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Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp.855-863. Article ID: IJMET_10_02_088
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
ABSTRACT
The challenge of climate change results primarily from the global use of fossil
fuel. Renewable energy as alternative energy source allows the use of natural sources
such as micro-hydro, wind; solar, and biomass that are sustainable to be explored.
The increase in the dependence on renewable energy calls for attention which can be
solved by the use of energy management. Energy management will provide a
consistent and controllable power supply. There is the need for the integration of
energy management into the grid planning and design. In this work, Energy
management using energy storage is thus considered as one design method for the
system to maximize simplicity and increase reliability using HOMER, a conventional
simulation tool.
Keywords: energy management, energy storage, homer, and solar energy.
Cite this Article: Sanni Timilehin F., Olajube Ayobami, Abdulkareem Ademola,
Alabi Gideon, Renewable Energy Towards a Sustainable Power Supply in the
Nigerian Power Industry: Covenant University as a Case Study, International Journal
of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 2019, pp. 855-863
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is the bedrock for development. It determines and creates growth and increase in the
technological, economical and health sectors of any nation [1,2]. In most developing
countries, the citizens depend largely on the national grid for power supply. The grid becomes
over-crowded based on the population especially in Nigeria which is one of the largely
populated nation of Africa. However, there are still several remote areas that are not
connected to the grid and those connected have low dependency on the grid due to irregularity
of supply. This is because of the poor reliability of the nation‟s utility grid without neglecting
the financial and environmental reasons. The vast of the remote dwellers depend on diesel-
generators which might not always be available and the urban dwellers who are able to afford
diesel contribute greatly to the high carbon dioxide emission. The carbon emission is
increasing due to the unreliability of the national grid. This can be reduced by increase
dependence on renewable energy via the integration of energy storage systems and energy
management topologies. Amid the environmental problems of using gasoline and diesel
generators, the cost of operation and maintenance is very high. However, the citizens of
Nigeria are will agree to change to the use of renewables but for the cost [3].
Nigeria is the number seven of the world's population review (approximately 196 million
people in 2018) and 60% of the populace do not have access to the electricity. The lack of
adequate energy supply is largely due to insufficient energy supply generation by the
inefficient power plants. The most populous black nation in the world depends largely on the
non-renewable energy sources for about 90% of its energy needs.
Most private organizations and industries run on-site diesel generators (dirty energy) as a
reliable energy source. And this is mainly responsible for the high operating and maintenance
costs which invariably raise the cost of production and sale of deliverables. Each of these
problems minimize the reliability of the Nigerian power system. It has significantly impacted
the manufacturing and communication industries negatively [4].
Renewable energy is generally considered an energy source that is inexhaustible, for
example, wind, hydro, geothermal or solar power technologies. The central objective of
energy management is to deliver energy in form of electricity with the minimum cost and
slightest natural impact. Energy management is the planning of the use of energy for
increased efficiency and reliability [5]. Energy management can also be defined as the use of
strategies and control methods to achieve distribution of power supply. The major aims of
energy management include maintaining optimum energy and reducing the impact of fossil
fuel in the environment.
Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria, which is a case study in this research has a power plant
capacity of 6 MW using a stand-alone gas turbine and 13 diesel generators up as backup
which is achieved by spending huge amount of money [6]. This estimate does not include the
cost of purchasing spare parts, oils and maintenance. Therefore, this research aims to reduce
the running expenses to the current energy supply system using renewable energy storage
technology. The system design and methodology used to achieve the objectives are provided.
HOMER is used to simulate the different system designs and the effects of both systems are
analysed.
4. METHODOLOGY
For the basis of this research, Covenant University (CU) has been chosen as the case study
because it can be referred to as a miniature city with a gas-powered supply station of 6MW
rating and its major conventional load types. The main purpose of conserving this energy will
foster less operating cost, reduced energy consumption, lesser lighting fixture replacement
and less accrued heat generated by them, leading to an eco-friendly environment and making
buildings environmentally sustainable.
The case study has had a major population growth of over 8529 students, 374 faculties
and 502 non-academic staff. With the following population data as follows [18];
A residential capacity of 10 resident hostels with about 400 rooms per hostel
2 colleges, 6 schools and 22 departments.
University guest house, Library, Chapel, Lecture theatres.
Residential buildings (1-2-3-bedroom flats and duplex)
All these and more makes Covenant University not only a suitable case study but also can
be regarded to as a mini-town.
% CONSUMPTION
CST Building CDS Building
21% 18%
A microgrid model system consisting of Photovoltaics, diesel generator, and battery storage are
included. The modelling methodology is described with the theoretical aspects below.
( ) (1)
(EDEG) = Hourly energy generated by diesel generator
(PDEG) = with a nominal power output;
( ) (2)
The rectifier model is given below;
( ) (3)
( ) ( ) (4)
At any time (t),
( )= ( ) ( ) (5)
The model of the charge controller is given in equations 8 and 9, and the battery in
equation 10.
( ) ( ) (8)
( ) ( ) ( ) (9)
During the charging process, when the total output of all the generators exceeds the load
demand, the battery capacity of the bank available over time, t, can be described through;
( ) ( ) ( ) (10)
The depth of discharge (DOD) is,
( ) (11)
(12)
Table 3 Electricity received by the inverter and supplied to the AC load (kW)
Supplied to the load Charging the battery via
Electricity generated
directly the rectifier
January 1177.104 874.649 299.517
February 1016.936 724.017 289.982
March 1096.767 792.623 301.472
April 1074.702 781.803 289.705
May 1143.499 826.317 314.101
June 1188.892 867.973 313.288
TOTAL 6697.9 4867.382 1808.065
Table 4 Electricity generated and supplied and battery charge by the PV in hybrid system in (kw)
Excess
Electricity Supplied to the Charging the
Months Losses electricity
generated load battery
generated
JAN 2715.399 1862.277 538.799 0.159 314.164
FEB 2527.428 1695.987 489.7 0.154 341.587
MAR 2802.411 1887.039 533.918 0.154 381.3
APR 2629.097 1827.413 509.332 0.146 292.206
MAY 2522.854 1876.123 535.826 0.179 219.718
JUN 2544.529 1804.867 528.865 0.177 188.945
6. CONCLUSION
The design of a stand-alone hybrid power system using energy storage is the summary of
work done. This is proposed to solve one of the priorities of the United Nations which is
climate change [2]. It is noted that the combination of PV solar array, battery storage, and a
diesel generator can fully minimize the dependence on diesel resource which in turn reduces
the amount of carbon emission. It is also important to note that the use of the hybrid system
might not significantly reduce the net present cost (NPC) but it has been able to cut down the
dependence on diesel which reduces the greenhouse effect.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Nigeria for
sponsoring this research work.
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