AREA UNDER THE CURVE

&
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS

AREA UNDER THE CURVE

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
 THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ............................................................... 3 – 8

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
 THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ............................................................. 30 – 42

ANSWER KEY
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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Page # 2 AREA UNDER THE CURVE

JEE Syllabus :
Application of definite integrals to the determination of areas involving simple curves, formation of
ordinary differential equations, solution of homogeneous differential equations, variables separable method,
linear first order differential equations.

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota,

394 - Rajeev Ph. No.
Gandhi 0744-2209671,
Nagar 93141-87482,
Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93527-21564
93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, www.motioniitjee.com,
0744-2439052, email-info@motioniitjee.com
0744-2439053, www.motioniitjee.com, email-info@motioniitjee.com
AREA UNDER THE CURVE Page # 3

AREA UNDER THE CURVE

AREA UNDER THE CURVE
A. AREA BY VERTICAL STRIPS
y y=f(x)

To determinent area bounded by curve y = f(x), the x-axis (x, y)

and the ordinates at x = a & x = b is
Case-I : If y = f(x) lies completely above the x-axis
b b
x
i.e. A  f ( x ) dx  ydx O x=a dx x=b

a

a

O x=a dx x=b x
Case-II : If y = f(x) lies completely below the x-axis
then A is negative. The convention is to
consider the magnitude only

b b (x, y)
i.e. A  f(x) dx  ydx
  y y=f(x)
a a

Case-III : If y = f(x) cuts the x-axis at x = c  (a, b) y y=f(x)

c b
x=a
i.e. A  f(x) dx  x
  f(x) dx O x=c x=b
a c

 
Ex.1 Find the area bounded by y = sec2x, x = ,x= & x-axis
6 3

 /3  /3   1 2
Sol. Area bounded =  /6 ydx   /6 sec
2
dx  [tan x] /3
/6  tan – tan  3 –  sq. units
3 6 3 3

B. AREA BY HORIZONTAL STRIPS y

y=d x=f(y)
To determine area bounded by the curve x = f(y), the y-axis
and abscissa at y = c & y = d is dy (x, y)

d d
i.e. A  f(y)dy  y=c
  xdy
c c x
O

Ex.2 Find the area in the first quadrant bounded by

y = 4x2, x = 0, y = 1 and y = 4. Y

4 4 4
y 1 2 
Sol. The required area = 1 xdy  1 dy   y 3/2  y=4
2 2 3 1
x=0
1 3/2 1 7 1 y=1
 [4 – 1]  [8 – 1]   2 sq. units
3 3 3 3 X
O

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 Page # 4 AREA UNDER THE CURVE

C. AREA ENCLOSED BETWEEN TWO CURVES

y=g(x)
y (x, y)
Case-I : (By vertical strips) y=f(x)
Area between the curves y = f(x) & y = g(x) between
the ordinates at x = a & x = b is
dx
b b b
i.e. A  f ( x )dx – g( x )dx  [ f ( x ) – g( x )]dx x

a
a

a
O x=a x=b

Case-II : (By horizontal strips)

y x=g(y)
Area between the curves x = f(y) & x = g(y) between
y=d x=f(y)
the ordinates at y = c & y = d is
dy
(x, y)
d d d
i.e. A   f(y)dy –  g(y)dy   [f(y) – g(y)]dy y=c
c c c x
O

Ex.3 Compute the area of the figure bounded by the straight lines x = 0, x = 2 and the curves y=2x, y=2x –x2
Sol. Figure is self-explanatory y = 2x, (x – 1)2 = – (y – 1)

2
R(2,4)
The required area =  ( y1 – y 2 )dx
0

y=2x
2 x=2
x
where y1 = 2 and y2 = 2x – x = 2
 (2 x – 2x  x 2 )dx Q
0 (0,1)
y=2x – x2
O M(2,0)
2
 2x 1   4 8 1 3 4
 – x 2  x 3  =  – 4   – = – sq. units.
 ln 2 3 0  ln 2 3  ln 2 ln 2 3

Ex.4 Compute the area of the figure bounded by the parabolas x = – 2y2, x = 1 – 3y2
Sol. Solving the equation x = – 2y2, x = 1 – 3y2 we find that
ordinates of the points of intersection of the two curves
Y
as y1 = – 1, y2 = 1 (–2,1)
The points are (–2, –1) and (–2, 1) 1
x=1–3y2
The required area x=–2y2
P2 P1
1 1
X
2
2 ( x1 – x 2 )dy  2 [(1 – 3 y ) – (–2y )]dy 2 –2 –1 O 1

0

0

1 1
–1
2  y3  4 (–2,–1)
 2 (1 – y )dy  2 y –
   sq. units
0  3 0 3

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AREA UNDER THE CURVE Page # 5

Ex.5 Find the area of a loop as well as the whole area of the curve a2y2 = x2(a2 – x2).
Sol. The curve is symmetrical about both the axes. It cuts x-axis at (0, 0), (–a, 0), (a, 0)

a a x Y
Area of a loop = 2  0 ydx  2 0 a a2 – x 2 dx
O
a A’ A
1 a 1 2 2 2 3/2  2 2 X’ X
– a2 – x2 (–2x)dx = – a  3 (a – x )   3 a (–a,0) (a,0)
a 0  0

2 2 4 2
Total area = 2 × a = a sq. units
3 3

D. USEFUL RESULTS

2 2
(a) Whole area of the ellipse, x  y  1 is  ab sq. units
2 2
a b

16ab
(b) Area enclosed between the parabolas y2 = 4ax & x2 = 4 by is sq. units
3

8a 2
(c) Area included between the parabola y2 = 4ax & the line y = mx is sq. units
3m3

E. AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION

b
1
y = f(x) w.r.t x over an interval a  x  b is defined as : y(av) = b – a f ( x )dx 
a

Ex.6 Find the area bounded by the curve y = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) lying between the ordinates x = 0 and
x = 3 and x - axis
Sol. To determine the sign, we follow the usual rule as of change of sign. Y
y = + ve for x > 3
C
y = – ve for 2 < x < 3
y = +ve for 1 < x < 2 B D F
X
y = – ve for x < 1. O 1 2 3

3 1 2 3 1 2 3 A E
| y | dx  | y | dx  | y | dx  | y | dx  – ydx  y dx  – ydx (0,–6)
0 0 1 2 0 1 2
1 4
3 11
Now let F(x) =  ( x – 1) ( x – 2) ( x – 3) dx   ( x – 6 x 2  11x – 6)dx 
x – 2x 3  x 2 – 6 x
4 2
9 9
 F(0) = 0, F(1) = – , F(2) = – 2, F(3) = –
4 4
3
Hence required Area = – [F(1) – F(0)] + [F(2) – F(1)] – [F(3) – F(2)] = 2 sq. units.
4

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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Ex.7 The curve y  a x  bx passes through the point (1, 2) and the area enclosed by the curve, the axis of

x and the line x = 4 is 8 square units. Determine a, b, where a and b are positive.
Sol. The curve passes through (0, 0). Hence the limits of x are 0 to 4.
4 4 4
2
A  ydx  (a x  bx )dx or 8  a. 2 x 3 / 2  b x  or
  16a
  8  8b ...(i)
0 0  3 2 0 3

Again the curve passes through (1, 2)  2 = a + b ...(ii)

Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = 3, b = – 1.

Ex.8 Find the smaller of the area bounded by the parabola 4y2 – 3x – 8y + 7 = 0 and
the ellipse x2 + 4y2 – 2x – 8y + 1 = 0
Sol. C1 is 4(y2 – 2y) = 3x – 7 or 4(y – 1)2 = 3x – 3 = 3 (x – 1) ...(i) (1 , 3 / 2)
above is parabola with vertex at (1, 1) II L I
2 2
C2 is (x – 2x) + 4(y – 2y) = – 1
A B
( x – 1)2 ( y – 1)2 P
or (x – 1)2 + 4(y – 1)2 = – 1 + 1 + 4 or  1 ...(ii) O N
22 12 (2,0)
Above represents an ellipse with centre at (1, 1). Shift the
M
origin to (1, 1) and this will not affect the magnitude of
(1 , – 3 / 2)
required area but will make the calculation simpler.

X2 Y 2  1,  3 
 
Thus the two curves are 4Y2 = 3X and   1 They meet at
22 1 
 2 

 3 1 2 4 – X2   3 2 
Required area = 2(A + B) = 2[  Y1dX   Y2 dX]  2  XdX  dX   
 2 0 1 2   6

3 
 

Ex.9 Find the area bounded by the curve y  x &x>– y & curve x2 + y2 = 2

Sol. Common region is given by the diagram If area of region OAB =  then area of OCD = 
Because y = x &x=– y
will bound same area with x & y axis respectively. x– y
y= x  y2 = x C
A y x
x= – y  x2 = y and hence both the
D
curves are
symmetric with respect to line y = x
– 2 B
r 2  O 1
Area of first quadrant OBC = = ( r  2 ) 2
4 2

area of region OCA = – 
2

 
area of shaded region = ( –  ) +  = sq. units
2 2

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AREA UNDER THE CURVE Page # 7

Ex.10 Find the equation, of line passing through the origin & dividing the curvilinear triangle with vertex at
the origin, bounded by the curves y = 2x – x2, y = 0 & x = 1 into parts of equal area.

1
1  2 x3  2
2
Sol. Area of region OBA = (2x – x )dx   x –  
 0  3  0 3 sq. units

A
2 1
 A1  A1  A1 
3 3
A1 C(1,y)
Let point C has coordinates (1, y)
A1
1 1 2
Area of OCB =  1 y  y = O
2 3 3 B(1,0)

2
 2 –0 2
2
C has coordinates  1,  ; Lines OC has slope m  3  ; Equation of line OC is y = mx  y = x
 3 1– 0 3 3

Ex.11 Find the area bounded by the curves x2 + y2 = 4 & x2 = – 2y and the line x = y, below x-axis,

x2
Sol. Let C is x2 + y2 = 4, P is y = – and L is y = x.
2

x
y=
We have above three curves. Solving P and C we get the points

A(– 2 , – 2 ) , B( 2 , – 2 )
O
Also the line y = x passes through A(– 2, – 2 )

 Required area = shaded + dotted

A B ( 2, – 2 )
0 2
 – (y 3 – y1)dx  0 (y 2 – y1)dx (– 2 , – 2 )
2

0 2 2
0 2 –x 2 2  x2  1  x3  x 4 x 3   16
 – xdx  0 dx – – 4 – x 2 dx    –   – 4 – x 2  sin–1   | A |
2 2 2  2 – 2
3
2  0  2 2 2 – 2 6

Ex.12 In the adjacent graphs of two functions y = f(x)

y
and y = sin x are given. y = sinx intersects, y = f(x)
at A(a f(a)); B (, 0) and C(2, 0). Ai (i = 1, 2, 3)
y=f(x)
is the area bounded by the curves y = f(x) and A1
y = sinx between x = 0 and x = a, i = 1, between A A2
x = a and x = ; i = 2, between x =  and x = 2; y=sinx B C
i = 3. If A1 = 1 – sin a + (a – 1) cos a, determine O a  y=sinx
2
the function f(x). Hence determine 'a' and A1. Also A3

calculate A2 and A3.

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 Page # 8 AREA UNDER THE CURVE

Sol. From the figure it is clear that  (sin x – f ( x ))dx  1 – sin a  (a – 1) cos a
0
differentiate w.r.t. a

sina – f(a) = – cosa + cosa – (a–1) sin a sina – f(a) = – a sin a + sin a f(a) = a sin a  f(x) = x sinx
The points where f(x) & sinx intersect are x sinx = sinx  sinx = 0 or x = 1. We can say that a = 1

1  

A 1  (sin x – x sin x )dx  (1 – sin 1) sq. units; A 2  ( f ( x ) – sin x )dx  ( x sin x – sin x )dx  (  – 1 – sin1) sq. units
  
0 1 1

2

A3   (sin x – x sin x)dx  (3 – 2) sq. units



Ex.13 The area bounded by y = x2 + 1 and the tangents to it drawn from the origin is
Sol. The parabola is even function & let the equation of tangent is y = mx
Now we calculate the point of intersection of parabola & tangent mx = x2 + 1
x2 – mx + 1 = 0  D = 0  m2 – 4 = 0  m = ± 2
Two tangents are possible y = 2x & y = – 2x
Intersection of y = x2 + 1 & y = 2x is x = 1 & y = 2

1 1 C B A
Area of shaded region OAB  ( y 2  y1 ) dx  (( x 2  1)  2 x ) dx  1 (1, 2)

0

0
3

O (0, 0)

 1 2
Area of total shaded region  2    sq. units
3 3

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