GRAMMAR REFERENCE

1. Question Forms
Form (as verb) Form (as preposition)

 to be + subject
-
 auxiliary + subject + main verb

 question word + verb + object

 question word + auxiliary +

subject + verb

2. Present simple and present continuous

a) Present Continuous (bentuk Positif)
The present continuous for I
subject + am + verb-ing

The present continuous for you, we and they

subject + are + -verb-ing

The present continuous for he, she, it

subject + is + verb-ing

b) Present Simple (Bentuk Negatif)

The negative present simple for I, you, we and they
subject + don’t (do not) + infinitive

The negative present simple for he, she and it.

subject + doesn’t (does not) + infinitive

c) Present Continuous (Bentuk Negatif)

 The negative present continuous for I
I’m not + verb-ing

The negative present continuous for you, we and they

subject + aren’t + verb-ing

The negative present continuous for he, she, it

subject + isn’t + verb-ing.

d) Present Simple
Form - questions
do/does + subject + infinitive

e) Present Continuous
Form - questions
am/is/are+ subject + verb-ing.

3. 'Like' for preference and description

Form (as verb) Form (as preposition)
subject + like + object what + to be + noun/noun phrase + like?

4. Adverb of Frequency
a) Form – before main verb

subject + adverb + main verb

b) Form – after verb To be

subject + to be + adverb + main verb

c) Form – between a modal and main verb

subject + modal + adverb + main verb

d) Form – question

auxiliary + subject + adverb of frequency + verb.

5. ‘Have to’ and ‘must’ (obligation)

We use have to / must + infinitive without ‘to’. Must is the same form for all persons (I, you,
he, she, etc.). Have to changes to has to in the third person singular (he, she, it).
a) Positive form
Have to Subject + have/ has to + infinitive
Must Subject + must + main verb

b) Negative form
Have to Subject + auxiliary verb + have to + infinitive
Must Subject + must not + main verb

c) Question form
Have to Do/does + subject + have to + infinitive ?
Must Must + subject + infinitive ?

d) The future and the past

 There is no future or past form of must. We use will have to (future)and had to (past).
Future Subject + auxiliary verb + have to + infinitive
Past Subject + had to + infinitive

e) Have got to
In informal British English, we sometimes use have got to instead of have to. They mean the
same.

6. Past Simple
We use the past simple when an action or situation happens and finishes in the past. We
usually say or know when it happened.
a) Past simple positive
Subject + verb 2 + object

b) Past simple negative

Subject + auxiliary do + infinitive without ‘to’ + object

c) Past simple questions

Question word + auxiliary do + subject + infinitive without ‘to’ + object