Viscous Effects

Frictional Resistance to flow in pipes

Frictional resistance depends on the wetted surface area of the hull. This can be
found approximately from a plot the girths of the ship at various points along its
length the area under the curve leading to the wetted surface area.

Darcey Weibach equation

In fluid dynamics, the Darcy–Weisbach equation is an empirical equation, which

relates the head loss, or pressure loss, due to friction along a given length of pipe
to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. The equation
is named after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach.

The Darcy–Weisbach equation contains a dimensionless friction factor, known as

the Darcy friction factor. This is also variously called the Darcy–Weisbach friction
factor, friction factor, resistance coefficient, or flow coefficient.
The pressure loss (or major loss) in a pipe, tube or duct can be calculated with the
Darcy-Weisbach equation

Δp major_loss = λ (l / dh) (ρf v2 / 2)

where
Δp major_loss = major (friction) pressure loss in fluid flow (Pa (N/m2), psf (lb/ft2))
λ = Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient
l = length of duct or pipe (m, ft)
v = velocity of fluid (m/s, ft/s)
dh = hydraulic diameter (m, ft)
ρf = density of fluid (kg/m3, slugs/ft3)

MOODY DIAGRAM FOR TURBULENT FLOW

One of the most widely used methods for evaluating the friction factor employs
the Moody diagram shown below.
MOODY DIAGRAM –IMPORTANT OBSERVATION

For a given Reynolds number of flow, as the relative roughness is increased, the
friction factor f decreases.
For a given relative roughness , the friction factor f decreases with increasing
Reynolds number until the zone of complete turbulence is reached.

Introduction:
Moody prepared a chart that has been plotted with the aid of the help of
preceding equations. The chart obtained gives the value of the friction factor for
typical pipe. This chart for friction factor is also called as the moody chart.
Friction factor chart is the graphical representation of the numerical value of
friction factor for closed conduits plotted which the help of the empirical
relationships obtained for the experimental results

Within the zone of complete turbulence, the Reynolds number has no effect on
the friction factor.
As the relative roughness increases, the value of the Reynolds number at which
the zone of complete turbulence begins also increases.
The friction factor is a minimum for a smooth pipe (but still not zero because of
the no-slip condition) and increases with roughness.

READING THE MOODY DIAGRAM

HEAD LOSS
In piping system analysis, ΔP =ρgh express loss in terms of pressure.
The pressure loss can also be expressed in terms of length of water (m)
which is
hL=ΔPL/pg
It represents the additional height that the fluid need to be raised by a
pump to overcome the frictional losses in the pipe.
Reference:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/frictional-
resistance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy%E2%80%93Weisbach_equation
Dr.R.K.Bansal Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
Fluid_Mechanics_Frank_White_5th_Ed

Arranged and Prepared by : THA074BME013

Dipendra Nepal