5 Shearing Stresses-Part A

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled

Members
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in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Contents
Introduction
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element
Sample Problem 1
Shearing Stresses in a Beam
Shearing Stresses τxy in Common Types of Beams
Further Discussion of the Distribution of Stresses in a ...
Sample Problem 2
Sample Problem 3
Sample Problem 4
Sample Problem 5
Sample Problem 6
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in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Introduction
• Transverse loading applied to a beam
results in normal and shearing stresses in
transverse sections.
• Distribution of normal and shearing

stresses satisfies
Fig. 1 All the stresses on elemental
areas (left) sum to give the resultant
shear V and bending moment M.
Fx = ∫ σ x dA = 0 ( )
M x = ∫ y τ xz − z τ xy dA = 0
Fy = ∫ τ xy dA = −V M y = ∫ z σ x dA = 0
Fz = ∫ τ xz dA = 0 M z = ∫ (− y σ x ) = M
• When shearing stresses are exerted on the

vertical faces of an element, equal stresses
must be exerted on the horizontal faces
Fig. 2 Stress element from section of a

• Longitudinal shearing stresses must exist
transversely loaded beam. in any member subjected to transverse
loading.
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
• Consider prismatic beam AB
• For equilibrium of beam element
∑ Fx = 0 = ∆H + ∫ (σ D − σ C )dA
Fig. 3 Transversely loaded beam with vertical A
plane symmetric cross section.
M D − MC
∆H = ∫ y dA
I A
• Note,
Q = ∫ y dA
A
Fig. 4 Short segment of beam with stress dM
element CDD’C’ defined. M D − MC = ∆x = V ∆x
dx
• Substituting,
VQ
∆H = ∆x
I
∆H VQ
q= = = shear flow
∆x I
Fig. 5 Forces exerted on element CCD’C’.
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
• Shear flow,
∆H VQ
q= = = shear flow
∆x I
• where
Q = ∫ y dA
A
= first moment of area above y1
2
I= ∫ y dA
A + A'
Fig. 6 Short segment of beam with = second moment of full cross section
stress element C’D’D”C” defined.
• Same result found for lower area

∆H ′ VQ′
q′ = = = − q′
∆x I
Q + Q′ = 0
= first moment with respect
to neutral axis
∆H ′ = − ∆H
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 1
SOLUTION:
• Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.
• Calculate the corresponding shear

force in each nail.
Fig. 7 Composite beam made of three
boards nailed together.
A beam is made of three planks,

nailed together. Knowing that the
spacing between nails is 25 mm and
that the vertical shear in the beam is
V = 500 N, determine the shear force
in each nail.
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 1
SOLUTION:
• Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.
VQ (500 N)(120 × 10−6 m3 )
Fig. 7b-c Cross section with flange area for q= =
computing shear on nail highlighted. Cross section I 16.20 × 10-6 m 4
compound areas for finding entire section moment of
inertia. = 3704 N
Q = Ay m
= (0.020 m × 0.100 m )(0.060 m )
−6 3
• Calculate the corresponding shear
= 120 × 10 m force in each nail for a nail spacing of
1 (0.020 m )(0.100 m )3
I = 12 25 mm.
1 (0.100 m )(0.020 m )3
+ 2[12 = =
F (0.025m)q (0.025m)(3704 N m)
F = 92.6 N
+ (0.020 m × 0.100 m )(0.060 m )2 ]
= 16.20 × 10−6 m 4
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Shearing Stresses in a Beam

• The average shearing stress on the horizontal
face of the element is obtained by dividing the
shearing force ∆H on the element by the area
Fig. 8 Short segment of beam with
smaller stress element C’D’D”C” defined. ∆A of the face.
∆H q ∆x VQ ∆x
τ ave = = =
∆A ∆A I t ∆x
VQ
=
It
Fig. 9 Stress element C’D’D”C” showing • On the upper and lower surfaces of the beam,
the shear force on a horizontal plane.
τyx= 0. It follows that τxy= 0 on the upper and
lower edges of the transverse sections.
• As long as the width of the beam cross section

remains small compared to its depth, the shearing
Fig. 10 Beam cross section showing stress varies slightly along the line D’1D’2.
that the shearing stress is zero at the
top and bottom of the beam.
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Shearing Stresses τxy in Common Types of Beams
• For a narrow rectangular beam,
VQ 3 V  y 2 
τ xy = = 1−

Ib 2 A  c 2 
3V
τ max =
2A
Fig. 11 Geometric Fig. 12 Shearing
terms for rectangular stress distribution on
section used to calculate transverse section of
shearing stress. rectangular beam. • For American Standard (S-beam)
and wide-flange (W-beam) beams
VQ
τ ave =
It
V
τ max =
Aweb
Fig. 13 Wide-flange beam. (a) Area for finding first moment of
area in flange. (b) Area for finding first moment of area in web. (c)
Shearing stress distribution.
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Further Discussion of the Distribution of
Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam
• Consider a narrow rectangular cantilever beam
subjected to load P at its free end:
3 P  y 2  Pxy
τ xy = 1− σx = +
2 A  c 2  I
Fig. 14 Deformation of cantilever • Shearing V is constant and equal in magnitude to the

beam with concentrated load, with a
parabolic shearing stress distribution. load P.
• Normal strains and normal stresses are unaffected by
the shearing stresses.
• From Saint-Venant’s principle, effects of the load
Fig. 15 Cantilever beam with
multiple loads. application mode are negligible except in immediate
vicinity of load application points.
• Stress/strain deviations for distributed loads are
negligible for typical beam sections of interest.
Fig. 16 Deformation of cantilever
beam with distributed load.
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in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 2
SOLUTION:
• Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.
• Design the beam based on allowable

normal stress.
A timber beam AB of span 10 ft is to
support the three concentrated loads • Check shearing stress.
shown. Knowing that for the grade of
timber used, • Redesign beam based on allowable
σ all 12
= MPa τ all 0.8 MPa shearing stress, if needed.
determine the minimum required depth

d of the beam.

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 2
SOLUTION:
Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.
Vmax = 14.5 kN
=
M max 10.95 kN ⋅ m
Fig. 1 Free-body diagram of beam with shear and

bending-moment diagrams.

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 2
• Design beam based on allowable normal stress.
M max
σ all =
S
10.95 × 103 N ⋅ m
12 × 10 Pa =
6
( 0.9m ) d 2
d = 0.2466 m = 247 mm
Fig. 2 Section of beam having
depth d. • Check shearing stress.
3 Vmax 3 14.5 × 103 N
τ all
= =
2 A 2 ( 0.09 m ) (0.2466 m)
= 9.8 × 10 5 Pa = 0.98 MPa
I = 121 b d 3 Since τall = 0.8 MPa, the depth d = 247 mm is not
I acceptable and we must redesign the beam on the
S= = 1
6
b d 2
basis of the requirement that τm ≤ 0.8 MPa.
c
( 90 × 10 m) d
−3
• Allowable shear stress controls.
= 1
6
2
3 Vmax 3 14.5 × 103 N
τm = τ all =
0.8 × 10 Pa = 6
=
= ( 0.09m ) d 2 2 A 2 ( 0.09 m ) ( d )
d = 302 mm
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 3
A square box beam is made of two 20*80-mm planks and two 20*120-mm planks nailed together
shown. Knowing that the spacing between the nails is s=30 mm and that the vertical shear in the beam
is V=1200 N, determine (a) the shearing force in each nail, (b) the maximum shearing stress in the
beam.
First, the moment inertia of the section in the Figure A should be calculated with
respect to neutral axis. If we calculate, the moment inertias of the sections in the
Figures B and C respect to axes that pass through their centroids and subtract them
from each other, therefore, the moment inertia of the section in the Figure A respect to
the neutral axis is calculated.
The moment of inertia of the Figure B (square) respect to axis that passes its centroid is:
The moment of inertia of the Figure C (square) respect to axis that passes its centroid is: A
120 80
mm mm
The moment of inertia of the section in the Figure A is: 1 2
B C

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 3
beam.
The first moment of the top plank in the Figure A respect to the neutral axis is
calculated using the following formula:
Then, the shear flow in the area between the top plank and two vertical planks
in the Figure A is calculated:
A
120
80
mm
Because the intersection of the top plank with the two vertical planks are two mm
strip parallel to each other, therefore, for calculating of force in each nail, we 1 2
divide the shear flow to 2 and multiply it in the distance of two consecutive
nails. B C

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 3
beam.
In the Figure D, the maximum shear stress occurs in location of the neutral axis (x
axis). First moment of the section above the neutral axis should be calculated.
The first moment is summation of the first moment of the top planks (red
rectangle) and two vertical planks above x axis (blue rectangles)
The first moment of the top rectangle has already calculated on the previous
page but the first moment of two vertical rectangles are calculated as follow
A
Then, total first moment is:
x
The maximum shear stress in the location of the neutral axis is:

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 4
For beam and loading shown, consider section n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing stress in that
section, (b) the shearing stress at point a.
The reaction force F is calculated by taking moment about point m in the
Figure B. If we assume the clockwise direction as positive, then, we have:
m
Then, the shear force V in the section n-n is equal to the reaction force F.
The moment inertia of the rectangle 1 respect to axis that passes its centroid is:
F
B
A
The moment inertia of the rectangle 1 respect to the neutral axis of the Figure A
(the axis that passes from point c in the Figure D) is calculated as follow:
1 20 mm
a
2 20 mm
The moment inertia of the rectangle 2 respect to axis that passes its centroid is: b
3 20 mm
c
The moment inertia of the rectangle 2 respect to the neutral axis of the Figure A D
(the axis that passes from point c in the Figure D) is calculated as follow:

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 4
The moment inertia of the rectangle 3 respect to axis that passes its centroid is:
m
The total moment of inertia is summation of the moments of inertias of
three rectangles 1, 2, and 3 respect to the neutral axis:
The first moment of inertia of the rectangle 1 respect to the neutral axis is: A B
1 20 mm
a
2 20 mm
The first moment of rectangles 1+2 respect to the neutral axis is: b
3 20 mm
c
The first moment of rectangles 1+2+3 respect to the neutral axis is:
D

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 4
Shear stress in the section is calculated:
Shear stress in the Point a is: m
B
Shear stress in the Point b is: A
1 20 mm
a
2 20 mm
Shear stress in the Point c is: b
3 20 mm
c
D

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 5
Two W200*46.1 rolled sections may be welded at A and B in either of the two ways shown in order to
form a composite beam. Knowing that for each weld the allowable shearing force is 1000 kN per meter
of weld, determine for each arrangement the maximum allowable vertical shear in the composite beam.
Properties of rolled-steel shaped have been given in the above Table
The moment of inertia of the W200*46.1 rolled-steel respect to axis that passes its centroid is: A
The moment of inertia of W200*46.1 rolled-steel respect to x axis in the Figure A-a is calculated using parallel axis theorem as follow:
Then, the total moment of the section in the Figure A-a is

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 5
The allowable shear force is 1000 KN/m of weld. Because there are two rows of
weld in Figure A-a, then total allowable shear force is:
x
The first moment of inertia of the W200*46.1 rolled-steel section above x axis in the
Figure A-a is calculated as follow: A
The maximum allowable vertical shear in the composite beam is:

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Sample Problem 5
The moment of inertia of the W200*46.1 rolled section respect to axis that passes its y
centroid (y axis in the Figure A-b) according to Table shown in the previous page is:
x
The moment of inertia of W200*46.1 rolled-steel section respect to x axis in the Figure A-
b is calculated using parallel axis theorem as follow:
A
Then, the total moment of the section in the Figure A-b is
The first moment of inertia of the W200*46.1 rolled-steel section above x axis in the Figure A-b is calculated as follow:
The maximum allowable vertical shear in the composite beam is:

in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Group Assignment
For the beam and loading shown, consider section n-n and determine the shearing stress at (a) point a,
(b) point b.
x1
x
A B

5 Shearing Stresses-Part A

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in SI Units

Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5- 1

• Distribution of normal and shearing

• When shearing stresses are exerted on the

Fig. 2 Stress element from section of a

• Same result found for lower area

• Calculate the corresponding shear

A beam is made of three planks,

Shearing Stresses in a Beam

• As long as the width of the beam cross section

Fig. 14 Deformation of cantilever • Shearing V is constant and equal in magnitude to the

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5 - 10

• Design the beam based on allowable

determine the minimum required depth

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5 - 11

Fig. 1 Free-body diagram of beam with shear and

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Shear stress in the section is calculated:

Shear stress in the Point a is: m

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Properties of rolled-steel shaped have been given in the above Table

Then, the total moment of the section in the Figure A-a is

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3- 20

The maximum allowable vertical shear in the composite beam is:

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3- 21

The maximum allowable vertical shear in the composite beam is:

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3- 22

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3- 23

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