INTRODUCTION
Association between Single Measles and MMR Vaccination
Mumps is caused by a virus that primarily affects the glands around
the mouth and causes swelling. It has some rare, but serious,
possible complications. The mumps virus is a Paramyxovirus and
shares minor envelope antigens, molecules that trigger an immune
response, with other members of this genus.
Mumps is about as contagious as influenza, but its incidence has
decreased since the introduction of the mumps-virus vaccine.
Maurice Hilleman began to create a Mumps-virus vaccine on the
morning his five-year-old daughter, Jeryl Lynn Hilleman, woke up
with a sore throat and a lump near her jaw. At the time, in 1963,
Hilleman was the director of virus and cell biology at Merck Research
Laboratories. Although most parents saw mumps as a mild, short-
lived virus, Hilleman knew that mumps had the potential to harm the
brain and spinal cord, ovary, testis, auditory nerves and pancreas.
Maurice Hilleman used his daughter’s virus to make a vaccine.
Through attenuation, a process that weakens a virus, the less
virulent strain can stimulate an immune response and cause
immunity but not result in illness. Hilleman evaluated the efficacy,
duration of protection, and clinical reactions of the Jeryl-Lynn strain
live, attenuated mumps-virus vaccine. Hilleman went on to publish
multiple articles on mumps and mumps-vaccines.
Figure 1. Serial passage in chicken cells. Maurice Hilleman recovered
mumps virus from a clinical case in his 5-year-old daughter and
reasoned that if the virus adapted to growing in chick cells, it would get
worse at growing in human cells. He passed the recovered virus in
embryonated eggs and then in cultured chicken cells to produce the
weakened virus as the Jeryl Lynn mumps vaccine.
Figure 2. Replication cycle of measles virus, a virus in the
Paramyxoviridae family, which includes mumps. The viruses attach to
the surface of a host cell, and the envelope fuses to the plasma
membrane. The nucleocapsid is released into the cell and the negative-
sense RNA is transcribed into individual messenger RNAs and a
positive-sense RNA template, which is used to create further the
negative-sense RNA. Assembly occurs, and new viruses bud from the
cell membrane and get the envelopes.
Table 1.
LIVE, ATTENUATED MUMPS-VIRUS VACCINE
Kyla Teramoto Biology 113
RESULTS
Figure 3. Jeryl-Lynn strain mumps-virus vaccine shows no substantial decline in
antibody titer up to two years after vaccination as compared with the value
observed one month after the time when vaccine was given. Initially seronegative
children in two institutions for the mentally retarded were given the live-virus
vaccine, and their level of mumps neutralization antibody was measured one
month later and at various intervals thereafter.
Figure 4. Excellent persistence of homologous antibodies in children for 2 years
after vaccination with combined measles-mumps-rubella virus vaccine. Fifteen
initially seronegative children residing in the Philadelphia area who received the
combined vaccine containing the RA 27/3 rubella strain were bled 6 weeks and 2
years after vaccination.
Figure 5. Use of mumps vaccine caused a dramatic reduction of disease in the
United States. By 1992, about 101 million doses of mumps vaccine had been
administered in the United States in a single or combined formulation. Graph
shows the number of cases from 1968 to 1989. Although mumps cases
dramatically declined, there are still some outbreaks in the U.S. (1989 provisional
data, Centers for Disease Control).
before the diagnosis of Autism and before onset of symptoms. No
positive association was found between measles vaccination and autism
and MMR vaccinated children had a smaller risk of autism.
CONCLUSIONS
No evident clinical reaction to the mumps-virus vaccine in adults or
children, including infants.
The overall seroconversion rate for the mumps-virus vaccine was
96.6% for children and 92.6% for adults.
The protective efficacy for the natural mumps challenge was 95% and
the protection was shown to last for at least 20 months.
Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies persisted for at least 2 years
without substantial decline.
When combined in the measles-mumps-rubella virus vaccine shows
excellent persistence of homologous antibodies.
Reported mumps cases have dramatically decreased in the United
States since the license of the mumps-virus vaccine in 1967.
No positive association between measles-mumps-rubella vaccination
and autism.
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