DYNAMICS

Prepared by:
Engr. Jordan Ronquillo
 Grading System
Seatworks, Passing – 50%
Homeworks etc – 10%
MIDTERM – 40%
Quizzes – 30%
Attendance – 10% FINALS – 60%
Major Exams – 50% ________________
_________________ Total – 100%
Total – 100%
 Google Classroom
Course Name: Engineering Dynamics
Course Code: MECH323F-J1a
Class Code: f2cr4b3
Sir Isaac Newton
11 - 4
 Dynamics
-Is the branch of mechanics which deals with the study of
bodies in motion.

 Particle
-denotes an object of point size. Body is an object composed of system
of particles to form an object of appreciable size. The term particle or
body may apply equally to the same object. The earth is a body in the
eye of an observer but in the solar system, the earth is a considered as
a particle.

-A body is said to be rigid if it does not undergoes some deformation

when loads are applied to it. But a truly rigid body does not exist.
However, in many applications the deformation is so small (relative to
the dimensions of the body) that the rigid-body idealization is a good
approximation.
Branches of Dynamics
1. Kinematics – deals with the geometry of motion.
This defines the motion of the body without considering
the forces acting in it. It is essentially the treatment
between, displacement, velocity and acceleration

2. Kinetics - relates the force acting on a body to its

mass and acceleration. After determining the
acceleration caused by the force on the body, the
principles of kinematics maybe used to determine the
displacement or velocity at any instant.
 Newton's Laws of Motion for a particle

1. A particle acted upon by a balance force system has no acceleration.

2. A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force system has an acceleration
in line with and directly proportional to the resultant of the force system.
3. For every action, there is an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (direction)
reaction.

Law of Gravitation
-States that the two particle are attracted to each other by forces of magnitude
that act along a line connecting the particle.
kg

m
Find the Gravitational force exerted by earth on a 70-kg man
whose height above the surface of the earth equals the radius
of the earth. The mass and radius of the earth are
Me=5.9742x10^24 kg and Re=6378 km., respectively.

Solution:
 SEATWORK:

1. Find the Gravitational force exerted by earth on a 70-kg man

whose 1000m above the surface of the earth given the mass
and radius of the earth are Me=5.9742x10^24 kg and Re=6378
km., respectively.

2. Two identical spheres of mass 3kgand radius 1m are placed in

contact. Find the gravitational attraction between them.
KINEMATICS
 Motion of a particle
(Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration)

Position
-The origin 0 on the path is a fixed point, and from this
point the position coordinate s is used to specify the
location of the particle at any given instant.
 Motion of a particle
(Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration)

Displacement
-Defined as the change in its position.
Velocity – the time rate of change of the displacement
If a particle travel in a straight line from point A to B
S and let points 1 and 2 be two positions at a small
distance apart and if displacement Δs is traversed in
A 1 2 B a time Δt then the average velocity is: s
Δs vave 
t
The instantaneous velocity is found as Δt approaches zero
s ds
v  lim  or EQ. 1

t
t o
dt
Acceleration – change in velocity with respect to time in
the preceding figure, if the velocity at point 1 is V1 and at
point 2 V2, the average acceleration is: v
aave 
t
The instantaneous acceleration is found as Δt approaches zero as a limit:
v dv
a  lim  or EQ. 2

t
t o
dt
Likewise the acceleration is the second derivative of
displacement with respect to time
dv d 2 s
a  2
dt dt

Eliminating dt in EQ. 1 and EQ 2

vdv  ads EQ. 3

EQs. 1, 2 and 3 are known as the kinematic differential

equation of motion.
Rectilinear Translation with constant acceleration
From the differential equation of kinematics
dv = adt
Integrating between limits, t = 0, v = v0

v  vo  at EQ. 1

From the differential equation of kinematics

ds  vdt
Integrating between limits, t = 0, S = S0

1 2
s  vo t  at EQ 2
2
 From the third differential equation of kinematics

vdv  ads Where:

Vo = initial velocity

 vdv  a  ds
v s
V = final velocity
vo 0
a = acceleration
t = time elapsed
s = displacement
2as  v  vo 2 2
EQ 3

NOTE:

*Remember that these

equations are useful only when the
acceleration is constant and when
t = 0, S = S0 , V = V0.
 Freely Falling bodies: Acceleration due to
gravity
 One of the most common type of uniformly accelerated
rectilinear motion is the flight of freely falling bodies.

 It is subject to an acceleration equal to the acceleration

of gravity g (32.2 ft/s2 , 9.8 m/s2). The following quantities
applies to freely falling bodies:
Freely Falling bodies: Acceleration due to
gravity
 An object thrown vertically up requires an initial
velocity vo. The object is slowing down (negative
acceleration) until it attains a final velocity of
zero.
 At this stage it goes down with an increasing
velocity(positive acceleration) until it attain the
same initial velocity at the point where it was
initially thrown at the same level of displacement
of an object thrown vertically up, the upward
velocity is equal to the downward velocity.
Freely Falling bodies: Acceleration due to
gravity
 If an object is thrown vertically up, the time of
flight to attain it maximum vertical displacement
is equal to its time of flight down from this point
to its initial position.

 Air resistance is assumed to be negligible.

 Problems

1. A box slides down an inclined plane with uniform

acceleration and attains a velocity of 12 m/s in 3s from rest.
Find the velocity acquired and the distance moved in 6s from
rest.
Ans. 24 m/s down and 72 m

2. An electron has a constant acceleration of 3.2 m/s2. At a

certain instant its velocity is 9.6 m/s. What is its velocity a). 2.5s
earlier b). 2.5s later
Ans. a). 1.6 m/s b). 18 m/s
 Problems

3. At a construction site a pipe wrench struck the ground with a

speed of 24 m/s. a) From what height was it inadvertently
dropped? b). How long was it falling?
Ans. a). 29.37 m b). 2.45s

4. A key falls from a bridge that is 45 m above the water. It falls

directly into a model boat, moving with constant velocity that is
12 m from the point of impact when the key is released. What is
the speed of the boat?
Ans 4 m/s
 Problems (Seatwork)

1. How far does an automobile move while its speed increases uniformly
from 15 kph to 45 kph in 20 seconds?

2. Cars A and B are traveling in the same direction at the same speed of 70
km/hr in a level road. Car A is 150 m ahead of car B. Car A decelerates at
a constant rate of 2 m/s2. From this instant up to the time B overtakes A ,
how far has B traveled ?

3. An car starting from rest speeds up to 40 ft/s with a constant acceleration

of 4 ft/s2, runs at this speed for a time and finally comes to rest with a
deceleration of 5 ft/s2. If the total distance traveled is 1000 ft, find the total
time required.
 Problems (Seatwork)

4. A stone is thrown vertically upward an returns to earth in 10 seconds.

How high did it go and what is its initial velocity?

5. A ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 3m/s from a

window of a tall building. The ball strikes the ground 4 seconds later.
Determine the height of the window above the ground.
 Acceleration as Function of Time
and Velocity
Sample Problem 1
A Ford Mustang moves in a straight line such that for a short
time its velocity is defined by v = (3t2 + 2t) ft/s, where t is in
seconds. Determine its position and acceleration when t = 3 s.
When t = 0, s = 0.

Ans: a = 20 ft/s2
s = 36 ft
 Acceleration as Function of Time
and Velocity
Sample Problem 2
A particle moving along a straight line is subjected to a
deceleration a = ( -2v3) m/s2, where v is in m/s. If it has a
velocity v = 8 m/s and a position s = 10 m when t = 0,
determine its velocity and position when t = 4 s.

Ans: v = 0.25 m/s

s = 12 m
 Acceleration as Function of Time

Homework
Acceleration as Function of Time
 Seatwork

2. A particle travels along a straight line with a velocity

v = (12 – 3t2) m/s, where t is in seconds. When (t = 1 s, the
particle is located 10 m to the left of the origin. Determine
the acceleration when t = 4 s, the displacement from t = 0
to t = 10 s, and the distance the particle travels during this
time period.