Counting techniques: Are a useful tool for listing the elements of a situation that is difficult to

quantify.

Tree diagram: Is another way to find the number of outcomes; it consists of lines that join the
different options.

Factorial: Is an operation used sometimes in counting.

Permutations in a circle: To find the number of ways in which objects can be ordered in this way.

Permutation: Is defined as any arrangement of elements where the position of each element is
important.

Permutation with repetition: Sometimes you need to know the number of permutations of objects
of which some of them are the same.

Combination: Is defined as each of the different groups that can be formed by taking part or all the
elements of a set, regardless the order of the elements.

Probability: Value between zero and one, inclusive, which describes the relative possibility that an
event occurs. It is denoted by the letter “p”.

Experiment: It is a process that leads to the occurrence of one of several possible observations, in
the process a result or observation is produce, in this process one or more values are obtain.

Outcome: It is the outcome from an experiment.

Sample space: It is also called probability space. Are all possible outcome of an experiment is the
set of the obtained values.

Event: It is each one of possible outcomes of a randomized experiment. It is a subset of the sample
space. It can consist of one or more outcomes of the random experiment.

Safe event: It consists of all possible outcomes of an experiment, this is a total set of elements. It
occurs whenever the experiment is conducted.

Null event: It is an empty set and it has no outcomes. The probability of the event is never done.

Simple or elemental event: It is the event formed by single element, by a single outcome.

Compound event: It is the event, formed from two or more elementary events.

Random experiment: It leads to different outcomes and there is no except say with certainty
which of these will be observed in the experiment although it has been conducted in similar
conditions.

Random variable: Those variables associated with a random experiment.

Deterministic experiment: It is not a random experiment. Done under the same conditions, causes
the same effects, i.e., always get the same outcome.

Non-exclusive events: If there is intersection between the two events.

Dependent or conditioned events: If an event or more events depend on other previous event, i.e.
an event A occurs given that event B occurred.

Independent events: If there is no relationship between events.

Equiprobability: Two possible outcomes of an experiment are equally likely when the probability
of occurrence of both events is the same.

Subjective probability: Is assigned by the person who conducts the study and relies on the
knowledge that this person has on the subject.

Frequency probability: Is the fixed value which terms the relative frequencies of occurrence of the
event according to the statistical regularity.

Classical probability: Is defined as the number of outcomes that makes the event E, divided by the
number of outcomes that makes the sample space.

Conditional probability: Is the probability that a particular event happens, given that another
event occurred.

Statistics: Is the science which collects, organizes, summarizes and analyzes data to obtain
conclusions from them.

Descriptive statistics: Is the study of the collection, organization, presentation and analysis of a
population.

Inferential statistics: Analyzes information presented by the descriptive statistics through

techniques that help us to know.

Population: Is the set, well defined, of all the individuals where it is observed or will be observed.

Size of the population: The number of members of the population.

Statistical population: Is the set of all the data that are obtained when measuring a variable in the
elements of a population.

Sample: Is a subset of a population that tries to reflect the characteristics of the population the
best as possible.

Size of the sample: The number of individuals that integrates the population.

Individual: Is the element of the population or of the sample that has the information about what
it is studied.

Variable: Is the characteristic or property of the individuals or objects that are desired to study.

Data: Is the value obtained when performing the measurement of the characteristic of the variable
in study.

Quantitative data: As the values obtained when measuring weight, height, temperature, number
of children.
Qualitative data: It is obtained when qualifying the characteristic as gender, marital status of
highest level of studies.

Continues variable: If when performing the measurement, the variable can take as value any real
number.

Discrete variable: The variable can only take as values whole numbers.

Nominal scale: Is associated to qualitative variables and it is denominated in this way.

Ordinal scale: Is for the values of the variables that have an order, with a specific level.

Dichotomous variable: To the one that can take only two variables.

Interval scales: There is an order of the values of the variable and there is also a notion of the
distance.

Rational scale: The magnitude has a physical sense; there exists the absolute zero, which makes
reference that the amount does not exist in the value.

Survey: Consists in collecting data through the use of them is the interviews.

Documentary research: Is a procedure to obtain data through the query of written information
and concentrated.

Ordering: Is the process through which the data is ordered.

Frequency: Is the number of times the data occurs.

Class interval: sometimes is is convenient to arrange the data in small groups of equal in width.

Cumulative relative frequency: That is obtained adding the previous relative frequencies to given
data

Cumulative percentage relative: Obtained adding the previous percentage frequencies to given
data.

Frequency polygon: Is the graphical representation of the data by a line graph.

Histogram: Is the graphical representation of the data by a graph formed by a succession of

rectangles.

Ogive: Is the graphical representation of the cumulative frequencies by a line graph.

Pie chart: Is other way to represent graphically the data.

Mode: is the value that is repeated most frequently in a set of data.

Median: is the value located at the middle of the quantitative data when they have been arranged
in ascending order.

Mean: it is defined as the sum of all the observations of quantitative data, divided by the total
number of observations.
Measures od variation: are values which represent the variation that shows the data with respect
to its mean.

Range: is also called rank, shows the amplitude of the data.

Deviation: each data has a certain distance with respect to the mean; the difference between a
value xi and the mean.

Average deviation: is a measure that attempts to represent the deviations

Variance: is a statistical which represents the variation of the data with respect to the average.

Standard deviation: is the square root of the variance.

Coefficient of variation: is the quotient of the deviation and the mean, generally expressed as a
percentage.

Correlation: is a statistical technique that measures the grade of relationship between two
variables.

Scatter plot: those types of correlation can be identified visually when graphing the data of the
two variables.

Correlation coefficient: to determine the grade of association between two variables it is used the
correlation coefficient.

Regression: when two variables are associated, it means, if they have a positive or negative
correlation; you proceed to find an expression that represents the data.