Pol

i
o
Aboutposi
ti
veagent
s
Poli
ovirusiscomposedofan  RNA genome anda protei
n capsid.Thegenomei sasingl
e
-st
randedposi ti
vesense RNAgenomet hatisabout7500 nucleoti
des long.t
hev i
ral
parti
cleisabout30 nm indiameterwi t
h i
cosahedralsymmet r
y.Becauseofi t
sshort
genomeandi tssimplecomposi t
iononlyRNAanda  nonenvel
oped  i
cosahedralprot
ein
coatthat encapsul
ates 
it
, pol
i
ovir
usi swidel
yregardedast hesi mplestsigni
fi
cantvir
us.

Modeoft
ransmi
ssi
on
Transmi
ssi
on.I
tisoccasi
onal
ly 
tr
ansmit
ted 
viatheoral-
oral
route, a 
mode especi
all
y
vi
sibl
einar
easwithgoodsani
tati
onandhygiene.
 Pol
i
o  i
smostinf ecti
ousbetween7
and10daysbef
oreandaftert
heappearanceofsympt oms,but 
transmi ssi
on 
ispossi
ble
aslongast
hevir
usremainsinthesal
i
vaorfeces.

Sy
mpt
oms
Canhav
enosy
mpt
oms,
butpeopl
emayexper
ience:

Whol
ebody
: 
fat
igue,
feel
i
ngf
aint
,fev
er,
orwast
ingaway

Muscul
ar:
 
muscl
eweakness,
lossofmuscl
e,ormuscl
equi
ver

Al
socommon:
 
headache,
nausea,
orsl
owgr
owt
h

Pev
ent
ionmeasur
es
I
tispossibl
etoprevent 
poli
o byst i
mulati
ngyouri
mmunesy stem wi
thvacci
nat
ion.
Vacci
nati
ngindivi
dual
s,especiall
yy oungchi
ldr
en,canestabl
ishli
fel
ongimmunityt
othe
di
sease.Theinacti
vat
ed pol
io vaccineneedstobegivenat2,4,andbetween6and18
monthsofagewi t
haboost erbet weenages4-6
Tuber
col
ois
Aboutposi
ti
veagent
s
My cobact
erium t
uberculosis 
istheorganism t
hatisthe 
causati
ve
agent f
ort
uberculosi
s (
TB) .Thereareother"at
ypi
cal"mycobacteri
asuchasM.kansasi
i
thatmaypr oducedasimi l
arclincal
andpat hol
ogicappearanceofdisease.

Modeoft
ransmi
ssi
on
M.  
tuberculosis 
iscar
ri
edinairborneparti
cles,call
eddr
opl
etnucl
ei,
of1–5mi cr
onsin
diamet er.Inf
ecti
ousdropletnucl
ei ar
egener at
edwhenpersonswhohav epulmonaryor
l
ar yngeal TB 
diseasecough,sneeze,shout,orsing. 
TB 
i
sspreadf
rom persontoper
son
throught heair.

Sy
mpt
oms
Peopl
emayexper
ience:

Pai
nar
eas:
 
int
hechest

Pai
nci
rcumst
ances:
 
canoccurwhi
l
ebr
eat
hing

Cough:
 
canbechr
oni
corwi
thbl
ood

Whol
ebody
: 
fat
igue,
fev
er,
lossofappet
it
e,mal
aise,
nightsweat
s,orsweat
ing

Al
socommon: 
lossofmuscl
e,phl
egm,
sev
ereuni
ntent
ional
wei
ghtl
oss,
shor
tnessof
br
eat
h,orswol
l
enlymphnodes

Pr
event
ionmeasur
es
I
soniazi
disoneoft hedrugsusedtoprev
entlatent
 TB 
fr
om pr
ogressingto
acti
ve 
TB orTB disease.I
soni
azidi
sacheapdr ug,buti
nasimi
larwayt otheuseoft
he
BCGv acci
ne,itismai nl
yusedtoprot
ectindi
vi
dualsrat
hert
hantointerr
upt
tr
ansmissionbetweenadul t
s.
Ty
phoi
d
Aboutposi
ti
veagent
s
Sal
monel
l
aty
phi
,thecausat
iveagentoft
yphoi
dfev
er,
isappr
oxi
mat
ely50,
000y
ear
sol
d.

Modeoft
ransmi
ssi
on
Fecal-
oral 
tr
ansmissi
on 
route.Thebacteri
athatcause 
typhoid f
ev er
 spread 
thr
ough
contaminatedfoodorwaterandoccasionall
ythroughdi
rectcont actwithsomeonewho
i
sinfected.Indevel
opi
ngnations,
wher e 
typhoid 
fev
eri
sest abli
shed( endemic)
,most
casesresultfr
om cont
aminateddri
nkingwat erandpoorsanitati
on 

Sy
mpt
oms
Peopl
emayexper
ience:

Pai
nar
eas:
 
int
heabdomenormuscl
es

Gast
roi
ntest
inal
:
 bl
oat
ing,
const
ipat
ion,
diar
rhoea,
nausea,
orv
omi
ti
ng

Whol
ebody
: 
fat
igue,
fev
er,
chi
l
ls,
lossofappet
it
e,ormal
aise

Al
socommon: 
headache,
muscl
eweakness,
rashwi
thsmal
lreddot
s,ski
nrash,
or
wei
ghtl
oss.

Pr
event
ionmeasur
es
Washbef or
eeat i
ngorprepari
ngf
oodandaft
erusingthetoi
let
.Carryanalcohol-based
handsaniti
zerforti
meswhenwateri
sn'
tavai
labl
e.Avoiddri
nkinguntr
eatedwat er.
Contaminateddri
nkingwateri
sapar
ti
cul
arprobl
em inareaswhere 
typhoid 
feveris
endemic.
AI
DS
aboutposi
ti
veagent
s
Humanimmunodef
ici
encyvi
rus 
(HI
V)isthecausati
veagentforAIDS.Themost
commonty
peisknownas HI
V-1andistheinf
ecti
ousagentthathasledtot
he
worl
dwi
deAIDSepi
demic.

Modeoft
ransmi
ssi
on
suchasshar i
ngameal ,
doingdishesorl
aundry,
touchi
ngsomeone,havinga
conver
sation,workingwithapersonli
vi
ngwith 
HIV…Noneoft heseacti
vit
iescarri
esany
ri
skof t
ransmission.Sexualr
elati
onswit
houtacondom wit
hei t
hervagi
nal oranal
penetr
ati
onar etheprimary 
modesoft r
ansmissi
on f
orthevi
rus.

Sy
mpt
oms
Peopl
emayexper
ience:

Pai
nar
eas:
 
int
heabdomen

Pai
nci
rcumst
ances:
 
canoccurwhi
l
eswal
l
owi
ng

Cough:
 
canbedr
y

Whol
ebody
: 
fat
igue,
fev
er,
lossofappet
it
e,mal
aise,
nightsweat
s,orsweat
ing

Gast
roi
ntest
inal
:
 nausea,
per
sist
entdi
arr
hoea,
vomi
ti
ng,
orwat
erydi
arr
hoea

Mout
h: 
ulcer
sorwhi
tet
ongue

Gr
oin:
 
sor
esorswel
l
ing

Throat:
 di
ff
icul
tyswall
owi
ngorsorenessAlsocommon: opport
unist
ici
nfecti
on,
headache,oralt
hrush,
pneumoni
a,redblot
ches,sev
ereunint
enti
onalweightl
oss,ski
n
rash,orswoll
enlymphnodes.

Pr
event
ionmeasur
es
Ther
e'snov accinetoprevent
 HI
Vinfect
ion 
andnocuref
orAIDS.Butyoucanpr
otect
your
selfandother sfr
om inf
ecti
on.Tohelpprev
entt
hespreadofHIV:
Usea
newcondom  everyti
mey ouhavesex.
Di
arr
hoea
Aboutposi
ti
veagent
s
Commoninfecti
ve causati
veagents 
incl
udebact er
iasuchasVibri
oparahaemolyt
icus
andSal
monella,
andv ir
usessuchasnor ovir
us,rotavi
rusandsapovir
us.Less
commoncausati
veagent s 
incl
udethosebacteriacausingchol
era,
bacil
lar
ydysent
ery
andShi
gatoxi
n-producingEscheri
chiacoli
infecti
on,etc.

Modeoft
ransmi
ssi
on
Dir
ect t
ransmi ssion 
occursthroughcont
actbet
weenhandscont aminatedwit
hfaeces
andtheper son'smout h;i
ndirect
 modesoftr
ansmissi
on arethroughingest
ionof
contaminatedf oodorwat er,
contactwit
hinf
ectedsoi
l,utensi
ls,et
c.,
and t
ransmi ssionbyfl
iesthathavecrawl
edonfaeces.

Sy
mpt
oms
Thesy
mpt
omsassoci
atedwi
thdi
arr
hoeai
ncl
ude:

abdomi nalcr
amps.abdomi nalpains.
urgency
 togot
othet
oil
et.
fr
equent
 passi
ng
of 
loose, 
wateryf
aeces.nausea.vomiti
ng.

Pr
event
ionmeasur
es
Preventi
on.Handwashingisoneofthemostef f
ecti
vewaysof 
prev
ent
ing 
thespreadof
vir
usesandbacteri
athatcancause 
diarr
hoea.Youshoul
dalwayswashyourhands
thoroughl
yaft
erusi
ngthet oi
l
et,
changingnappies,
andbefor
emeals.
Mal
ari
a
Aboutposi
ti
veagent
s
Inf
ectiousagentofmal
aria.Malar
iaiscausedby  parasi
tes 
ofthe 
Plasmodi
um  genus.
FourspeciesofPl
asmodium caninfecthumans: P.v i
vax,
 P.oval
e,
 P.mal
ari
ae and P.
fal
ciparum.Inf
ecti
oni
smostcommonl ycausedby  P.vi
vax or
 P.f
alci
par
um,thel at
ter
causingthemostsever
ef orm ofmalari
a.Oct8,2015

Modeoft
ransmi
ssi
on
ModeofTransmission:
 Malari
a is 
tr
ansmitt
ed bythebiteofaninfecti
vef
emale
Anophel
esmosquito.Transfusionofbloodfrom i
nfectedpersonsanduseof
cont
aminatedneedlesandsy r
ingesareotherpotenti
al 
modesoft ransmi
ssi
on.
Congeni
tal
 
t r
ansmissi
onofmal ari
a mayal
sooccur .

Sy
mpt
oms
Peopl
emayexper
ience:

Pai
nar
eas:
 
int
heabdomenormuscl
es

Whol
ebody
: 
chi
l
ls,
fat
igue,
fev
er,
nightsweat
s,shi
ver
ing,
orsweat
ing

Gast
roi
ntest
inal
:
 di
arr
hoea,
nausea,
orv
omi
ti
ng

Al
socommon:
 
fasthear
trat
e,headache,
ment
alconf
usi
on,
orpal
l
or.

Pr
event
ionmeasur
es
Bi
teprevent
ion 
–avoi
dmosquit
obi
tesbyusi
ngi
nsectr
epel
l
ent
,cov
eri
ngy
ourar
msand
l
egs,andusingamosqui
tonet
.
Rabi
es
Aboutposi
ti
veagent
s
Rabies i
sazoonoti
cdiseasethatr
emainsanimpor
tantpubl
ichealthproblem
worldwideandcausesmor et
han70,000humandeathseachyear.The causati
veagent
ofrabies 
isr
abi
es 
vir
us(RV),anegati
ve-
str
andedRNAv i
rusoft
her habdovirusf
amily
.

Modeoft
ransmi
ssi
on
Themostcommon  mode 
of 
rabi
es vi
rus 
tr
ansmissi
on i
st hroughthebiteandv i
rus-
containi
ngsali
vaofaninf
ect
edhost.Though t
ransmission hasbeenrarel
ydocument ed
vi
aot herrout
essuchascont
ami nat
ionofmucousmembr anes(i
.e.
,eyes,nose,mouth)
,
aerosol 
tr
ansmissi
on,
andcornealandorgantr
ansplantati
ons.

Sy
mpt
oms
Peopl
emayexper
ience:

Pai
nar
eas:
 
int
hemuscl
es

Whol
ebody
: 
dizzi
ness,
fat
igue,
fev
er,
lossofappet
it
e,ormal
aise

Psy
chol
ogi
cal
:
 del
i
rium,
fear
,orhal
l
uci
nat
ion

Gast
roi
ntest
inal
:
 nauseaorv
omi
ti
ng

Muscul
ar:
 
muscl
espasmsorpar
aly
siswi
thweakmuscl
es

Sensor
y: 
pinsandneedl
esorsensi
ti
vi
tyt
oli
ght

Behav
iour
al:
 
aggr
essi
onori
rr
it
abi
l
ity

Alsocommon: 
anxiet
y,brai
ndeath,coma,di
ff
icul
tyswall
owing,di
lat
edpupi
l
,dr
ool
i
ng,
excesssal
i
vat
ion,headache,mentalconf
usi
on,sei
zures,
orsti
ffneck

Pr
event
ionmeasur
es
Animals.Visityourveter
inar
ianwi
thyourpetonaregularbasi
sand
keep 
rabiesvaccinati
onsup-to-
dat
eforall
cats,
fer
rets,
anddogs...
.Spayorneuteryour
petst
ohel pr educethenumberofunwantedpetsthatmaynotbeproperl
ycaredforor
vacci
natedr egular
ly.
measl
es
Aboutposi
ti
veagent
s
Measlesiscausedbyat ypeofvir
uscall
eda par amyxov
irus.I
t'
stransmitt
edintiny
dropl
etswhenani nf
ectedperson 
coughs,breathes,
orsneezes.Unlikethe 
inf
luenza
vir
us,t
hemeasl esvi
ruscan'tsur
vivef
orverylongonobj ectsl
ikedoorknobsand
tel
ephones.

Modeoft
ransmi
ssi
on
TransmissionofMeasles. 
Measles 
isahi ghlycontagi
ousv
irust
hatlivesi
nthenose
andthroatmucusofani nfectedperson.Itcan spr
ead t
oot
hersthroughcoughi
ngand
sneezing.Also,
 measl
es v
iruscanli
vef orupt otwohoursi
nanairspacewherethe
i
nfectedper soncoughedorsneezed.

Sy
mpt
oms
Peopl
emayexper
ience:

Pai
nar
eas:
 
int
hemuscl
es

Whol
ebody
: 
fev
er,
mal
aise,
fat
igue,
orl
ossofappet
it
e

Nasal
:
 runnynoseorsneezi
ng

Alsocommon:
 ski
nr ash,drycough,
pinkeye,
diar
rhoea,
headache,
kopl
i
k'sspot
s,
sensi
ti
vi
tyt
oli
ght,sorethroat,
orswoll
enly
mphnodes

Pr
event
ionmeasur
es
Getthe 
measles 
vaccine:Makesur eyouareful
l
yvaccinat
edorotherwi
sepr otected
agai
nst measl
es.I
nfants6-11mont hsofageshoul
dhav e1doseof measles 
v accinei
f
tr
aveli
ngint
ernati
onall
y.TwodosesofMMR( measles,
mumps, andrubel
la)v accinear
e
nearl
y100%ef f
ecti
veat  
prevent
ingmeasles.
Chi
ckenpox
Aboutposi
ti
veagent
s
I
nfect
iousagent
 ofchickenpoxorshi
ngles.Thecausat
iveagenti
scal
l
ed 
human
her
pesvir
us 
3(HHV- 3)orvari
cel
l
azostervir
us (
VZV).

Modeoft
ransmi
ssi
on
Chickenpox 
isahighl
ycontagiousdisease.Iti
s tr
ansmitted 
fr
om persontoper
sonby
dir
ectcontact(
touchi
ngtherash),dropletorairbornspread(coughi
ngandsneezi
ng)of
vesicl
eflui
dorsecret
ionsoftherespirator
ytractofcasesorofv esi
clef
lui
dofpat
ient
s
withherpesZoster
.

Sy
mpt
oms
Peopl
emayexper
ience:

Ski
n: 
bli
ster
,scab,
ulcer
s,orr
edspot
s

Whol
ebody
: 
fat
igue,
fev
er,
orl
ossofappet
it
e

Al
socommon:
 
headache,
itchi
ng,
sor
ethr
oat
,orswol
l
enl
ymphnodes

Pr
event
ionmeasur
es
Chickenpox v
accinei
sverysafeandeffect
iveat 
preventi
ng 
thedisease.Mostpeople
whogett hevaccinewil
lnotget
 chi
ckenpox.Ifavaccinat
edpersondoesgetchickenpox,
i
tisusuallymild—wit
hfewerredspotsorbli
stersandmi l
dornof ever.
Thechickenpox v
acci
neprevent
salmostallcasesofsev er
edisease.