International Journal of Statistics and Mathematics

Vol. 6(2), pp. 130-136, May, 2019. © www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 2375-0499

Research Article
A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-
Phase Sampling in Presence of Two Auxiliary Variables
1P. A. Patel, *2F. H. Shah
1,2Department of Statistics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, India
*Corresponding Author: Ms. Fagun Shah, Department of Statistics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, India.
Email: shah_fagun@yahoo.co.in , Tel: +919712132255; Co-Author Email: patelpraful_a@yahoo.co.in, Tel: +919904494028

This paper deals with estimation of the population mean under two-phase sampling. Utilizing
information on two-auxiliary variables, a system of estimators for estimating the finite population
mean is proposed and its properties, up to the first order of approximation, are studied. As
particular cases various estimators are suggested. The performance of suggested estimators is
compared with some contemporary estimators of the population mean through numerical
illustrations carried over the data set of some natural populations. Also, a small-scale Monte Carlo
simulation is carried out for the empirical comparison.

Keywords: Auxiliary variables, Monte Carlo simulation, Two-phase sampling,

AMS Subject Classification: 62D05; 65C05; 68U20

INTRODUCTION

Auxiliary information on two variables in two-phase sampling has been widely used at estimation stage in order to inflate
the precision of the estimator. For the ordinary ratio and regression estimators of 𝑌, the mean 𝑋 of the auxiliary variable
is estimated by the mean 𝑥′ of the first sample. In single-phase sampling, assuming the linear relationship passes through
origin between 𝑦 and 𝑥, many authors have suggested various estimators of 𝑌 using some known parameters of x such
as mean (𝑋), standard deviation (𝜎𝑥 ), coefficient of variation (𝐶𝑥 ), skewness (𝛽1 (𝑥)), kurtosis (𝛽2 (𝑥)) and correlation
coefficient (𝜌𝑦𝑥 ). For instance, see Upadhyaya and Singh (1999), Singh and Tailor (2003), Kadilar and Cingi (2006),
Khoshnevisan et al. (2007) and references cited in these papers. More often, extra auxiliary variable 𝑧 closely related to
𝑥 but compared to 𝑥 remotely related to 𝑦 is available. For example, 𝑥 is area under the crop wheat in 1964 and 𝑧 is area
under the crop wheat in 1960 (i.e. 𝜌𝑦𝑧 < 𝜌𝑥𝑧 ). In such situations, various estimators were proposed by Chand (1975),
Kiregyera (1980, 1984), Srivenkataramana and Tracy (1989), Srivastava et al. (1990), Sahoo and Sahoo (1993) and
Mishra and Rout (1997), Singh (2008), Hanif (2009), Dash and Mishra (2011), Vishvakarma and Kumar (2014), Ahmed
(2015), Patel and Shah (2018a, b) using two auxiliary variables. Khan (2016, 2017) used single as well as double sampling
scheme to estimate the population mean using two auxiliary variables. Implementing predictive approach, Banopadhyay
and Singh (2016) presented some classes of estimators in the presence of two auxiliary variables under two-phase
sampling design. Motivated from these manuscripts, we seek to estimate the population mean 𝑌 incorporating information
on 𝑥 and 𝑧 at the estimation stage, using two-stage sampling design and suggest a system of estimators which include
many known and unknown estimators.

The present paper introduces a system of estimators for estimating the finite population mean, incorporating partial
auxiliary information on one variable and complete auxiliary information on second variable under two-phase sampling.
This paper is outlined as follows. In next section estimators available in the literature are reviewed. Also, a system of
estimators is proposed and its special cases are discussed. Up to the first order of approximation, bias and MSE are
derived in Section 3. Numerical and empirical studies are carried out in Section 4. Finally, conclusion is presented in
Section 5.

A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-Phase Sampling in Presence of Two Auxiliary Variables
Patel and Shah 131

Existing and Suggested System of Estimators

Consider a two-phase sampling in which a random sample 𝑠′of size 𝑛′ is drawn from the population using simple random
sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) and a subsample 𝑠 of size 𝑛 is drawn using the same sampling design.
Consider a triplet (𝑦𝑖 , 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑧𝑖 ) for finite population unit 𝑖 of (1,2, … 𝑁) units where 𝑦𝑖 is the value of the study variable 𝑦 and
𝑥𝑖 and 𝑧𝑖 are the values of auxiliary variables 𝑥 and 𝑧. Here, auxiliary variables 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑧 > 0 are positively correlated
with 𝑦.

Motivated from Khoshnevisan et al. (2007), in this paper we propose a system of estimators for estimating the mean 𝑌
under two-phase sampling that makes use of auxiliary information on two variables at estimation stage. The proposed
system is defined by
𝐽
𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏
𝑌̅̂ ∗ = 𝑦̅ + 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [𝑥′ { } − 𝑥] (1)
𝜆(𝑎𝑧′ + 𝑏) + (1 − 𝜆)(𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏)
where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝐽 are either real numbers or the functions of the known parameters of the auxiliary variable 𝑧 such as 𝑍,
𝜎𝑧 , 𝛽1 (𝑧), 𝛽2 (𝑧) and 𝜆 ∈ [0, 1] is to be determined so that the system has minimum MSE. This class of estimators include
the following estimators with suitable choice of 𝑎, b, 𝐽 and 𝜆.

Table 1. Members of the System

Choice of
Estimator Suggested by
(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝑱, 𝝀, 𝒃𝒚𝒙 )
̂ = 𝑦 𝑥′
𝑌 Cochran (1977) (𝑎, 𝑏, 0, 𝜆, 𝑦⁄𝑥 )
𝑅𝑑 𝑥
̂
𝑌𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑑 = 𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [𝑥′ − 𝑥] Cochran (1977) (𝑎, 𝑏, 0, 1, 𝑏𝑦𝑥 )
̂ 𝑦 𝑥′
𝑌 = ∙ ∙𝑍 Chand (1975) (1, 0, 1, 1, 𝑦⁄𝑥 )
𝐶 𝑥 𝑧′
̂ = 𝑦 ∙ 𝑥′ ∙ 𝑧′
𝑌 - (1, 0, −1, 1, 𝑦⁄𝑥 )
𝑃𝑑 𝑥 𝑍
̂ 𝑥′
𝑌 = 𝑦 ( )( 𝑧)
𝑍+𝐶
Singh and Upadhyaya (1995) (1, 𝐶𝑧 , 1, 1, 𝑦⁄𝑥 )
1 𝑥 𝑧′+𝐶𝑧
̂ = 𝑦( )(
𝑌
𝑥′ 𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑍+𝐶𝑧
) Upadhyaya and Singh (2001) (𝛽2 (𝑧), 𝐶𝑧 , 1, 1, 𝑦⁄𝑥 )
2 𝑥 𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑧′+𝐶𝑧
̂ = 𝑦( )(
𝑌
𝑥′ 𝑍+𝜎𝑧
) Singh (2001) (1, 𝜎𝑧 , 1, 1, 𝑦⁄𝑥 )
4 𝑥 𝑧′+𝜎𝑧
̂ = 𝑦( )(
𝑌
𝑥′ 𝛽1 (𝑧)𝑍+𝜎𝑧
) Singh (2001) (𝛽1 (𝑧), 𝜎𝑧 , 1, 1, 𝑦⁄𝑥 )
5 𝑥 𝛽1 (𝑧)𝑧′+𝜎𝑧
̂ = 𝑦( )(
𝑌
𝑥′ 𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑍+𝜎𝑧
) (𝛽2 (𝑧), 𝜎𝑧 , 1, 1, 𝑦⁄𝑥 )
6 𝑥 𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑧′+𝜎𝑧
̂ =𝑦
𝑌
𝐶 𝑍+𝛽 (𝑧)
+ 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [𝑥′ { 𝑧 ′ 2 } − 𝑥] (𝐶𝑧 , 𝛽2 (𝑧), 1, 1, 𝑏𝑦𝑥 )
7
𝐶𝑧 𝑧 +𝛽2 (𝑧)
̂ =𝑦
𝑌
𝛽 (𝑧)𝑍+𝐶
+ 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [𝑥′ { 2 ′ 𝑧 } − 𝑥] (𝐶𝑧 , 𝛽2 (𝑧), 1, 1, 𝑏𝑦𝑥 )
8
𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑧 +𝐶𝑧
̂ =𝑦
𝑌
𝑍+𝜎
+ 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [𝑥′ { 𝑧 } − 𝑥] (1, 𝜎𝑧 , 1, 1, 𝑏𝑦𝑥 )
9 𝑧′+𝜎 𝑧
̂ = 𝑦 + 𝑏 [𝑥′ { 𝛽2(𝑧)𝑍+𝜎𝑧 } − 𝑥]
𝑌 (𝛽2 (𝑧), 𝜎𝑧 , 1, 1, 𝑏𝑦𝑥 )
10 𝑦𝑥 𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑧′+𝜎𝑧

Approximate Bias and MSE

In order to obtain the approximate bias and MSE of 𝑌̅̂ ∗ , let us use the approximate formulae for bias and MSE of any
continuous twice-differentiable function 𝑔(∙) of 𝜃̂ (expanded around 𝜃 = 𝐸(𝜃̂ )) (for more detail see Stuart and Ord, 1987,
Equations (10.12) and (10.13)
1 𝜕 2 𝑔(𝜃̂)
𝐵 (𝑔(𝜃̂)) = ∑ ∑ [ ] 𝐸(𝜃̂𝑖 − 𝜃𝑖 )(𝜃̂𝑗 − 𝜃𝑗 ) + 𝑂(𝑛−3 ) (2)
2 𝜕𝜃̂𝑖 𝜕𝜃̂𝑗 ̂
𝑖 𝑗 𝜃 =𝜃
and
2
𝜕𝑔(𝜃̂ ) 𝜕𝑔(𝜃̂) 𝜕𝑔(𝜃̂)
𝑉 (𝑔(𝜃̂ )) = ∑ [ ] 𝑉(𝜃̂𝑖 ) + ∑ ∑ [ ∙ ] 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝜃̂𝑖 , 𝜃̂𝑗 ) + 𝑂(𝑛−3 ) (3)
𝑖 𝜕𝜃̂𝑖 ̂ 𝜃 =𝜃 𝑖≠𝑗 𝜕𝜃̂𝑖 𝜕𝜃̂𝑗 ̂ =𝜃
𝜃

A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-Phase Sampling in Presence of Two Auxiliary Variables
 Int. J. Stat. Math. 132

Consider.
𝑌̅̂ ∗ = 𝑔(𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑥′, 𝑧′) = 𝑔(𝜃̂ ) and 𝑌 = 𝑔(𝑌, 𝑋, 𝑋, 𝑍) = 𝑔(𝜃)
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
where 𝜃1 = 𝑦, 𝜃2 = 𝑥, 𝜃3 = 𝑥′, 𝜃4 = 𝑧′ and 𝜃1 = 𝑌, 𝜃2 = 𝑋, 𝜃3 = 𝑋, 𝜃4 = 𝑍
Noting that
𝜕𝑌̅̂ ∗ 𝑥′ 𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏
=[ { }] =1
𝜕𝑦̅ 𝑥̅ 𝜆(𝑎𝑧′ + 𝑏) + (1 − 𝜆)(𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏) 𝜃̂=𝜃
𝜕𝑌̅̂ ∗ 𝑦̅ 𝑥′ 𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏 𝑌
= [− 2 { }] =−
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ 𝜆(𝑎𝑧′ + 𝑏) + (1 − 𝜆)(𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏) 𝜃̂=𝜃 𝑋
𝜕𝑌̅̂ ∗ 𝑦̅ 𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏 𝑌
=[ { }] =
𝜕𝑥′ 𝑥̅ 𝜆(𝑎𝑧′ + 𝑏) + (1 − 𝜆)(𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏) ̂ 𝑋 𝜃 =𝜃
𝜕𝑌̅̂ ∗ 𝑦̅ 𝑎𝜆(𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏) 𝑎𝜆
= [ 𝑥′ { }] =𝑌
𝜕𝑧̅′ 𝑥̅ [𝜆(𝑎𝑧′ + 𝑏) + (1 − 𝜆)(𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏)]2 𝜃̂=𝜃 𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏
and using (2) and (3) we will have approximate bias and MSE of 𝑌̅̂ ∗ as
1 1 𝑎𝜆(𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏) 𝑌̅ 𝑌̅
𝐵(𝑌̅̂ ∗ ) = − 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑦̅, 𝑥̅ ) + 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑦̅, 𝑥̅ ′) − 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑦 ̅, 𝑧̅ ′) + 𝑉(𝑥̅ ) − 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑥̅ , 𝑥̅ ′)
𝑋̅ 𝑋̅ [𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏]2 𝑋̅ 2 𝑋̅ 2
𝑌̅ 𝑎𝜆(𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏) 𝑌̅ 𝑎𝜆 (𝑎𝜆)2 (𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏)
− 2 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑥̅ , 𝑧̅′) − 2 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑥̅ , 𝑧′) − 2𝑌̅ 𝑉(𝑧̅′ ) (4)
𝑋̅ [𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏] 2 𝑋̅ (𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏) [𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏]3

𝑌̅ 2 𝑌̅ 2 𝑎𝜆 2 𝑌̅ 𝑌̅ 𝑎𝜆
𝑀𝑆𝐸(𝑌̅̂ ∗ ) = 𝑉(𝑦̅) + 2 𝑉(𝑥̅ ) + 2 𝑉(𝑥̅ ′) + 𝑌̅ 2 [ ] 𝑉(𝑧̅′) − 2 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑦̅, 𝑥̅ ) + 2 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑦̅, 𝑥̅ ′) + 2𝑌̅ 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑦̅, 𝑥̅ ′)
𝑋̅ 𝑋 ̅ ̅
𝑎𝑍 + 𝑏 𝑋 ̅ 𝑋̅ 𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏
𝑌̅ 2
𝑌̅ 2
𝑎𝜆 𝑌̅ 2
𝑎𝜆
−2 2 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑥̅ , 𝑥̅ ′) − 2 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑥̅ ′, 𝑧̅′) + 2 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑥̅ ′, 𝑧̅′) (5)
𝑋̅ ̅ ̅
𝑋 𝑎𝑍 + 𝑏 𝑋 𝑎𝑍̅ + 𝑏
̅

Inserting expressions for variances and covariances under two-phase SRSWOR sampling in (4) and (5) the approximate
bias and MSE of 𝑌̅̂ ∗ are found as
𝐵(𝑌̅̂ ∗ ) = 𝑌̅ [𝑓3 (𝜌𝑦𝑥 𝐶𝑦 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶𝑥2 ) − 𝑓2 {(𝜆𝜃)2 𝐶𝑧2 + 𝜆𝜃𝜌𝑦𝑧 𝐶𝑦 𝐶𝑧 }] (6)
𝑀𝑆𝐸(𝑌̅̂ ∗ ) = 𝑌̅ 2 [𝑓 (𝐶 2 + 𝐶 2 − 2𝜌 𝐶 𝐶 ) − 𝑓 (𝐶 2 − 2𝜌 𝐶 𝐶 ) + 𝑓 ((𝜆𝜃)2 𝐶 2 + 2𝜆𝜃𝜌 𝐶 𝐶 )]
1 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑦𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 2 (7)
𝑧 𝑦𝑧 𝑦 𝑧

Differentiating (7) with respect to (𝜆𝜃) and setting the derivative equals to zero we obtain the optimum value of (𝜆𝜃) as
𝐶𝑦
(𝜆𝜃)𝑜𝑝𝑡 = −𝜌𝑦𝑧 (8)
𝐶𝑧
Consequently, inserting (8) in (6) and (7), we obtain optimum values
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐵(𝑌̅̂ ∗ ) = 𝑌̅ 𝑓3 {𝜌𝑦𝑥 𝐶𝑦 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶𝑥2 } − 𝑓2 (𝜌𝑦𝑧
2
𝐶𝑦2 ) (9)
and
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑆𝐸(𝑌̅̂ ∗ ) = 𝑌̅ 2 [𝑓1 𝐶𝑦2 + 𝑓3 (𝐶𝑥2 − 2𝜌𝑦𝑥 𝐶𝑦 𝐶𝑥 ) − 𝑓2 (𝜌𝑦𝑧
2
𝐶𝑦2 )] (10)
Remark 1. The optimum values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝛼 are not separately obtainable.

̂ ∗ with estimated optimum value

̅
Table 2. Special cases of 𝒀
Estimator 𝝀̂𝒐𝒑𝒕 𝒂 𝒃
𝑍̅+ 𝐶𝑧 𝑐𝑦 𝑍
𝑌̅̂1∗ = 𝑦̅ + 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [̂ (𝑧′−𝑍̅)+(𝑍̅+ 𝐶𝑧 )
− 𝑥̅ ] 𝑟𝑦𝑧 ∙ 1 𝐶𝑧
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝐶𝑧 𝑍+𝐶𝑧
𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑍̅+ 𝐶𝑧 𝑐𝑦 𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑍
𝑌̅̂2∗ = 𝑦̅ + 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [̂ ′ − 𝑥̅ ] 𝑟𝑦𝑧 ∙ 𝛽2 (𝑧) 𝐶𝑧
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝛽2 (𝑧)(𝑧 −𝑍̅)+(𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑍̅+ 𝐶𝑧 ) 𝐶𝑧 𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑍+𝐶𝑧
𝐶𝑧 𝑍̅+ 𝛽2 (𝑧) 𝑐𝑦 𝐶𝑧 𝑍
𝑌̅̂3∗ = 𝑦̅ + 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [̂ − 𝑥̅ ] 𝑟𝑦𝑧 ∙ 𝐶𝑧 𝛽2 (𝑧)
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝐶𝑧 (𝑧′−𝑍̅)+(𝐶𝑧 𝑍̅+𝛽2 (𝑧)) 𝐶𝑧 𝐶𝑧 𝑍+𝛽2 (𝑧)
𝑍̅+ 𝜎𝑧 𝑐𝑦 𝑍
𝑌̅̂4∗ = 𝑦̅ + 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [̂ (𝑧′−𝑍̅)+(𝑍 ̅+ 𝜎𝑧 )
− 𝑥̅ ] 𝑟𝑦𝑧 ∙ 1 𝜎𝑧
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝐶𝑧 𝑍+𝜎𝑧
𝛽1 (𝑧)𝑍̅+ 𝜎𝑧 𝑐𝑦 𝛽1 (𝑧)𝑍
𝑌̅̂5∗ = 𝑦̅ + 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [̂ − 𝑥̅ ] 𝑟𝑦𝑧 ∙ 𝛽1 (𝑧) 𝜎𝑧
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝛽1 (𝑧)(𝑧′−𝑍̅)+(𝛽1 (𝑧)𝑍̅+ 𝜎𝑧 ) 𝐶𝑧 𝛽1 (𝑧)𝑍+𝜎𝑧
𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑍̅+ 𝜎𝑧 𝑐𝑦 𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑍
𝑌̅̂6∗ = 𝑦̅ + 𝑏𝑦𝑥 [̂ ′ − 𝑥̅ ] 𝑟𝑦𝑧 ∙ 𝛽2 (𝑧) 𝜎𝑧
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝛽2 (𝑧)(𝑧 −𝑍̅)+(𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑍̅+ 𝜎𝑧 ) 𝐶𝑧 𝛽2 (𝑧)𝑍+𝜎𝑧

A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-Phase Sampling in Presence of Two Auxiliary Variables
Patel and Shah 133

Comparison of estimators
̂ , (𝑌
In this section, we conduct analytical and empirical comparison of the estimators 𝑌 ̂ ,…,𝑌
̂ ), and 𝑌̅̂ ∗ .
𝑅𝑑 1 10

Efficiency comparisons under optimality condition

̂ (see Cochran, 1977) is given by

Up to the first order of approximation MSE of 𝑌𝑅𝑑
̂ 2
2 2 2
𝑀𝑆𝐸 (𝑌 ) = 𝑌 [𝑓 (𝐶 + 𝐶 − 2𝜌 𝐶 𝐶 ) + 𝑓 𝐶 ]
𝑅𝑑 3 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 (11)
From (11) and (10) observe that
̂ ) − 𝑓 𝑌̅ 2 (𝜌2 𝐶 2 )
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑆𝐸(𝑌̅̂ ∗ ) = 𝑀𝑆𝐸 (𝑌 (12)
𝑅𝑑 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑦
That is
𝑀𝑆𝐸 (𝑌̂ ) − 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑆𝐸(𝑌̅̂ ∗ ) ≥ 𝑓 (𝑌̅𝜌 𝐶 )2
𝑅𝑑 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑦
̂
The MSE of 𝑌 (Chand, 1975) is given by
𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐸 (𝑌̂ ) = 𝑀𝑆𝐸 (𝑌 ̂ ) + 𝑓 𝑌 2 {𝐶 2 − 2𝜌 𝐶 𝐶 } (13)
𝐶 𝑅𝑑 2 𝑧 𝑦𝑧 𝑦 𝑧
Next, subtracting (11) from (13), we get
𝑀𝑆𝐸 (𝑌̂ ) − 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑆𝐸(𝑌̅̂ ∗ ) = 𝑓 𝑌2 (𝐶 − 𝜌 𝐶 )2 (14)
𝐶 2 𝑧 𝑦𝑧 𝑦
Finally, from Equation (10) of Singh et al. (2011) we have
𝑀𝑆𝐸(𝑡𝑖 ) − 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑆𝐸(𝑌̅̂ ∗ ) ≥ 0 (𝑖 = 2, … ,7) (15)
̂ and 𝑡 , … , 𝑡 .
Combining (12) to (15), we conclude that the suggested estimator 𝑌̅̂ ∗ is more precise than 𝑌𝑅𝑑 1 7

Numerical Study

The various estimators discussed in previous sections are now examined using two real data sets.
Data set I : (Jobson, 1992) (The observations are replicated 2 times)
𝑦: Highway Rate
𝑥: Weight
𝑧: Engine size

𝑁 = 194, 𝑛′ = 80, 𝑛 = 30, 𝑌 = 68.37, 𝑋 = 2973.71, 𝑍 = 27.60,

𝜎𝑧 = 12.1268, 𝜌𝑦𝑥 = 0.7790, 𝜌𝑦𝑧 = 0.7464, 𝜌𝑥𝑧 = 0.8862
𝐶𝑦 = 0.1869, 𝐶𝑥 = 0.1761, 𝐶𝑧 = 0.4395, 𝛽1 (𝑧) = 0.9441, 𝛽2 (𝑧) = 2.5386

Data set II : (Fisher, 1936) (The observations are replicated 3 times)

𝑦 = Petal width
𝑥 = Petal length
𝑧 = Sepal length
𝑁 = 150, 𝑛′ = 60, 𝑛 = 30, 𝑌̅ = 1.199, 𝑋̅ = 3.758, 𝑍̅ = 5.483,
𝜎𝑧 = 0.8281, 𝜌𝑦𝑥 = 0.71, 𝜌𝑦𝑧 = 0.8179, 𝜌𝑥𝑧 = 0.8718, 𝐶𝑦 = 0.6356,
𝐶𝑥 = 0.4697, 𝐶𝑧 = 0.1417, 𝛽1 (𝑧) = 0.3118, 𝛽2 (𝑧) = 2.426
̂ as compared
To compare performance of the estimators the relative efficiency (in percentage) of an arbitrary estimator 𝑌
to 𝑦̅ is calculated as
𝑅𝐸 (𝑌̂ ) = 𝑉(𝑦̅) × 100%
̂)
𝑉(𝑌
The REs of various estimators are presented in following tables:

A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-Phase Sampling in Presence of Two Auxiliary Variables
 Int. J. Stat. Math. 134

Table 3a. Relative Efficiency in Percentage using Data I

Relative Efficiency
Estimator 𝑛′ = 50 𝑛′ = 80
𝑛 = 10 𝑛 = 20 𝑛 = 30 𝑛 = 10 𝑛 = 20 𝑛 = 30
̂
𝑌𝑅𝑑 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
̂
𝑌 104.58 102.98 101.76 105.55 104.49 103.55
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑑
̂
𝑌 61.80 47.83 40.59 74.85 60.92 52.07
𝐶
̂
𝑌 63.20 49.32 42.03 75.96 62.33 53.56
1
̂
𝑌 62.36 48.42 41.15 75.29 61.48 52.66
2
̂
𝑌 78.83 67.84 61.12 87.26 78.20 71.42
3
̂
𝑌 93.45 88.99 85.77 96.33 93.22 90.55
4
̂
𝑌 94.82 91.21 88.55 97.12 94.64 92.48
5
̂
𝑌 76.12 64.36 57.37 85.43 75.44 68.16
6
𝑌̅̂ ∗ 120.61 143.17 167.98 110.24 121.56 134.12

Table 3b. Relative Efficiency in Percentage using Data II

Relative Efficiency
Estimator 𝑛′ = 50 𝑛′ = 60
𝑛 = 10 𝑛 = 20 𝑛 = 30 𝑛 = 10 𝑛 = 20 𝑛 = 30
̂
𝑌𝑅𝑑 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
̂
𝑌 120.99 109.68 104.66 125.95 113.43 107.44
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑑
̂
𝑌 122.14 132.76 138.99 118.43 128.78 135.40
𝐶
̂
𝑌 121.60 131.90 137.92 117.99 128.04 134.45
1
̂
𝑌 121.92 132.40 138.54 118.25 128.47 135.00
2
̂
𝑌 105.44 107.55 108.67 104.63 106.78 108.03
3
̂
𝑌 119.32 128.27 133.43 116.14 124.93 130.46
4
̂
𝑌 115.05 121.66 125.37 112.64 119.22 123.25
5
̂
𝑌 120.89 130.75 136.49 117.41 127.06 133.19
6
𝑌̅̂ ∗ 162.60 210.11 247.39 149.35 190.31 224.84

From Table 3 it is clear that the use of additional auxiliary variable z makes the estimators more efficient than the estimators
which do not utilize extra information. Our proposed estimators 𝑌̅̂ ∗ is uniformly better and are much superior to the
estimators included in the study. Moreover, with fixed 𝑛′ the gain in efficiency seems large when 𝑛 is large whereas
efficiency decreases with increasing the value of 𝑛′.

Empirical comparison using a Monte Carlo simulation

The relative efficiencies of preceding estimators were compared on two populations as shown above. For empirical
comparison of the estimators, a preliminary sample 𝑠′ of size 𝑛′ was drawn using SRSWOR and a second-phase sample
𝑠 of size 𝑛 was drawn using SRSWOR from each of the populations and these estimators were computed. This procedure
was repeated 𝑀 = 5000 times. For each estimator 𝑌 ̂ its relative percentage bias was calculated as
̂ ) = 100 ∗ (𝑌
𝑅𝐵 (𝑌 ̂ − 𝑌)⁄𝑌

and the relative efficiency (in percentage) as

̂ ) = 𝑀𝑆𝐸 (𝑌
𝑅𝐸 (𝑌 ̂ )⁄𝑀𝑆𝐸 ( 𝑌 ̂ ) 𝑋 100
𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑅𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑚

̂ = ∑𝑀 𝑌
where, 𝑌 ̂ ̂ ) = ∑𝑀 (𝑌̂ − 𝑌)2 ⁄(𝑀 − 1) and 𝑌
̂ was considered as the benchmark estimator
𝑗=1 𝑗 ⁄𝑀 , 𝑀𝑆𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑚 (𝑌 𝑗=1 𝑗 𝑅𝑑

A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-Phase Sampling in Presence of Two Auxiliary Variables
Patel and Shah 135

Table 4. Relative Bias and Relative Efficiency in Percentage

Relative Bias (%) Efficiency (%)Relative
Population Population
Estimator I II I II
𝑛′ = 50, 𝑛′ = 80, 𝑛′ = 50, 𝑛′ = 80, 𝑛′ = 50, 𝑛′ = 80, 𝑛′ = 50, 𝑛′ = 60,
𝑛 = 20 𝑛 = 30 𝑛 = 20 𝑛 = 30 𝑛 = 20 𝑛 = 30 𝑛 = 20 𝑛 = 30
̂
𝑌𝑅𝑑 0.03 -0.03 0.71 0.62 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
𝑌̂ 0.00 -0.03 0.30 0.25 100.32 100.86 108.11 107.06
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑑
̂
𝑌 0.17 0.11 0.61 0.56 46.51 51.39 137.54 136.44
𝐶
̂
𝑌 0.18 -0.03 0.71 0.69 16.92 19.51 73.91 73.87
𝑃𝑑
̂
𝑌 0.16 0.10 0.60 0.56 47.99 52.88 135.87 135.46
1
̂
𝑌 0.17 0.11 0.78 0.56 47.09 51.98 136.18 136.04
2
̂
𝑌 0.11 0.07 0.66 0.59 66.29 70.79 108.36 108.25
3
̂
𝑌 0.06 0.04 0.62 0.57 87.21 89.98 131.59 131.34
4
̂
𝑌 0.06 0.03 0.62 0.57 89.40 91.92 124.82 123.91
5
̂
𝑌 0.11 0.07 0.60 0.56 62.85 67.51 134.89 134.16
6
̂
𝑌 0.01 0.02 0.33 0.24 83.13 89.43 120.04 119.66
7
̂
𝑌 0.06 0.05 0.31 0.21 62.28 69.35 165.87 165.48
8
̂
𝑌 -0.00 0.01 0.31 0.21 102.89 107.10 157.87 157.46
9
̂
𝑌 0.02 0.02 0.32 0.20 79.58 86.13 164.25 162.27
10
𝑌̅̂1∗ -0.07 -0.05 0.80 0.74 131.47 129.99 226.74 224.86
𝑌̅̂2∗ -0.07 -0.06 0.79 0.77 131.44 130.14 220.15 218.29
𝑌̅̂3∗ -0.06 -0.05 0.25 0.26 127.45 125.28 119.89 118.24
𝑌̅̂4∗ -0.04 -0.04 0.68 0.59 121.33 119.49 254.68 252.16
𝑌̅̂5∗ -0.05 -0.05 0.52 0.41 120.72 118.93 219.52 213.56
𝑌̅̂6∗ -0.06 -0.05 0.78 0.69 128.43 126.27 242.72 237.67

Table 4 leads to the following comments:

(1) The absolute values of RB’s are all less than 1%.
(2) For large values of 𝐶𝑥 the estimator 𝑌̅̂1∗ and 𝑌̅̂2∗ have performed very well compared to the rest of the estimators.
(3) For small values of 𝜎𝑧 the estimator 𝑌̅̂4∗ has performed well.
(4) Our proposed estimators (except 𝑌̅̂3∗ ) have exhibited substantial gain over all the estimators included in the simulation.

CONCLUSION

For many survey populations the relation between survey variable and auxiliary variable is straight line. Also, much often
the extra auxiliary variable that is highly correlated with main auxiliary variable is available. Exploiting these relationships
a system of estimators for the population mean has been suggested, and to compare its performance an empirical study
has been carried out. Theoretically it has been shown that our optimal estimator is most efficient than the estimators
included under the study. Moreover, the suggested estimators have exhibited substantial gain over all the estimators
included in the simulation under certain conditions. These estimators can be further extended in many ways, e.g., using
exponential type estimators in ratio method of estimation, estimation of the population ratio of two study variables, in
presence of non-response etc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are thankful to the editor and anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions which helped to improve the
paper.

A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-Phase Sampling in Presence of Two Auxiliary Variables
 Int. J. Stat. Math. 136

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Accepted 16 May 2019

Citation: Patel PA, Shah FH (2019). A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-Phase Sampling in
Presence of Two Auxiliary Variables. International Journal of Statistics and Mathematics, 6(2): 130-136.

Copyright: © 2019 Patel and Shah. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
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A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-Phase Sampling in Presence of Two Auxiliary Variables