungry.
If you heat ice does it melt?
result IF condition
present simple present simple
I am late for work if I miss the 8 o'clock bus.
My boss gets angry if I am late for work.
People get hungry if they don't eat.
Does ice melt if you heat it?
: ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻬﺎ
.ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﺴﻢ ﺷﺮﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ
probability conditional example time
100% zero conditional If you heat ice, it melts. any time
50% first conditional If it rains, I will stay at home. future
10% second conditional If I won the lottery, I would buy a car. future
0% third conditional If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car. past
ﺳﺆﺍﻝ:3 ﻓﺼﻞ 24 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
1. Yes/No Questions
auxiliary verb subject main verb Answer
Yes or No
Do you want dinner? Yes, I do.
Can you drive? No, I can't.
Has she finished her work? Yes, she has.
Did they go home? No, they didn't.
(ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء! ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ )ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ
Is Anne French? Yes, she is.
Was Ram at home? No, he wasn't.
ﺳﺆﺍﻝ:3 ﻓﺼﻞ 25 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
3. Choice Questions
auxiliary subject main OR Answer
verb verb In the question
Do you want tea or coffee? Coffee, please.
Will we meet John or James? John.
Did she go to or New She went to
London York? London.
(ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء! ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ )ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ
Is your car white or black? It's black.
Were they $15 or $50? $15.
ﻓﺼﻞ going to:4 26 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
):(Intention ﻗﺼﺪ
ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ Going toﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ
ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ.
ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ :
I have won $1,000, I'm going to buy a new TV.
When are you going to go on holiday.
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ): (Present continuous for plan
ﻣﺎ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ
ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ
) (Future wordsﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ
ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ next week ،tomorrow :ﻭ ﻳﺎ In Juneﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ
ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩ.
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ :ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ ) (going toﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ) (planﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ
ﻓﺮﻗﻲ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ going toﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ :
We're going to paint the bedroom tomorrow.
We're painting the bedroom tomorrow.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩﻥ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ
ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺵ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻐﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ
ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ 90ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ going toﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ
ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ 70ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ.
Mary is taking her music exam next year.
They can't play tennis with you tomorrow, They're working.
ﻓﺼﻞ going to:4 27 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ): (Present Simple for schedule
ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻔﺘﺪ ) ﻣﺜﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ( ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻝ
ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩﻥ :ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ 100ﺩﺭﺻﺪ.
ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ :
The train leaves New York at 9pm tonight .
Tomorrow is Thursday .
ﺧﻼﺻﻪ :
ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﺑﻪ
ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ "ﺩﻳﺪ" ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ
ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ،ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﺎﺭﺍ.
ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ
: ﺷﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ
0% will no plan Don't get up .I'll answer the phone.
99.999% ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ schedule My plane takes off at 6.00am tomorrow.
ﻓﺼﻞ :5ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ 28 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ )ﺑﻪ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻋﺎﻣﻬﺎﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ): ((Phrasal Verbs
ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ "ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ" ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺪ
ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ turn on ،pick up :ﻭ ﻳﺎ .get on withﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ
ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ ) Phrasal Verbsﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ( ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ
ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻟﻐﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻟﻐﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ
ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ Phrasal verbsﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
getﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ get up ،ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻨﺪ .ﭘﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ
ﭼﺸﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ،ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﻳﺴﺖ.
ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ،ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ :
ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ look direct your eyes in a certain You must look before you
direction leap.
prepositional verbs look after take care of ?Who is looking after the baby
ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ
ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ phrasal verbs look up search for and find You can look up my number in
ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ information in a reference the telephone directory.
ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ book
phrasal-prepositional look forward to anticipate with pleasure I look forward to meeting you.
verbs
ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ -ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ
ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻲء ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ
ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ.
:ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ
I had I'd
you had you'd
he had he'd
she had she'd
it had it'd
we had we'd
they had they'd
ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ. ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩwould ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲhad ' ﻫﻢ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮd ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ
ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﭘﻲWe would ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻢhad We ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪWe'd
:ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ
We had arrived. (past participle)
We would arrive. (base)
We arrive in past at
9.15am.
ﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ:7 ﻓﺼﻞ 39 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.
The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.
We did not sing at the concert.
?Did you watch TV last night
past present future
-2ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ) .ﻗﺪﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ(
ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﻓﺼﻞ :7ﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ 43 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء
s t o p
stressed
ﺍﻭﻝ consonant
vowel
consonant
(vowels = a, e, i, o, u)
stop --> stopping
run --> running
begin --> beginning
.ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺳﻴﻼﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻱ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ
open --> opening
. ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢy ﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥie ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ
ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء
lie --> lying
ﺩﻭﻡ
die --> dying
. ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢe ، ﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﻮﺩe + ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﻲ ﺻﺪﺍ+ ﺍﮔﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺻﺪﺍﺩﺍﺭ
ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء
come --> coming
ﺳﻮﻡ
mistake --> mistaking
ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﻲ،ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ
: ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ) ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ،ﻛﻨﻴﻢ
I have been I've been
You have been You've been
He has been He's been
She has been She's been
It has been It's been
John has been John's been
The car has been The car's been
We have been We've been
They have been They've been
:ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
I've been reading.
You've been talking too much.
: ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢx
: ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ
(An action that has just stopped or recently stopped) ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺧﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ-1
:ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺯﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ
I'm tired because I've been running.
past present future
!!!
Recent action. Result now.
I'm tired [now], I've been running.
Why are the grasses wet [now]? Has it been raining?
You don't understand [now], because you haven't been listening.
ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻳﻚ. ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ6 ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ2، ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ5 : ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺜﻞfor ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ
.ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ
ﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ:7 ﻓﺼﻞ 46 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
ﺩﺭ. ﻳﻜﻢ ﺟﻮﻻﻱ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﻭﺷﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ،9 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ: ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞsince ﺍﺯ
() ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ
for since
a period of time a point in past time
x------------
20 minutes 6.15pm
three days Monday
6 months January
4 years 1994
2 centuries 1800
a long time I left school
ever the beginning of time
etc etc
: ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
I have been studying for 3 hours.
I have been watching TV since 7pm.
Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks.
Tara hasn't been visiting us since march.
He has been playing football for a long time.
He has been living in New York since he left school.
. ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩsince ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲfor ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ
. ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪpresent perfect progressive ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ: ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺭﺥ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺎﻻ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
ﺩﺍﺩﻩ
ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ :ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ.
ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ :ﺗﺎ ﺍﻻﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ.
ﻓﺼﻞ :7ﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ 49 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
xﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ :
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb **** ﻓﺎﻋﻞ +ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻤﮑﯽ +ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ
ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ:
-1ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ z،ss،s،X،sh،chﻭ ﻳﺎ oﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺧﺮﺷﺎﻥ esﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ).ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ
ﻣﻔﺮﺩ(:
She watches TV.
-2ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ yﺧﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ yﻳﻚ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﻲ ﺻﺪﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ،ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺣﺮﻑ
yﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ iﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ esﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
He studies.
-3ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ
ﺷﻮﺩ .ﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ
ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .
ﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ:7 ﻓﺼﻞ 52 ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ
I will I'll
you will you'll
he will he'll
she will she'll
it will it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll
: ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢwon't ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞnot ﻭwill ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ
I will not I won't
you will not you won't
he will not he won't
she will not she won't
it will not it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't
ﺭﺍhave ﻭwill ، ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻋﻞwill ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ
:ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ
I will have I'll have I'll've
you will have you'll have you'll've
he will have he'll have he'll've
she will have she'll have she'll've
it will have it'll have it'll've
we will have we'll have we'll've
they will have they'll have they'll've
.we ﻭI ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ، ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢwill ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱshall ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ: ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
:
food ! ."#$ % &' (things)
45 / 01 (-67, ) Happiness . *+ , -! ! / 01 23 (23 )
/ 01 / (48 4) Human being 0 Happiness *+ , -!
."$
:"#$ /1
:"# 9 ;
6! /8 ."#$ 01
<! =>
?
Person : man, woman, teacher, Mary, John.
Place : home, office, town, country, America, mosque ...
thing : table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey.
Love /<# B 8 ."D#E - 45 love /@ A B C' /
. '
: ; ! ; ?F$ G>H 8 I ( ?"J+ -) ?
(it's Ending ) 45 4+ ; ?F$ 8
(Position) 45 E 9 7!
(Functions) 45 () /FK
(Noun Endings)
4+ x
. L6 45 48 ?"# 4H / B /@ 8 G>H! 4+ ! A"#1
ity > nationality
ment > management
ness > happiness
ation > relation
hood > childhood
-! Q ful 8 spoonful : :&! 4#% /8 M7N -+ O P -! 8 -+ 6P A /$6
. A#1 0 careful FN / -6P
(Position in Sentence)
E 9 7! x
. G>H 45 /@B / -$9! ; 4 -! ! R@3
this, that, ,a, an : ! ? FN "#5 -! (determiner) ? FN ; "8 S!
... such, my
a relief
an afternoon
the doctor
this word
my house
:8
59
such stupidity
:"#5 -! FN "#1 ; "8 S!
a great relief
a peaceful afternoon
the tall, Indian doctor
this difficult word
my brown and white house [my brown white house]
such crass stupidity
(Functions) /FK x
:" /@B -U>H! /FK
subject of verb : Doctors work hard.
object of verb : He likes coffee.
subject and object of verb : teachers teach students.
(pronoun)V "# -! /<@8 ."#$ /@B (object) O" (subject ) %' /H
: "#! ."#8 /$ "P #! / "#E -! W@ ; - E /8 phrase ."#8 (phrase) W%
-6 doctor : My doctor works hard : /@B . phrasal verb / run down
."8 -! My doctor %'
89 3
:(Countable Nouns, Uncountable Nouns)
."## -! 89 3 -! R69 R@3 -! -@I 48;
:
x
., "#! H8
5 -! / "#$ -01
5 ."#$ -# 89 -5 /8 -!
"#1 ; .8 /$ , A"#1 -! H8 , -! !
:"# -! ?"H!
dog, cat, animal, man, person
bottle, box, liter
coin, note, dollar
cup, plate, folk
table, chair, suitcase, bag
:"#8 (plural)XB (singular)F! "# -!
My dog is playing.
My dogs are hungry.
(indefinite article) .# ?F$ an a ?< O P ; -! -! 8
A dog is an animal.
a, the, my, : ! /@ 45 ? "8 $P -! /8 F! WN /8 - / -!I#
."8 .. this
I want an orange. (not I want orange)
:8
60
I live in England.
She works for Sony.
The last day in January is a Monday.
We saw Titanic in the Odeon Cinema
ﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ a dogﻭ ﻛﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ the dog؟ ﺑﻪ a, anﻭ theﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ) (articlesﻣﻲ
ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ .ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ) (definiteﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻜﺮﻩ ) (Indefiniteﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ
ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
Articles
Definite Indefinite
the a, an
ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻳﻚ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ The ،ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ ﻭ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻳﻚ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ
ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ aﻭ ﻳﺎ anﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ.
ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ
ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ:
I saw the moon last night.
I saw a star last night.
ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
the a, an
The capital of France is Paris. I was born in a town.
I have found the book that I lost. John had an omelette for lunch.
?Have you cleaned the car James Bond ordered a drink.
There are six eggs in the fridge. We want to buy an umbrella.
?Please switch off the TV when you finish. Have you got a pen
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ the, aﻭ anﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ .ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺮﻑ
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ .ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
) We want to buy an umbrella.ﻫﺮ ﭼﺘﺮﻱ ،ﭼﺘﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ(
? ) Where is the umbrellaﻣﺎ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﻢ(
ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ،ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ the, aﻭ anﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ:
A man and a woman were walking in Oxford Street. The woman saw a dress that
she liked in a shop. She asked the man if he could buy the dress for her. He said:
""Do you think the shop will accept a cheque? I don't have a credit card.
Any ﻭSome x
. ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﻢ، = ﻳﻚ ﻛﻢSome
. ﻳﻚ ﻛﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ، = ﻳﻜﻲAny
. ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢAny ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯSome ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ
some any example situation
+ I have some I have $10.
money.
- I don't have any I don't have $1 and I don't have $10 and I
money. don't have $1,000,000. I have $0.
? Do you have any Do you have $1 or $10 or $1,000,000?
money?
ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩAny ﻭSome ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪSomebody\Anybody ﻭSomething\Anything ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺯ:ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
(. ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ، )ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ.ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ
:ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
)She finished the test without any difficulty. ( She did not have any difficulty
ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ Someﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ
ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ):ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ (
?Would you like some more tea
?Could I have some sugar please
(numbers) ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ
one, two,...
:ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
adjectives noun
deter- opinion fact
miner age shape colour
two nice old round red candles
: ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢand ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﻢ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ
Many newspapers are black and white.
She was wearing a long blue an yellow dress.
ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ، ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﮕﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ: ﻧﻜﺘﻪ
: ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ
:ﻝﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﻪ ﺍﻭ
A: " I want to buy a round table. "
B: " Do you want a new round table or an old round table? "
:ﻡﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﻪ ﺩﻭ
A: " I want to buy an old table. "
B: " Do you want a round old table or a square old table? "
A1
A1 is bigger than A2.
A2
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﻱ ) (comparative adjectivesﺑﺎ thenﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ
ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
John is 1.80meter. He is tall. But Chris is 1.85meter. He is taller than John.
America is big. But Russia is bigger.
I want to have a more powerful computer.
?Is French more difficult than English
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻳﺦ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ
ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ:
Earth Mars
)Diameter (km 12,760 6,790 Mars is smaller than Earth.
Distance from Sun 150 228 Mars is more distant from the Sun.
)(million km
)Length of day (hours 24 25 A day on Mars is slightly longer than a
day on Earth.
Moons 1 2 Mars has more moons than Earth.
Surface temperature (°C) 22 -23 Mars is colder than Earth.
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ :ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﭼﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﺍﻣﺎ
ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﭼﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ) ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ:
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﻩ ﺍﻭﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﻮﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻳﻚ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ.
Mt Everest is higher than all other mountains.
AB
A is the biggest.
C
Short adjectives
old, fastﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ )ﺗﻚ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻲ(
happy, easyﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ )ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻲ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ yﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
old > the oldestﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ :ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ estﺑﻪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺻﻔﺖ.
late > the latestﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ :ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ eﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ st
ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺰﺍﻳﻴﻢ.
big > the biggestﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ :ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﻲ ﺻﺪﺍ ،ﺻﺪﺍﺩﺍﺭ
ﻭ
ﺑﻲ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺑﻮﺩ ،ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﻲ ﺻﺪﺍﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
happy > the happiestﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ :ﺍﮔﺮ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ yﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﺪ y ،ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ iﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
Long adjectives
modern, pleasantﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺳﻴﻼﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ yﺧﺘﻢ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
expensive, intellectualﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ.
modern > the most modernﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ :ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ .most
expensive > the most
expensive
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺳﻴﻼﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ yﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ estﻭ ﻳﺎ mostﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ:
quiet ≡> the quietest/most quiet
clever ≡> the cleverest/most clever
narrow ≡> the narrowest/most narrow
simple ≡> the simplest/most simple
ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء :ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ:
good ≡> the best
bad ≡> the worst
far ≡> the furthest
:(Pronouns) V
.("# -! ? ! e ! /8 ) -! /8 B /8 /@B / -<1 /@ V
he, you, ours, themselves, some, each , etc : "#! "#$ -@ V
.# < -+ -+ -! , 7N 8 D! ?I5 " B V 48; "d9 E
:" B V / ?8 45 8 f' &! A "# /B ; &! /8
Do you like the president? I don't like the president. The president is too pompous.
:I8 -! V B 8 / -N
Do you like the president? I don't like him. He is too pompous.
ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲstative ، ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖto think ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ
.ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ
. ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢdynamic ، ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻛﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖto think ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ،ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ
ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ) ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ،ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻲ
(ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ
:ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
Stative sense Dynamic sense
(no real action) (a kind of action)
Simple only Continuous Simple
I think she is Be quiet. I'm thinking. I will think about this
beautiful. problem tomorrow.
I don't consider that We are considering your job We consider every job
he is the right man for application and will give you our application very
the job. answer in a few days. carefully.
This table measures 4 She is measuring the room for a A good carpenter
x 6 feet. new carpet. measures his wood
carefully.
Does the wine taste I was tasting the wine when I I always taste wine
good? dropped the glass. before I drink it.
Mary has three Please phone later. We are We have dinner at
children. having dinner now. 8pm every day.
Mary is a careful person. (Mary is John is being careful. (John is acting carefully
always careful - it's her nature.) now, but maybe he is not always careful - we
don't know.)
Is he always so stupid? (Is that his They were being really stupid. (They were
personality?) behaving really stupidly at that moment.)
Andrew is not usually selfish. (It is Why is he being so selfish? (Why is he acting
not Andrew's character to be so selfishly at the moment?)
selfish.)
: ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪbe ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻌﻞ
I am being
You are being
He, she, it is being
We are being
They are being
." ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻗﺎﻳﻠﻴﻢto be being sick"" ﻭto be sick" ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ
( ) ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺶ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﻴﺴﺖShe is sick.
( ) ﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﻣﻴﺸﻪShe is being sick.