Kurzweil K2000

The Kurzweil K2000 is a digital synthesizer and music work station produced by
K2000
Kurzweil Music Systems between 1990 and 2003 in a variety of standard
configurations, including rack-mountable versions and models that came with 16-bit
user sampling.

The K2000 features a complex digital synthesis architecture dubbed V.A.S.T., which
stands for "Variable Architecture Synthesis Technology", Kurzweil's marketing term Manufacturer Kurzweil
for the digital signal processing (DSP) sound processing system used in the K2000 Dates 1990 - 2003
and other members of its K2xxx series.
Technical specifications
Polyphony 24 voices
Timbrality 16-part
Contents Oscillator 8MB of waveform
Variable Architecture Synthesis Technology (V.A.S.T.) ROM (expandable
Summary to 24MB)
Details
Filter digital multi-mode
Features and specifications
with resonance
Expansion options
Models Input/output
References Keyboard 61-key mono-
Further reading pressure
External links Left-hand Mod wheel, Pitch
control bend
External MIDI
Variable Architecture Synthesis control
Technology (V.A.S.T.)

Summary
V.A.S.T. stands for variable-architecture synthesis technology. It is variable in that the user can select different signal paths, which
contain different DSP functions, for use in creating and shaping a sound. V.A.S.T. also includes an extensive modulation system,
similar in concept to that of analog modular synthesizers. A wide array of modulation sources can be assigned to various parameters
within a signal path, and modulation sources can be combined to create new modulation sources.

Details
The basic component of a V.A.S.T. program is a "layer". A layer on the K2000 contains a single "algorithm", which contains up to
four slots for user-assignable DSP functions. The algorithm assigned to a layer is preceded by several other functions, or "blocks".
There is the "keymap" block, which determines which (if any) samples are assigned to the keyboard in the layer. This is succeeded by
the "pitch" block, which determines how the "keymap" is pitched across the keyboard. Following the "algorithm" section is an
amplifier block (and a dedicated multi-mode envelope to modulate the gain of the sound over time) and, finally, an "output" block
that determines which group of outputs (there are four output groups on the rack version, two on the keyboard version) the sound is
assigned to and how it is panned between the two outputs in a stereo group. In essence, therefore, we have:

[keymap] - [pitch] - [algorithm] - [amp] - [output]

Up to 32 layers can make up a "program", similar to a "patch" on other synthesizers. [N.B.: 32 layers are possible on the K2500 (24
on the K2000 series) as "Drum Programs" (using any types of patches, not just drums), and may be used on 8 consecutive MIDI
channels. The PC3 and K2600 series allow 32 layers on all channels.] Within a program, each layer can have independent settings in
all of the various blocks, including different algorithms, pan positions, output mappings, etc. Modulation sources can be routed to
almost all of these, and can be independently assigned within a layer and between layers. Thus using a particular modulation source
in one "block" does not exclude it from being used elsewhere (for instance you could assign keystroke velocity to control, say, filter
frequency cutoff and resonance in one layer, while in another it can be assigned to control pitch or pan position) .

There are 31 algorithms available in the K2000, the allowed DSP functions for each algorithm are detailed in section 26 of the K2000
user manual. For example, algorithm 9 can be configured as follows:

[SAW]-[SW+SHP]-[LP2RES]-[AMP]

Adding this to the basic patch layout shown above gives:

[keymap] - [pitch] - [SAW] - [SW+SHP] - [LP2RES] - [AMP] - [amp] - [output]

The DSP functions are described in detail in section 14 of the K2000 user manual. In this particular example, the sample mapped to
the keyboard via the keymap block does not sound; instead a sawtooth wave will be combined with another sawtooth wave and fed
through the "shaper" (which, in essence, allows one wave to frequency modulate another), then through a 2-pole lowpass filter with a
fixed resonance, and finally through two gain stages to the output.

At each point in the pipeline there are parameters that can be modulated by control sources. These parameters vary depending on
which "block" is being modulated. For instance, for the [SAW] DSP block the user can assign various modulations sources to
modulate the pitch of the sawtooth wave. There are, generally speaking, three sources that can be assigned to modulate a parameter.
In the case of the [SAW] DSP block, the user can specify a starting pitch and determine how the pitch will track across the keyboard
by specifying the amount of modulation supplied by each key in cents (via "Keytrk", or key track). The user can also assign
modulation sources to "Src1" and "Src2" and specify the depth of the modulation amount (for "Src1", the user can specify "Depth".
for "Src2", "MinDpt" and "MaxDpt"). Additionally, "Src2" has a "Dptctl" (depth control) parameter—a control source that will
determine how much the control source assigned to "Src2" will modulate the parameter. For example, a user may assign a key
tracking value of 100 cents (causing a keyboard controller to play a 12-tone Western scale), assign "Src1" to a knob on a MIDI
controller with a "Depth" value of 1200 cents (to tune the whole keyboard up or down by an octave), and assign "Src2" to be
modulated by "LFO1". Further, the "MinDpt" and "MaxDpt" can be set to -100 cents and 100 cents respectively, and the "Dptctrl"
can be assigned to another knob on a MIDI controller. This would provide a "vibrato" effect whose speed is controlled by "LFO1" (or
low-frequency oscillator) and whose depth is controlled by the assigned MIDI control.

Some DSP blocks take up two or three slots, and each of those slots represents a value that can be modulated using one of the
assignable control sources. For instance, the "4POLE LOPASS W/ SEP" (actually two 2-pole lowpass filters which can operate in
unison or at different frequencies) DSP block takes up 3 slots. The first is used to set the frequency for the filter, the second to set the
resonance, and the third to set the "separation" between the two 2-pole filters. Just as in the case of the [SAW] DSP block, each of
those parameters can be modulated by three control sources.

A discussion of V.A.S.T. would not be complete without mentioning "FUNs". "FUN" stands for "function", and these are
mathematical equations that take two values (a and b) as inputs and perform an operation on them. FUN equations include "a+b",
"a*b", "b/(1-a)", and many others of varying complexity. They also allow for self-modulation; some FUNs introduce a variable "y"
which represents the most recent output of the FUN. The Kurzweil evaluates each FUN every 20 milliseconds, hence it can take that
value and plug it back into the equation if the equation has "y" as an input variable. Any modulation source can be assigned to a or b
(or both at the same time) in a FUN. This can be used to mix two modulation sources, cause one to multiply the effects of another,
and so forth. Internally, the K2000 rescales whatever value is currently being sent by the control source to a number between -1 and 1
(for bipolar control sources. Unipolar sources are scaled between 0 and 1), then applies the function and returns an output value.
Using FUNS, therefore, more than three control sources can be assigned to modulate a parameter in a block since you can assign a
FUN as a modulation source for "Src1", "Src2", or "Dptctl". Four FUNs are available per layer and FUNs can be assigned as inputs to
other FUNs. The Kurzweil evaluates the FUNs sequentially, hence for this to work you would want to assign FUN1 as an input to
FUN2, but not vice versa.

A program can be set to run in "global" mode as well. In this mode, certain modulation sources can affect all layers in a program
instead of just affecting the current layer. Among other effects, in "global" mode the global LFO will always be running, instead of
starting when a key is pressed. The behavior of other global modulation sources may also change in this mode.

V.A.S.T. includes a number of control sources. There are two LFOs ("LFO1" and "LFO2") with a user-assignable wave shape and
frequency modulation source. "AMPENV" is the main ADSR (attack-decay-sustain-release)control source for the final amplifier in a
layer and has multiple attack, decay, and release segments. "ENV1" and "ENV2" are bipolar envelopes, and "ASR1" and "ASR2" are
two more unipolar envelopes. All of these can be set to loop for a fixed or infinite number of cycles, and the loop start and end points
can be set to different stages of the envelopes. Also include are several random-number generators, clocks based on the internal or
external MIDI master clock, key and note state, mono and polyphonic aftertouch, etc. A complete list of these can be found in section
25 of the K2000 user manual.

Features and specifications

Expansion options
Sample option
ROM blocks
PRAM option
Volatile RAM (SIMMs)

Models
Kurzweil K2000R - The K2000R is the rack-mount version of the K2000
keyboard. The K2000R can accept the same P-RAM and ROM sound
cards as the K2000, although a different sampler option is required to
add sampling capabilities.Modules that shipped with the sampling option
from the factory are named K2000s and K2000RS, respectively .
The K2000VP[1] and K2000VPR. These models are K2000 versions with Kurzweil K2000R
new presets (based on the presets in the Kurzweil K2500). They have 2
MB of sample RAM, though sampling is not included but can be added.
Kurzweil K2VX. A 61 key version of the K2000 which included an expanded ROM sample set (incorporating the
Orchestral and Contemporary ROM sound sets) made up of 24 MB total (vs. 8 MB on a stock K2000) and a factory-
installed P-RAM expansion. The K2vxS has the sampling option and 2Mb of sample RAM.

References
1. "Kurzweil K2000VP" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150606085411/http://www
.soundonsound.com/sos/sep98/article
s/kurzweil_k2000.html). Sound On Sound. September 1998. Archived fromthe original (http://www.soundonsound.co
m/sos/sep98/articles/kurzweil_k2000.html)on 6 June 2015.

Further reading
"Kurweil K2000". Music Technology. Vol. 6 no. 8. July 1992. p. 12.ISSN 0957-6606. OCLC 24835173.

External links
 Kurzweil's official website: http://www.kurzweil.com/
K2000 user manual: http://kurzweil.com/content/migration/downloads/pub/Kurzweil/Pro_Products/K2000-K2vx-
K2500/K2000-K2vx/Documentation/K2KMAN.ZIP
K2000 v3 Sound On Sound review

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