Professional Documents
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CHAPTER 08
SUBMITTED BY:
OPLE, MICO
SANTOS, RUTH
TAMANI, BREMAN
BSAR-IV C
SUBMITTED TO:
I. INTRODUCTION
Very ductile (highly desirable structural property for stress redistribution and
safety)
-Shear lag in outstanding parts (of both bolted and welded connections)
Tension members are structural elements that subjected to axial tensile forces.
Tension members do not buckle. Therefore, steel can be used most efficiently as tension
members. They are used in various types of structures and include truss members,
bracing for building and bridges, cables in suspended roofs, cables in suspension and
cable-stayed bridges, hanger and sag rods, towers and tie rods.
Any cross-sectional configuration may be used, because for any given section,
the only determinant of the strength of a tension member is the cross-sectional area.
Different types of sections used as tension members are shown below. Circular rods and
rolled angle shapes are frequently used. Built up shapes either from plates, rolled shapes
or a combination of plates and rolled shapes are sometimes used when large loads
must be resist. The most common built-up shapes is the double –angle section which
Steel cables are constructed of a number of wire ropes or strands have very high
yield strength in the range of 200 to 250 ksi. Thus, cables are particularly suitable
for covering large spans and are used in long-span suspension bridges, cable
When the magnitude of tensile force is small in a tension member, solid round or
For larger tensile forces or when more stiffness is required, round or rectangular
tubes may be used. Round tubes or pipes might be preferred when the tension
Single angles are commonly used as tension members, for example, as bracing
for carrying lateral forces due to wind or earthquake. Angle end connection is
simple but eccentric to its centroidal axis. The eccentric application of tensile
force produces bending stresses in members which are often ignored in design
practice.
Compared with an angle, a channel connected to the joint at its web often
produces less eccentricity, since the centroid of most channels is close to their
web.
For a very large tensile force, built-up sections (for example, channels with lacing
P
f
A
For example, consider an 8 x ½ in. bar connected to a gusset plate and loaded in
b Section b-b
b
7/8 in. diameter hole
a a
Section a-a
8 x _ in. bar
However, the reduced area and therefore the higher stresses will be localized
around section b – b.
Fu
Fy
Stress, f
y u
Strain,
Figure 2 Stress-strain behavior of steel
Deformations are caused by the strain . Figure 2 indicates that the structural
Deformations due to the strain will be large after the steel reaches its yield stress Fy.
- The tensile load is uniform along the length of a member. Since the net cross‐
section is smallest at the bolted connection, the stress is highest in this
location.
- As the tensile load on a member is increased, the steel adjacent to the bolt
holes yields first. Since the bolt holes represent a small segment of the overall
length of the member, the elongation due to the yielding adjacent to the
bolt holes is negligible.
Tension Members
- These are structural elements that are subjected to axial tensile forces.
Gross – Section Yielding Failure – excessive deformation can occur due to the
yielding of the gross section along the length of the member.
Net – Section Rupture Failure – tensile rupture occurs when the stress on the
effective area of the section is large enough to cause the member to fracture,
which usually occurs across a line of bolts where the tension member is weakest.
It can occur if the stress at the net section reaches the Ultimate Stress.
Block Shear Failure – the tension member can fail due to „tear-out‟ of material at
the connected end. This failure usually occurs along the path of the centerlines
of the bolt holes for bolted connections. It could also occur along the perimeter
of welded connections.
IV. TENSION MEMBER DESIGN
The design of a tension member involves finding the lightest steel section for angle,
wide-lange, or channel section with design strength (φPn) greater than or equal to the
maximum factored design tension load (Pu) acting on it.
3. Slenderness limit.
The design strength φt Pn is taken as the smaller of the yielding limit state and the
fracture limit state:
Pu Φt Pn or < 1
rL ≤ 300
1. Shear Rupture
Φt Pn = Φ ( 0.6 Fu ) Anv
3. Shear-Tension Combination:
When: Fu Ant > 0.6 Fu Anv
Φt Pn = Φ (0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant ) < Φ (0.6 Fu Anv + Fu Ant )
The foregoing failure modes are referred to as Block Shear failure. Block shear is a
failure phenomenon at the bolted connection for the member. The member or the
gusset plate can shear-off and/or rupture in tension. There can be several modes of
block shear failure and all of these need to be analyzed. Failure can happen in either
yielding or fracture in all modes. We calculate the yield capacity on the gross area and
the fracture capacity on the net area. Block shear capacity is the combined shear and
tensile capacity of the failure mode (smallest capacity governs).
Design Procedure
Make sure that all three criteria described above are satisfied. There is no standard rule
for designing tension members, but it is useful to follow the basic three steps:
2. Calculate
3. Pick a member and try different sections that satisfy the criteria. Choose the lightest
member. 4. Check other criteria.
Notations:
Φt - Resistance factor for tension (0.9 for yielding; 0.75 for fracture).
Ae - Effective net area (reduction of the net area to account for stress concentrations
at holes and shear
lag effects where not all the cross-sectional elements are connected to transmit
the load).
An - Net cross-sectional area (gross area minus the areas of the bolt holes
U - The reduction coefficient. Whenever the tension is transmitted through some but not
all of the
one leg of the angle is connected to a gusset plate). Approximate values of U used
prior to the current
x - Distance from the plane of shear transfer to the centroid of the tension member
cross-section.
Tables for design of tension member tabulates the tension design strength of standard
steel sections - Include: wide flange shapes, angles, tee sections, and double angle
sections.
- The net section fracture strength is tabulated for an assumed value of U = 0.75,
obviously because the precise connection details are not known.
- Select the tension member based on the tabulated gross yielding and net section
fracture strengths, and then check the net section fracture strength and the block
shear strength using the actual connection details.
Net Areas, An
Whenever a tension member is to be fastened by means of bolts or
rivets, holes must be provided at the connection.
Therefore, the member cross sectional area is reduced and the
strength of the member may also be reduced depending on the
size and location of the holes.
The term “net cross-sectional area” or “net area” refers to the gross
sectional area of the member minus the holes, notches, or other
indentations.
The net area gives the reduced section that resists tension but still may
not correctly reflect the strength. This is particularly true when the
tension member has a profile consisting of elements not in a common
plane and where the tensile load is transmitted at the end of the
member by connection to one leg only is an example of such situation.
A e = net area
EFFECTIVE NET AREA FOR BOLTED OR RIVETED CONNECTIONS
The net area as computed, has been reduced due the presence of
the hole which obviously increases the unit stress in a tension member
even if the hole is occupied by a rivet or bolt.
It refers to the gross cross sectional area of a member minus any holes.
NSCP provides for an effective area =U where U is a reduction
coefficient as given in NSCP
But when the load is transmitted directly to each of the cross
sectional elements by connectors, the effective net area is =
VALUES OF REDUCTION COEFFICIENT U FOR BOLTED OR RIVETED CONNECTIONS
When the load is transmitted by welds through some but not all of the
cross sectional elements of the member, the effective net area
according to NSCP
=U
Bolted and riveted splice and gusset plates and other connection fittings
subjected to tensile force shall be design in accordance with the provision
of the NSCP where the effective area shall be taken as the actual net
area, except that, for the purpose of design calculations, it shall not be
taken as greater than 85% of the gross area.
Tension Load-
Gusset plate
a plate for connecting beams and girders to columns.
can be fastened to a permanent member either by bolts, rivets or welding or a
combination of the three.
Steel Connection is divided into two common methods: bolting and welding.
1. Moment frames
A moment frame consists of a system of columns and beams that are connected to
one another with fully and/or partially restrained moment connections.
Moment frames
Pros: - logical choice when large, open spaces are desired. “wide-open spaces-
friendly”
-column and beam sizes can be significantly heavier per linear foot than
in braced frames due to their means of transferring forces and resisting
lateral drift.
*If moment frames are selected, costs can be minimized by paying attention to some
rules of thumb.
In summary,
Shear Lag
Shear lag occurs when the tension force is not transferred simultaneously to all elements
of the cross-section. This will occur when some elements of the cross-section are not
connected. A consequence of this partial connection is that the connected element
becomes overloaded and the unconnected part is not fully stressed as shown in figure
below.
Shear lag can be accounted for by using a reduced or effective net area Ae. Shear lag
affects both bolted and welded connections. Therefore, the effective net area
concept applied to both types of connections.
It is a short span supporting concentrated loads. Where the beam has a span of less
than 30wf (wf as defined below) and it carries one concentrated load, or several loads
spaced farther apart than 2wf , the effective design width of any flange, whether in
tension or compression, shall be limited by the values in Table 552-1.
Where;
L = full Span for simple beams; or the distance between inflection points for
continuous beams;
wf = width of flange projection beyond web for Ibeam and similar sections; or half
the distance between webs for box-or U-type sections
For flanges of I-beams and similar sections stiffened by lips at the outer edges, wf shall
be taken as the sum of flange projection beyond the web plus the depth of the lip.
VIII. ECCENTRICITY
Definition:
It is the distance between the actual line of action of compressive or tensile loads and
the line of action that would produce a uniform stress over the cross section of the
Deformation resulting from the action upon a rod of two equal longitudinal forces of
opposite directions, parallel to the axis of the rod; a form of combined strength.
Eccentric tension-compression is characterized by the composition of deflections from
bending and from longitudinal forces.
ECCENTRIC JOINTS
ECCENTRICITY OF ELEMENTS
Where:x
STAGGERED BOLTS
For a bolted tension member, the connecting bolts can be staggered for several
reasons:
s2
d 4g
-net width = gross width – -
-s2/4g is added for each gage space in the chain being considered
-s is the longitudinal spacing (pitch) of the bolt holes in the direction of loading
-g is the transverse spacing (gage) of the bolt holes perpendicular to loading dir.
If staggered lines of bolts are present in both legs of an angle, then the net area is
found by first unfolding the angle to obtain an equivalent plate. This plate is then
analyzed like shown above.
-The unfolding is done at the middle surface to obtain a plate with gross width equal to
the sum of the leg lengths minus the angle thickness.
-AISC Specification B4.3 says that any gage line crossing the heel of the angle should
be reduced by an amount equal to the angle thickness.
GAUGE LENGTH
BLOCK SHEAR
• For some connection configurations, the tension member can fail due to „tear-
out‟ of material at the connected end. This is called block shear.
• For example, the single angle tension member connected as shown in the Figure
below is susceptible to the phenomenon of block shear.
(a)
(b)
Shear failure
(c)
Tension failure
Figure 2.4 Block shear failure of single angle tension member
• For the case shown above, shear failure will occur along the longitudinal section
a-b and tension failure will occur along the transverse section b-c
There is a combination of tension and shear on the failure path. Like tensile rupture,
there frequently is more than one failure path.
Rods with a circular cross section are commonly used as tension members when
slenderness is not consideration.
The design strength of a tension rod is given in the AISC specification as:
Thickness = 12mm
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SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
Compute the net area of the plate shown.
Thickness = 12mm
Path ABC
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Path ABDE
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Path ABFDE
– ( )
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( ) ( )
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( ) ( )
Net Area
( )