Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Insects and
Human Society
Living organisms
Kingdom: Animalia
Ph l
Phylum: Arthropoda
A th d
Class: Insecta
1
9/3/2009
External Anatomy
¾ Study of external anatomy is called Morphology
¾ Morphology is coined by Goethe in 1822 from
the Greek world Morphē (= Form) and the German
world Logie (= study)
¾ Morphology is the branch of biology that deals
with form and structure of animals and plants
¾ External anatomy is important to 1) understand
the functions of the various insect designs and to 2)
allow identification of insects and their relatives
Objectives of Lecture
2
9/3/2009
The cuticle
¾Provides the strong exoskeleton of body (that
serve to give rigid structure & protect
i
internall organs)) andd the
h apodemes
d (internal
(i l
support and attachment point for muscles)
¾Cuticle may range from rigid and armor-like
(adult beetles) to thin and flexible (many
larvae)
¾ Prevention of water loss (desiccation) is a
critical function of the cuticle
¾Key contributor of the success of insect
The cuticle
¾ Cuticle is a thin layer but a complex structure
Epidermis: Single layer that lies beneath and
secretes
t theth cuticle
ti l
Cuticle is composed of the thicker procuticle
overlaid with thin epicuticle
Epidermis and cuticle together form an
integument (or body wall) which is the outer
covering of living tissues of an insect
In between sclerites the body wall is softer –
allows for growth, expansion and movement
3
9/3/2009
Procuticle
4
9/3/2009
Top
Bottom
5
9/3/2009
6
9/3/2009
Insect Head
¾Structure
Head is entirely encased in rigid exoskeleton
No sign of segmentation
A t i partt off the
Anterior th head
h d isi the
th frons
f
¾Orientation
Based on the inclination of the long axis of the head compared
to the entire body, there are 3 basic types of orientation
Prognathus: long axis of head horizontal and in line w/ long
axis of insect body
Hypognathus: long axis of head is at right angle (vertical) to
the long axis of insect body
Opisthognathus: long axis of head horizontal, but the tip
end is directed backward and arises between the anterior legs
7
9/3/2009
Insect Head
• Composed of the cranum, insect head bears eyes
(compound eyes and ocelli), antennae and
mouthparts
p
E
Eyes
Antennae
Frons
Mouthparts
8
9/3/2009
¾Ocelli
Simple eyes cannot form images
can only tell differences between dark and light
9
9/3/2009
10
9/3/2009
11
9/3/2009
12
9/3/2009
Ground Beetle
Grasshopper Cricket Black swallowtail caterpillar
13
9/3/2009
14
9/3/2009
¾ Haustellate Mouthparts
Some insects w/haustellate
mouthparts feed on liquid
but also on solid and semi-
solid diet by external
digestion
Solid food is liquefied by
digestive fluids before being
sucked
k d up. These
Th insects
i
have sponging MP
E.g. Housefly
15
9/3/2009
16
9/3/2009
Aphid ? Removal of
juices
Honey bee Lapping ?
Insect Thorax
¾ Thorax is the locomotor tagma
¾ The thorax of insect consists of 3 segments
prothorax
p (pro = first))
(p
mesothorax (meso = middle)
metathorax (meta = last)
¾ Each segment consists of hardened plates or sclerites
¾ Dorsal sclerite is notum (plural nota), lateral sclerite is
pleuron (plural pleura) and ventral one is sternum (plural
sterna)
¾ Each of the 3 thoracic segment contains one pair of legs
¾ Wings are found only on the meso- and meta-thorax. No
wings on the prothorax
17
9/3/2009
Insect Thorax
Insect Thorax
Legs
• 3 pairs of legs (6 total)
Fore-legs
Fore legs (2) on the prothorax
mid-legs (2) on the mesothorax
hind-legs (2) on the metathorax
• Each leg has 6 major components
coxa (plur. Coxae)
t h t
trochanter
femur (plur. femora)
tibia (plur. tibiae)
tarsus (plur. tarsi)
pretarsus (plur. pretarsi)
18
9/3/2009
Insect Thorax
Legs
Insect Thorax
¾ Leg modification: Insect legs are modified for adaptation to
various functions
walking (gressorial or ambulatorial) like in field cricket
runningi (cursorial)
( i l) like
lik in
i roaches
h
grasping (raptorial) like in praying mantis
digging (fossorial) like in Gryllotalpa (ground-dwelling insects)
clinging (scansorial) like in fleas
hearing (tympanum) like in prothoracic leg of grasshopper
swimming (natatorial) like in scavenger beetle
jumping (saltarorial) like in hind legs of grasshopper
clasping legs in some males to hold females, e.g. Dytiscus male
making sound (stridulatory organ) like in tettigoniid
collecting food like pollen, e.g. metathoracic leg of bees
19
9/3/2009
Insect Thorax
¾Wings
When present, wings arise from the meso- and
metathorax, but many insects are wingless (without wings or
apterygota)
Typically, there are 2 pairs of wings, but in few groups
wings are reduced to one pair (true flies or Diptera)
Wings are mostly membranous but in beetles the forewings
((elytra)
y ) are hard cases and do not take ppart of flight
g
Membranous wings are supported by thickened ribs called
veins
Pattern of arrangement of these veins used in insect
classification
20
9/3/2009
Insect Thorax
¾Wing regions
21
9/3/2009
Insect Abdomen
• Insect abdomen has 11 segments although segment 1 may be
reduced or incorporated into the thorax (e.g. Hymenoptera) and the
last 2 segments are variously modified or diminished
• hard dorsal part of abdomen is tergum (terga) and ventral part is
sternum (sterna)
• Dorsal and ventral plates are joined together by a soft inter-
segmental membranes
• There are small dark openings (spiracles) set into the soft
membranous area, each along side the abdomen-- one pair on each
segmentt
• 2 pairs of spiracles are also present on the thorax
• a pair of cerci of the 11th abdominal segment; cerci permit
sensory pickup from the back
Insect Abdomen
22
9/3/2009
Insect Abdomen
¾Abdomen hosts major viscera, heart, and
reproductive organs
¾ Reproductive organs are located on the 9th
segment for males (aedegus or penis and often a
pair of claspers) and on the 8th and 9th
abdominal segments for females (external
ggenitalia or copulatory
p y openings
p g and ovipositor
p
for egg laying)
¾In higher Hymenoptera, the ovipositor is modified
to form a poison injecting apparatus, the sting
(wasps, bees) used for defense
23
9/3/2009
Study questions
• How many segments can be found on a primitive insect?
• What are the main tagmata of an insect?
• Are there spiracle on a) head?, b) thorax?
• How manyy ocelli are present
p on an insect?
• What is the function of antennae?
• Why are they modifications of insect legs?
• What are the two major groups of insect mouthparts?
• What are the major functions of an insect head and how do these
compare with those of other animal heads?
• Name the major appendages associated with the insect head?
• What is the major function of insect thorax?
• How many segments make up the thoracic region, 20, 11, 9 or 3?
• Are wings found on all stages and all insects?
• What is an ovipositor?
24