Europe in 1914 Europe after WWI

Europe after WWI

Causes of WWII • The Treaty of Versailles was only one of a number of treaties negotiated at
the end of World War I, the treaties resulted in
NEW NATIONAL BOUNDARIES and NEW NATIONS.

2016-2017 F3 History

Europe in 1914 Europe after WWI Europe in 1914 Europe after WWI Europe in 1914 Europe after WWI

After WWI, four powerful empires in Europe fell. They included ____________________. The former empire of Austria-Hungary was dissolved, and new nations were created from Russian land yielded the new nations of __________, _________, ___________ and
_________ was formed the first communist country in the world in 1922, the name is its land: __________, ____________, _________________, and ___________________. ___________
_________.

Europe in 1914 Europe after WWI

• 1)Who lost the greatest percentage of land in the creation of new nations?
________________ Declining influence of Europe
• 2)Which formerly dissolved nation was reconstituted on the Eastern Front? ( )
& Rising influence of US and Japan
A. Bulgaria B. Czechoslovakia C. Poland D. Romania

• 3)After WWI, Serbia became part of ( )

A. Hungary B. Romania C. Russia D. Yugoslavia • How did WWI lead to “declining influence” of the European Powers?

Poland, which had long been divided among __________________, ______________ • 4)After national boundaries were redrawn, which of the Central Powers lost access to
the sea?( )
and ______________________, won independence and regained their territories.
A. Austria-Hungary B. Germany C. The Ottoman Empire D. Russia
 How did “defeated in WWI” lead to “declining influence”?
1. During the WWI, ___________ 2. After the war, the defeated countries Whom should they pay all the money/debts to?
was the main battlefield, especially had to pay _____________; the
_________; many _________ , winning countries had to pay 3. Rising influence of US and Japan
__________, ____________ and ___________________________ .
_________ were destroyed;
• 1) Why US?

Led to some serious social problems: • US was the late comer;

___________, ________________
• US is far away from Europe;
• US was able to collect war debts after WWI(US was profiting from the war/
war profiteer)
Economic recession and political chaos

Lower influence in international affairs

3. Rising influence of US and Japan

• 2) Why Japan?
Causes of the War
• Japan was allowed to keep major sections of former German-controlled
Chinese territory.(resources, labor force)
• Dynamic economic expansion.(Meiji Restoration, modernisation)

Inquiry topic: Impact of the First World War on Germany Inquiry topic: Impact of the First World War on Germany

Source A
2 headlines in a German
Source B
Germans’ protest against the Source C Impact of the Treaty of Versailles on the German economy
newspaper of 1919 Treaty of Versailles
 Inquiry topic: Impact of the First World War on Germany

1. Identify the discontent of the German people after the First World War, as 2. What economic problems did Germany face after the First World War, as reflected in
Source D Exchange rate of German mark to British pound, 1914-1923 reflected in sources A and B. What impact do you think such discontent would sources C and D? Cite relevant clues from the sources to support your answer.
make on Germany? [Analyse event through sources]
[Understand sources and evaluate effect] Economic problem Clue
They thought the Treaty of Versailles was humiliating and they didn't want to
accept it. Germany could The load of the carriage, ‘unlimited
not afford the indemnity’, was so heavy that the
Source
Germany would try to break the Treaty in order to change the status quo and huge indemnity. horse (representing Germany) could
they would ask for revenge and even lead to another war.
C not even touch the ground, let alone
move.

The German mark The exchange rate of the German

Source was greatly devalued. mark to British pound continued to
D drop sharply.

3. How would the above problems affect the German people? 3. How would the above problems affect the German people?
[Evaluate effect] [Evaluate effect]
The German people would live a very difficult life; they would be The German people would live a very difficult life; they would be
discontented with their situation. discontented with their situation.

Inquiry topic: Impact of the First World War on Italy

Italy’s response to the

Discontent of Germany Source A
Paris Peace Settlements
Source B Exchange rate of US dollar
to Italian lira, 1918-1920

• The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were very harsh and unequal on
Germany;
• Germany had to pay a huge indemnity;
• They also have to give up many territories;
• Germany was disarmed;
• Germany had to bear all the war responsibility.
 Europe in 1914 Europe after WWI
Inquiry topic: Impact of the First World War on Italy

1. What does source A tell you about the view of Italy on

the Paris Peace Settlements? [Understand point of view]
Discontent of Italy
Italy thought that the Paris Peace Settlements were unfair because
it had made great contributions during the War, but failed to gain • Although Italy was a victorious power, it was unhappy with the
what it deserved. Paris Peace Settlements.

2. Identify the problems faced by Italy after WWI, as reflected in

sources A and B. [Evaluate effect] • It failed to get the land it wanted at the Paris Peace Conference.
Inflation continued and even became more serious; the people felt
discontented in general with the postwar arrangements.

­ Many other countries

depended on the U.S. as a major market for their products.

The Great ­ After WWI, the U.S. became very rich.

Depression ­ It lent money to Britain and France to help them

recover their economies, and to Germany to help
it pay the war reparations.

After WWI,
many countries
depended on the
United States
as a major
Charles Dawes, an American politician, proposed the Dawes
market for their
Plan to provide economic aid to Germany after WWI. products.

The age of new inventions The age of new inventions

 The age of new inventions

Stock Market in Roaring 20s

WHAT CAUSES STOCK PRICES TO CHANGE?

What is Stock Market?
Stock prices change everyday by market forces.

If more people want to buy a stock (demand) than sell it

(supply), then the price moves up. Conversely, if more
people wanted to sell a stock than buy it, there would be
greater supply than demand, and the price would fall.
WHAT CAUSES STOCK PRICES TO CHANGE?
1. Credit boom 2. Buying on the margin

• In the 1920s, there was a rapid growth in bank credit and loans in the
US.
• Encouraged by the strength of the economy, consumers borrowed to
buy shares.
• Because people became highly indebted
• This meant you only had to pay 10 or 20% of the value of the shares;
• OR
• you were borrowing 80 or 90% of the value of the share.

Irrational exuberance Irrational investment

In the year leading up to 1929, the stock market offered the potential
for making huge gains in __________. People bought shares with the
expectation of ____________________.
As share price rose, people started to ________________to invest in
the stock market. The market got caught up in a speculative bubble.
Credit boom and buying on the margin.
Shares keep rising and people felt they would continue to do so.
The problem was that stock prices became divorced from the real
potential earnings of the share prices.
Also the prices were not driven by economic fundamentals but the
optimism/exuberance of investors.
Shares keep rising and people felt they would continue to do so. • After the initial crash, there was a wave of suicides in the New
The problem was that stock prices became divorced from the real
potential earnings of the share prices.
York’s financial district.
Also the prices were not driven by economic fundamentals but the It is said that the clerks of one hotel even started asking new
overoptimism of investors. guests if they needed a room for sleeping or jumping. 1
• 1. Feinstein, Stephen. 2006. The 1930s: From the Great Depression to the Wizard of Oz.
Revised Ed. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc.
By Oct. 1929, when some companies posted disappointing results on
Oct. 24, some investors started to feel this would be a good time to
cash in on their profits.
Share prices began to fall and panic selling caused prices to fall sharply.
On Oct. 29(Black Tuesday) share price fell by $40 billion in a single day.
By 1930, the value of shares had fallen by 90%. The bull market had
been replaced by a bear market.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wcY_fuCcY8

From the video, what are the impacts of Great Crash?

• ___________________, _____ percent of the labor force was

Watch the video about Wall Street Crash and answer:
From the video, what are the impacts of Great Crash?
__________;
• 1929~1932, ____________________(44% of the total) closed;
• Factories shut down, this caused low ____________________;
• To protect its local industries, US began to impose ___________
on all foreign goods. Other European countries followed. Free
trade stopped.
 ­ 2) To protect its local industries, the U.S. imposed high tariffs on all foreign goods.
From Great Crash to world wide: the spread of “the
Great Depression” --How?

1) Demanded for __________;

What should the US do when they need
US was the major _____________ and financier of the post-war
money?
Europe, they demanded ________________;

In 1930, William Hawley (right) and Reed

Smoot (left), members of the U.S. Congress,
proposed an act to raise tariffs on imported
goods.

Inquiry topic: The Great Depression of 1929-1933

­ Many other countries 1. What impact did this economic problem of the United States make on
depended on the U.S. as a major market for their products. Europe and Japan, as reflected in sources A and B? [Evaluate effect]
Source A Economic situation in Europe in late 1929
European countries, such as Britain, France and Germany, suffered
serious financial crises. Japanese export declined sharply and many
peasants became bankrupt.

2. Why did an economic crisis in the United States have a great impact on
Europe and Japan? Explain your answer using your own knowledge.
After WWI, [Analyse reason]
Source B Economic situation in Japan during 1929-1931 After WWI, the European and Japanese economies relied too heavily on
many countries
American capital. The US was the major markets for them. Therefore,
depended on the
when the U.S. was hit by a recession, it withdrew capital and cut down
United States
imports.
as a major
+ Cut Dawes Plan, demand for repayment(make their situation even
market for their
worse).
products.
As a result. Similar economic crises occurred in Europe and Japan.

1) It made the US become __________ ­ 2) Worldwide economic depression helped

after 1929 as it focused more on the rise and growth of totalitarianism in
_________________________________ . certain countries.

This Nazi poster promised that Hitler would give the

German people ‘Jobs and Bread’.

The rise of totalitarianism
What is totalitariansim?
Totalitarianism
total , absolute power total control
(The dictator or a political party (the state has total control over most aspects of people’s
rules the state with absolute power) lives, and the state suppress all opposition)
2. Total control and oppression
• Control over mass media
Fascist Italy with evidence
Mass media was used to
glorify the leader and Ö
__________
the Fascist Party.
What is totalitarianism?
dictatorship =? Totalitarian
Totalitarianism
total , absolute power
(The dictator or a political party
rules the state with absolute power)
2. Total control and oppression
• Control over education
Fascist Italy with evidence Nazi Germany with evidence
Schools were used to
indoctrinate Ö Ö
Fascist ideas
___________________. Nazi ideas
The Nazi police burning books
and newspapers criticising the Nazi Party
2. Total control and oppression
• Control over religion
Nazi Germany with evidence Fascist Italy with evidence Nazi Germany with evidence
There was
no control
________________ over Religion was put under the
Ö strict control
Ö religion. Rather there was a _________ __________. Ö
compromise with the Priests were persecuted.
Catholic Church.
3) the states follows an expansionist foreign policy

2. Reasons for the rise of totalitarianism

• Anti-government sentiment in Italy and Germany;

2. Reasons for the rise of totalitarianism
• A totalitarian Party and the leader had gained popular
support and finally ruled the country

Anti-government sentiment in Italy Anti-government sentiment in Germany

• Government failed to get ___________________ from Allied powers;
• Failed to solve serious post-war problems, such as
_________________, ___________________.
• The ___________ Republic signed the humiliating Treaty;
• After the Great Depression, when US cut their support, Britain and
France kept demanding them to pay ______________
• Failed to solve serious post-war problems, such as ____________,
_______________.

2) A totalitarian Party and the leader had gained

popular support and finally ruled the country The rise of totalitarianism in Italy

• In Italy: • March on Rome

• Mussolini and his __________
Fascist Party Parliament
• On Oct. 22nd, 1922, as a member of ________,
• he announced a coup to overthrow the government by calling upon
military members
________________________________ of the Fascist Party to
• In Germany
march on Rome.
• Hitler and his _________
Nazi Party
• And the army and police agreed / refused to suppress the Fascists.
• Result: Italian King handed power to Mussolini on Oct. 28th .
 Foreign expansion of Italy before WWII

The symbol of Fascism

• The Fascist symbol is a _________ origin in

ancient __________ . The fasces means
________ and the bound bundle of wooden
rods means ___________________.

The rise of totalitarianism in Germany

• The Beer Hall Putsch(1st try)
• On Nov. 8, 1923, Hitler and his Nazi Party attempted to
overthrow the Weimar Republic
• Result: the coup was _________ . Hitler was
__________. (But also the coup brought Hitler to the
attention of German)

The rise of totalitarianism in Germany

• Road to Chancellor
• As a gifted speaker, he promised he would create
___________ and ___________ the economy, and gained
popular support.
• In 1932, Nazi Party became ______________;
• In 1933, Hitler became __________________.
 The German expansion
before WWII

The symbol of Nazism

• The Nazi symbol is the ___________. It was

original from India and means good luck and
happiness. Nazi adopted it as their logo and it
represents _____________________.

German Jewish German students took

children were often part in 'race education'
classes. Jews were seen
made to stand at the
as a different race.
front of the class as Non-Jewish students
the teacher pointed were taught to
out that they were discriminate against
'different’. Jews.

Inquiry topic: Germany under Nazi rule Inquiry topic: Germany under Nazi rule Inquiry topic: Germany under Nazi rule

Source A
Source B Source C

The following statement was made by a German secret police in
February 1933:
The anti-communist revolution has begun! We can’t waste any minute.
We should crush them ruthlessly. Whenever any communist is
arrested, he must be immediately killed. Let’s strangle all communist
members of the parliament to death tonight.
The following is what Hitler told a Nazi member:
If Germany is to become a world power, and not merely a continental
state… then it must achieve complete sovereignty and independence… Is
it not clear to you how tragically damaged we are by the restriction of
our vital space, a restriction which condemns us to the status of a second-
rate power in Europe? Only nations living independently in their own
space and capable of military defence can be a world power. Only such
nations are sovereign in the true sense of the word.
 Inquiry topic: Germany under Nazi rule

Source D Major ideas of Nazism

The following is extracted from the ‘Memorandum on the Four-Year
Plan’ [ ] written by Hitler in 1936: • Religious freedom, academic freedom, press freedom
and women’s rights were all suppressed, suppress of
Parallel with our nation’s military and political rearmament and
mobilisation must be its economic rearmament and mobilisation, and Social labour union (any 4);
this need must be met with the same ruthlessness… In the future, the • (Secret police supervised people’s lives) (1)
interests of individual gentlemen can no longer play any part… There is
only one interest, the interest of the nation; only one view, the bringing
of Germany to the point of… economic self-sufficiency.

Major ideas of Nazism

• No independent judiciary; (1)

• Practice of one party rule, all opposition parties
Political banned; (1)
• (1)Nazis was anti-communist. They would crush,
arrest and kill the communist ruthlessly. (2) One People,
One Nation,
One Leader

Major ideas of Nazism

• Germany was under a planned economy; (1)
• They wanted to achieve economic rearmament and
mobilisation to meet the need of military and political
Economic rearmament and mobilisation(economic self-
sufficiency); (2) mobilisation(economic self-sufficiency);
(2)
• Everyone had to recognise the interest of the nation.(1)
By 1939 there were fewer than 350,000 people unemployed. They The Nazi Teachers' Alliance – every teacher had to be a member
would persecute the unemployed, calling them ‘lazy’. of the Nazi Teachers Alliance. Pupils were encouraged to tell the
But, who weren’t included in these statistics? authorities if their teachers didn’t teach them the new curriculum.
• Book-burning ceremonies: getting rid of ideas that didn't correspond with
• Women Nazi ideology
• Jews • Teachers: members of the Nazi Teachers' Alliance
• Men aged 18-25 (conscription/military service for two years) • Timetable: physical education, history, geography, German, biology
The German expansion
before WWII
Militarism in Japan
Major ideas of Nazism
• Nazi promoted the expansionist foreign policy
because Germany had to achieve complete
Diplomatic sovereignty and independence. (2)
• (They wanted to be economically independent so
they didn’t need to rely on other countries.)(1)
What is militarism?
• A belief that a strong military force should be maintained
and used aggressively to promote national interests and
that the military should play a central role in society.
 ­ The Japanese economy was badly hit by the Great Depression in the early 1930s. ­ Japan’s democratic government could not solve the economic problems.
­ Therefore, the militarists ( ) gained wide support from the people.

Who will be the real

power under militarism?

• Showa Tenno? The militarists

organised a series
• General Hideki Tojo? of coups in
attempt to
Showa Tenno was the symbol of the state and the Emperor of Japan; overthrow the
democratic
Hideki Tojo was the Army's leading political figure and a wartime leader of government
during the early
Japan’s government during the time; the Japanese military established almost
1930s.
complete control over the government of Japan. Japan’s textile export fell sharply during the early 1930s.

Japanese expansion before WWII

­ Japanese militarists had

an interest in China and
the Pacific region.

­ They made plans to

invade first the
Northeast Provinces
( ) of China and
then the whole country,
and to build a Japanese
empire in the Pacific
region.
Tanaka Giichi ( ), the
Prime Minister of Japan, proposed
a conquest plan.
­ In November 1937, Germany, Italy and Japan formed a military alliance called
the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis ( — — ).