Writing For Publication-Ormrod - PHD - 2015-06 PDF

ENGLISH FOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTS
WRITING FOR PUBLICATION
by
Janet Ormrod
Scientific English Camp for Ph.D. students

June 2015
taught by Aimee Johansen
This work is intended as a basis for revision, as well as a reference document.

FOREWORD
In this document, most of the examples are taken from a personal corpus of articles taken
from IEEE papers, written by native speakers of English and given in the references at the
end of the booklet.
All the examples from this corpus are indicated in italics in the text and often accompanied by
the name of the first author. I gratefully acknowledge IEEE for granting permission to use
these texts. The corpus was analysed using a concordancer developed over a five-year
period by various groups of students at ENST Bretagne.
A few other short examples are taken from authentic texts, books and articles found in the
library at Télécom Bretagne or on the Internet, using the Google search function: "word *
word".
This document is written in British English, except for examples from American sources.
The correction exercises are based on authentic mistakes, made by mainly novice writers -
other speakers of English - who submitted articles to me for correction over the past twenty
years.
Janet Ormrod
Completely updated: July 2006
Latest update (by Aimee Johansen): August 2013
Janet Ormrod -- Télécom Bretagne Page 3

CONTENTS:
SECTIONS IN THE ARTICLE - CONTENT......................................................................... 9

Title ................................................................................................................................ 9
Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 9
Key words ...................................................................................................................... 9
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 9
Methods, results and discussion..................................................................................... 9
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 9
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 9
References ..................................................................................................................... 9
Nomenclature (optional) ................................................................................................. 9
Appendix (optional) ........................................................................................................ 9
Revising ........................................................................................................................10
SECTIONS IN THE ARTICLE - TENSES ..........................................................................10
Simple Present ..............................................................................................................10
Simple Past ...................................................................................................................11
Present perfect ..............................................................................................................11
Tenses with "After..." and "Before…" .............................................................................13
ANONYMITY ....................................................................................................................15
"We" ..............................................................................................................................15
"I" ..................................................................................................................................15
Explicit References to the Reader .................................................................................15
Reader mentioned implicitly as "one" ............................................................................16
Reader mentioned implicitly without "one" .....................................................................16
TRANSITIONAL VOCABULARY .......................................................................................17
Focusing Attention.........................................................................................................17
Building up an Argument ...............................................................................................17
Comparing or Contrasting with What came before ........................................................17
Showing Purpose ..........................................................................................................18
Explaining Causes and Results .....................................................................................19
Giving Examples and Excepting ....................................................................................19
Generalizing ..................................................................................................................19
Clarifying .......................................................................................................................20
Modifying .......................................................................................................................20
Expressing Doubt or Certainty .......................................................................................20
Expressing Possibility or Probability ..............................................................................20
Referencing ...................................................................................................................21
MATHEMATICAL TERMS AND OBSERVATIONS............................................................22
Revising ideas ...............................................................................................................22
Doubt, Uncertainty, Hypothesis .....................................................................................22
Measurement ................................................................................................................23
Calculation ....................................................................................................................23
Computation ..................................................................................................................23
Observation ...................................................................................................................23
THEMATIC STRUCTURE .................................................................................................25
1) Simple linear progression ..........................................................................................25
2) Constant (continuous) theme ....................................................................................25
3) Derived themes .........................................................................................................26
PARALLELISM .................................................................................................................26
SECTIONS IN THE ARTICLE – FORM .............................................................................27
Abstracts .......................................................................................................................27
Introductions (opening sentence) ..................................................................................29
Introductions (Creating A Research Space)...................................................................29
Introductions (final paragraph) .......................................................................................30
Conclusions...................................................................................................................31
Perspectives..................................................................................................................33
Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................34
CO-REFERENCE .............................................................................................................36
Using the Article ............................................................................................................36
Compound Nouns .........................................................................................................38
Non-compoundable terms .............................................................................................39
Non-human possessives ...............................................................................................40
Which or That ................................................................................................................40
It or This ........................................................................................................................41
This or That ...................................................................................................................42
That (of) or The One(s)..................................................................................................42
The Former - The Latter ................................................................................................43
One of (the) … ..............................................................................................................43
The Two or Both ............................................................................................................44
Both the (15) .................................................................................................................44
COMPARISON .................................................................................................................45
With verbs .....................................................................................................................45
Verb “to be” omitted.......................................................................................................45
WORD ORDER.................................................................................................................46
Subject - Verb – Object .................................................................................................46
Order of Adverbs ...........................................................................................................46
Adjectives ......................................................................................................................48
Inversion .......................................................................................................................49
COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS.................................................................................52
Singular words - Plural words ........................................................................................53
Unusual Plurals .............................................................................................................53
PREPOSITIONS ...............................................................................................................55
in ...................................................................................................................................55
into ................................................................................................................................55
to ...................................................................................................................................56
at ...................................................................................................................................56
from ...............................................................................................................................56
on ..................................................................................................................................56
by ..................................................................................................................................56
of ...................................................................................................................................57
for..................................................................................................................................57
with ...............................................................................................................................57
about .............................................................................................................................57
VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY "TO" + GERUND ......................................61
Verbs.............................................................................................................................61
Nouns............................................................................................................................61
Adjectives ......................................................................................................................62
MODIFYING .....................................................................................................................63
Very, Much and Well .....................................................................................................63
Other intensifiers ...........................................................................................................63
APPROXIMATIONS..........................................................................................................64
Relatively ......................................................................................................................64
Quite .............................................................................................................................64
Approximately ...............................................................................................................64
Around ..........................................................................................................................64
Slightly ..........................................................................................................................64
Roughly .........................................................................................................................64
Almost ...........................................................................................................................64
Nearly............................................................................................................................64
About.............................................................................................................................64
Fairly .............................................................................................................................65
SPELLING ........................................................................................................................65
English vs French spelling .............................................................................................65
USA vs GB spelling .......................................................................................................65
PUNCTUATION ................................................................................................................67
Plurals ...........................................................................................................................67
English vs French punctuation.......................................................................................67
USA versus GB punctuation ..........................................................................................68
Contractions ..................................................................................................................68
VOCABULARY .................................................................................................................69
Problematic verbs..........................................................................................................69
French words ending in -ique and -ie, and related words...............................................69
To Do, to Make, to Perform ...........................................................................................70
To Fit, to Match, to Suit .................................................................................................72
(Un)satisfactory .............................................................................................................72
Commonly Used Latin Expressions ...............................................................................74
Time Expressions ..........................................................................................................74
Space expressions ........................................................................................................75
OTHER PROBLEMATIC TRANSLATIONS .......................................................................75
FULL LIST OF TRANSLATIONS OF “TRICKY” EXPRESSIONS .......................................81
LETTER WRITING ............................................................................................................86
Sample sentences .........................................................................................................86
WRITING PROFESSIONAL EMAILS ................................................................................87
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................89

SECTIONS IN THE ARTICLE – CONTENT
Make sure to check the style sheet for the journal that you are submitting to, in addition to checking
a few articles from that journal to get a sense of the journal style.
Title
Descriptive and brief. Use a capital letter only for the FIRST letter of your surname (family
name). Word order: Write your first name first, followed by your surname.
Abstract
To summarize the purpose, scope, methods, results, and conclusions reached. Minimum of
technical language. Just enough information to make the results understandable. Whenever
possible, write the abstract FIRST, then compare the rough draft of the paper to see if the
same points are emphasized, with the same conclusion and the same information as in the
introduction.
Key words
Some journals like a short list of key words. Keep it short.
Introduction
Background/history of the problem/other published work, research facilities available, novel
features, (limitations in the scope of the paper,) outline of the organization of the paper.
Methods, results and discussion

(with appropriate headings and subheadings). Specific details, enough information to convey
the message, logical development, best use of graphs/charts (for trends and relationships),
tables (for exact quantities), diagrams, drawings, schematics, good illustrations (often only in
black and white). The facts should support the conclusion.
Conclusion
Final results, most important points, relevancies for other areas, limitations of this work.
Compare results with original theory. Future work.
Acknowledgments
Brief list, especially if the work was funded.
References
Refer to the specific journal or conference proceedings for their recommendations.
The following information is required: Author's last name - first name - (chapter title) - book
title/journal name - (edition number) - (volume number) - publisher - city - (state) - country -
date of publication - page numbers. See style sheet.
Nomenclature (optional)
Glossary of terms, if extensive use of symbols and terminology.
Appendix (optional)
Lengthy descriptions of apparatus, complex equations, derivations, etc.

Revising
Things you can do alone, or with your supervisor:
- effectiveness and relevance of all material
- sequence of ideas
- numerical errors in equations, etc.
errors in punctuation, symbols, abbreviations
accuracy of references to figures, tables, equations and references
confusing sentences and wordy passages
Things you can improve, with the help of your English teacher:
- division of paragraphs - clear topic sentences and logical transitions
- variety of sentence structure to emphasize important points and to avoid monotony: do
not start too many sentences with "Th.." and "It"
- short sentences with one main and one subordinate idea in each.
- spelling. American or British English? Be consistent.
- compound words, irregular plurals, grammar, etc.
Get someone to proofread your paper.
SECTIONS IN THE ARTICLE - TENSES
As a general rule, the following tenses are used in papers:
Simple Present
- In the ABSTRACT
This paper describes/proposes/presents/explores...

Programs can be written ...
A novel configuration is based on...
The network comprises…
- For describing the method, discussing generalities, and for universal truths, etc.
Many applications require that...

The Path View shows behavior…
The notation presented here allows programs to be written...
Tokens are passed to processes ...
Costly delays are not uncommon.
- Used when referring to figures, diagrams, and graphs
Table 1 lists/shows the...

Table 1 summarizes data ...
...curves are plotted
Figure 3 shows/includes/expresses...
Present tense. EXERCISE:
Training a neural network

The first strategy .................... (BE) known as "Occam's Razor". In the world of connectionist
networks, this .................... (INVOLVE) the view that the simplest network consistent with the
data should be chosen. We .................... (SUGGEST) that the following variables
.................... (COVARY) with simplicity: number of weights, number of units, number of
symmetries among the weights, number of bits per weight, and so forth. It .................... (BE)
possible to define cost functions which ....... (LEAD) to minimal-complexity networks.
The second basic scheme .................... (BE) a version of cross-validation. The data
.................... (BE) divided into three parts (for training, evaluation of generalization
performance and cross-validation). The procedure ...................... (BE) as follows: following
each training epoch, the performance of the network ...................... (BE) evaluated on the
validation set. As long as the network .................... (CONTINUE) to improve, set training
.................... (BE) continued. If over-fitting .................... (OCCUR), the network ......................
(BEGIN) to show poorer performance on the evaluation data. At that point we ....................
(STOP) training and .......................... (SELECT) weights which .................... (GIVE) optimal
performance on the validation set for testing against the "test set", and the performance on
this set .................... (BE) used as a measure of the quality of the generalization.
Answers1:
Simple Past
- Used for giving RESULTS
The synthetic aperture sonar system was involved in sea trials over a period of ten days
Such a scheme tolerated a phase error of ...
- When citing previous work or experiments (in the distant past)
Smith and Taylor [20] explored the effects of interconnection network buffering in a
realistic simulation model.
Many early message-passing systems exposed low-level communication primitives to

application codes, resulting in unportable applications tightly bound to the machine
architecture and topology.
Present perfect
- Used in the CONCLUSION
This paper has considered the provision of standard low-level communication interfaces
for distributed-memory MIMD machines.
1
is - involves - suggest - covary - is -lead - is - are - is - is - continues/is continuing - is - is
occurring/occurs - begins - stop - select - give - is
To summarize, we have used the coplanar resonator method to characterize thin films of
YBCO.
We have described a method for finding the optimal brightness function by…
- To talk about new developments
Recent work has decomposed CPFSK into two parts: a linear encoder with memory called
the continuous phase encoder (CPE), and a memoryless modulator (MM), …
To explore what range of models can be included, a framework called Maps, Paths, and
Resources (MPR) has been developed specifically for software performance engineering.
- When referring to comparatively recent past papers or results
Koren and Stapper [3] have presented a yield model for chips with redundancy …
We calculate the volume current distribution as a function of A using the method of Weeks
et al. [16], recently modified to superconducting planar transmission lines by Sheen et al.
[17]. This method has been discussed in detail by these other authors, but we will
describe it again here in the context of the coplanar geometry.
- When referring to undated past papers or results
In the past, systolic arrays have been proposed as a means to achieve high computational
throughput for compute bound applications.
Important work has been carried out on detection of anomalous access to shared
variables in concurrent systems[10].
EXERCISE
Fill in the correct form of the verb in brackets - Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect
Continuous or Simple Past:
A major development ......................... (OCCUR) with the introduction of the fully digital PABX
over 10 years ago.
Integrated voice and data communications systems ................... (BE) developed since then.
Digital transmission links ............... (BE) used for several years; previously, only analogue
links ................(BE) available.
Since the 1980's, new technology .................. (MAKE) high capacity, multi-media LANs
possible. All media - voice, text, data, graphics or images - can be switched through the
same system.
Until 20 years ago, office automation and burotics .............. (BE) unheard of.
The Microwave department in Brest .........................(USE) HFSS, a 3D electromagnetic
simulator, since 1991.
Answers2
EXERCISE:
Fill in the correct form of the verb in brackets - Present Perfect or Simple Past.
Programmers of early 1950s computers _________________________ (USE) machine

language programs, that is, the first-generation languages (1GL).
High-level programming languages, which are often referred to as third-generation
programming languages (3GL), _______________ (BE) first developed in the late 1950s.
Fortran __________ (BE) the first effectively implemented high-level language that
____________________ (INTRODUCE) variables as we know them now, loops, procedures,
statement labels and much more. The earliest versions of Fortran _________ (HAVE) many
unique features, often awkward, later kept along for compatibility. It is still widely used in
engineering applications that require much array manipulation. Ever since Fortran 90,
Fortran _______________________________ (CONVERGE) toward other popular
programming languages.
Over the years, examples of object-oriented languages _________________________
(INCLUDED) Simula 67, Smalltalk and Pascal. Recently, Java __________________
(BECOME) quite popular, but it ____________________________ (NOT YET REPLACE)
C++ completely.3
Answers4
Tenses with "After..." and "Before…"
After
After the message is sent, v becomes null

The dispatcher will be colocated with PB, since it is used immediately after completing
activity B.
or a phrase using the present perfect:
After the data has been transmitted to the surface via an optical fiber link, the received
sonar data goes through a digital matched filtering stage.
CARE with the sequence of tenses (=concordance des temps)
2
occurred - have been developed - have been used - were available - has made - were - has
used/has been using
3
This exercise is adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming (July 5,
2010), “A brief history of programming languages” from
www.site.uottawa.ca/~nat/Courses/csi3120.../02_History.ppt, and
www.lvp.com/.../A%20Brief%20History%20of%20Programming%20Languages.pdf.
4
used – were – was – introduced – had – has converged – have included – has become – has not yet
replaced
Before
Virtual channel connections must be declared before they can be used.

Furthermore, the protocol layer must ensure that application errors are trapped before
reaching the router interface.
ANONYMITY
The passive voice is often used in scientific writing (around 30% of verbs). However, its use
depends on the thematic structure (cf. section on Theme). So, we can find "the transistor
amplifies the signal" or "the signal is amplified by the transistor".
"We"
Some scientific papers do not use "we" at all, but it can be used, especially in the Methods
and Results section(s). It is rarely used in the Abstract. "We" is especially used with these
verbs:
describe/show/present/give/define/call/refer to/take/note/find
observe/see/examine/obtain
consider/choose/compare/determine/prove/measure/calculate/derive
assume/estimate/suggest/expect
use/develop/perform
begin/conclude/acknowledge
Let us take this example:

We conducted the following experiment to test B.
The "we" can be omitted either by using the passive:

The following experiment was conducted to test B
or:
B was tested by conducting the following experiment.
Or the idea could be re-phrased in this way:

The following experiment tested B.
"I"
"I" is extremely rare, and is found only once in the corpus, in an article written by a single
author:
I am particularly grateful to Gerald Karaii, Fred Kaudel, Maged Beshai, Jolin Neilsoii,
Shikliaresh Majumdar, Dorina Petriu, and Curtis Hriscliuk. (Woodside)
Explicit References to the Reader
Chandy (3) scientists, engineers

Debbage (6) the protocol designer,
the applications’ engineer,
system engineers,
users of libraries,
Fortran M users
Fitz (1) the system designer
Green (8) the circuit designer,
designers,

the designer,
the reader
Riyait (2) researchers,
a circuit designer
Robbins (1) designers
Woodside (4) a software designer,
the designer,
designers
Reader mentioned implicitly as "one"
Denney(1) In general, one cannot control ...

Dobson (5) that if one is constrained to have a fixed frequency pattern one should
increase the amplitude ...,
therefore, one can expect some measure of robustness... ,
One might expect the formula ...,
one might argue from (11.5) and (11.4) that ...
Green (1) one might conjecture that ...
Peters (1 ) One would expect that ...
Robbins (2) one would have to quadruple ... ,
One can use the relationship ...
Woodside (4) How can one deal with ... ,
one can create a process ...,
Alternatively one may try to ...,
one must evaluate their throughput ...
Reader mentioned implicitly without "one"
Dobson (2) We suggest reading ...,

Standard methods [18], [28], of which we assume some familiarity, yield
...
Denney (2) Knowledge of ... are (sic) required,
To those who have used optical flow ...
The number of occurrences is shown in brackets.

TRANSITIONAL VOCABULARY
If these words and expressions are used at the beginning of a sentence, they are in a more
stressed/important position. Do not over-use them. If they mean nothing, omit them.
(The number in brackets shows the total number of occurrences in my IEEE corpus.)
Focusing Attention
As far as ........... is The AMN differences have proved to be virtually

concerned, (1) inconsequential as far as the effectiveness of backpropagation
is concerned.
In the case of …(9) In the case of the Cray Y-MP which has 256 banks, each
subsection contains eight banks.
… regarding ........... (6) The following are two basic definitions regarding the stability of
dc operating points,...
… with regard to … (1) The alternative structures have been assessed with regard to
a number of factors including area, decoding period, and
power consumption.
Building up an Argument
First, ..... second, ....... This phenomenon suggests first that a qualitative performance
finally (23), .... measure would result in a different optimal frequency and,
second, that in practice it is better to err in favor of higher
frequencies when determining the optimal brightness function.
… , then … We begin by defining the matrices F and AF in (20b), then
derive explicit equations for the estimate boundary conditions,
and finally combine the estimate boundary conditions with the
interior equations of (20a) to form the error system of (21).
Moreover, .....(17)
In addition, ....... (21)
Furthermore…
Additionally, ... (7)
… also …(185) It may also be possible to detect …
… too. (1) Different levels of abstraction in the Path model sometimes
correspond to levels of abstraction in the map or resource
models too.
Note that “then” almost always has an implication of time. The main exception is “if…then…”
statements.
Comparing or Contrasting with What came before
On the other hand ......

(14)

Alternatively, ...... (4) The proposed circuitry would take up a very small chip area if
it were incorporated on a chip. Alternatively, it could be built as
an interface between off-the-shelf memory chips and the
system interconnection network.
However, ........ (111)
Unlike ......, ... (6) Unlike the stacks for most of the M-alg designs, the stacks
used to store path data in the T-algorithm systems are
bidirectional…
Likewise, .... (9)
In a similar manner, In a similar manner, incomplete soft-decision decoding may be
....... (1) used to decode the inner code in a concatenated coding
strategy [2] where each element in the rejected word is marked
with erasures.
Similarly, ...... (13)
Nevertheless, ...... (1) Unfortunately, as in the case of the PA-NLMS algorithm, this
quantity is unobservable for one RLS process. Nevertheless,
let us proceed at this point under the assumption that some a
priori knowledge about the additive noise power in the form of
an estimate, say . 1, exists.
Although ……., (50)
Even though .........., (1) Even though this algorithm is built on a random walk model
and considerable tracking improvement is available in this
scenario over existing algorithms, significantly improved
performance is provided in a much different nonstationary
environment as well.
Instead of ..........., (4)
A note about “even if” vs. “even though”:
EVEN THOUGH is used when you know what is going to happen (it is a fact). For
example: You are looking out of the window, and it's raining outside. So:
I will go out even though it’s raining. (We are looking through the window, and it is a
fact)
EVEN IF is used when you do not know what is going to happen. For example: We can't
see outside, we do not know if it is raining or not:
Will you go out for dinner even if it’s raining? (Dinner is still a few hours away. We do
not know if it will be raining at dinnertime.)
Showing Purpose
The aim of … is to … The aim of this paper is to … (3)

The aim of these algorithms is to …(1)
The main objective of
this paper is to …(1)
One objective of ….. is
to ….(1)
To this end, .... (4) Since our primary goal is to develop an RLS-based adaptive
filtering algorithm for performance in nonstationary
environments, we now examine RLS performance in such a
scenario. To this end, we choose to consider the application of
the conventional exponentially windowed RLS algorithm to a
transversal filter in a system-identification adaptive filter
configuration as in Fig. 1 [1].
Explaining Causes and Results
Thus ............ (very

formal) (69)
Therefore ....... (formal)
(55)
So .............. (less
formal) (31)
(if …), then …..(31) If the circuit is dissipative, then the Jacobian eigenvalues are
strictly inside the unit circle...
As a result, ....... (6)
For this reason, ....... (1)
Consequently, ...... (19)
In consequence, .... (1)
Hence,…
Giving Examples and Excepting
For example, ........(45)

… e.g. …. (10)
For instance, ....... (5)
........ such as ....... (57)
......... like ...... (18)
Except ............,(18)
Apart from ...........,(2) Apart from a slight difference in T, between the two
resonators, all of the plots lie on the same curve, …
With the exception of ..,
(2)
Except for…
etc . (4)
N.B. Do not use 3 dots … at the end of a list. Use etc.
Generalizing
In general, ........ (17)

Generally, ....... (13)
In many cases, .........
(5)
In most cases, ........ (1)
Often, ….. (30) Often the communication pattern forms a tree which is
required to span those processors containing processes in the
collection.
Clarifying
….. i.e. ….. (40)

That is to say, ........ (25)
namely …. (9) The lag misadjustment, namely M, on the other hand, is given
by (18).
In other words, ........ (3)
Modifying
to some extent, ....... Updating only a portion of the network at a time appears to
(1) help the network converge more rapidly in some cases [15]
possibly because to some extent it addresses the moving
target problem [17].
to a certain extent,
......... (1)
to some degree…
particularly when …..
(3)
particularly if … (2) Assuming that the reconfiguration yield is 1, is increasingly
being shown to be a bad assumption, particularly if the system
area is large.
especially when ..... (1).
Expressing Doubt or Certainty
Certainly ..............(3) Certainly, momentary disturbances in music or speech signals

do not render them totally unintelligible,
It is/seems likely Based on this observation, it seems likely that the brightness
that….(2) function yielding the most well-conditioned E is nearly the
same as that which minimizes p(O).
Obviously, ......(3) Obviously, this assumption is not valid at low SNR, but…..
Expressing Possibility or Probability
It is possible/impossible It is possible to control this brightness function

to do something. (21 /
3)
.... is more/less likely to The higher gain loop is less likely to dwell around the unstable
happen. (3 /4) attractor
........... is likely/unlikely
to happen. (1 / 6)
It is probable that It is probable that the analog portion of the design is more
.......(1) sensitive to noise
It is likely/unlikely that It is unlikely that numbers of larger wordwidths would be

………. (2 / 1) available from high-speed signal acquisition circuits
The possibility of doing We now consider the possibility of choosing a value for…..
something. (2)
The probability of doing There exists a non-zero probability of remaining in the same
something. (7) phase state
The likelihood of doing This eliminates the likelihood of electrons being swept down to
something.(1) the substrate.
Referencing
Place the word “respectively” after the references, as in this example:

The steady-state phase error pdf for BPSK, QPSK, and 8PSK is seen in Figs. 4, 5, and 6,
respectively.

MATHEMATICAL TERMS AND OBSERVATIONS
supposons = assume, suppose ….

All memory operations are assumed to be vector operations with an associated stride and
length.
étant supposé = being assumed (to be)
X being assumed to be a non-integer,…
Let x be…
exprimons = state
posons = put
considérons = consider / Let us consider

Consider a monitoring system with three activities A, B, C …
Let us consider the ACID sonar when …
notons = note
We note that the NLMS time constant cannot become less than N in this case.
notons = denote
The efficiency in this case is denoted by Ep.
We denote the variance of this additive noise as U2 .
soit n un entier = let n be an integer

soit x égal à 0 = let x equal 0/let x be equal to 0
soit une relation entre x et y = Let there be a relation between x and y
Let R = Zp denote a commutative ring
..., disons x =..., say x

… then redefine ground to be another node, say node j,…
Revising ideas
This equation becomes ..... / gives / produces / yields / leads to / reduces to / simplifies to
… substituting into the bottom row of (12a) and into (12b) yields (13a)
Equation (16) simplifies to …
This can be written as ... This can be replaced by ...
Doubt, Uncertainty, Hypothesis
EXERCISE: Underline expressions of doubt, uncertainty and/or hypothesis:
This phenomenon suggests first that a qualitative performance measure would result in a
different optimal frequency and, second, that in practice it is better to err in favor of higher
frequencies when determining the optimal brightness function.
This technique is used as a learning speed enhancement although it may be possible to

use it for optimization of bounded weight resolution.
Also, it seems reasonable that R should always appear last as a final performance
estimate.
However, the intermittent case may not be as catastrophic for signal processing
applications as might first be imagined.
Measurement
Measurements are taken / obtained / done / averaged

X was measured / estimated / computed / calculated
The following can be measured:

Changes / depths / efficiency / errors / factors / images / the impedance / loss /
misadjustments / power/ the quantity / shifts / values / performance metrics
Calculation
The following are calculated:
current distribution
currents
the curve
delays
the derivative
error change
factors
gradients
surface impedance
line inductance
the probability
response time
a term, terms
the value of __
Computation
The following can be computed:
bandwidth
discrete error covariance
the temporal derivative
eigenvalues
equations
an expression
velocity estimate, velocity estimates
the Kalman gain
a Jacobian, Jacobians
matrices
optical flow
Poincaré maps
the performance measure
the product
quantity
the steady state
sum
a value
Observation
It is demonstrated / observed / shown / reported / seen that...
X indicates that...
X occurs when...
THEMATIC STRUCTURE
In the following, the Themes are underlined.
There are three main types of Thematic Progression5
1) Simple linear progression

Each R becomes the T of the next utterance.
T1 -------------- R1
T2 (=R1)------ R2
T3 (=R2) ------ R3
Dobson (Middle)
The derivation of (12.4) shows that a trajectory perturbed from a periodic steady state
experiences damping of its incremental energy related to the diode switchings during the
time intervals when the switching state of the perturbed and steady state trajectories
differ. In particular, this incremental energy analysis predicts damping associated with a
diode turn off. This damping is also described by the zeroing of the incremental diode or
thyristor current at switch off by the projection matrix P corresponding to the switch off in
the formula for the Jacobian of the Poincaré map [5].
and similarly,
T1 ------------------ R1(a, b, c).

T2 (=R1a) -------- R2
T3 (=R1b) -------- R3
T4 (=R1c) -------- R4
Bengough (Introduction)
Trellis-search algorithms are classed as metric-first, depth-first, or breadth-first. Metric-first
algorithms rank contending data sequences by goodness of fit, and explore only the
current best path, no matter what depth in the trellis that path has reached. Depth-first
schemes, on the other hand, a single possible path, back-tracking when the path is
deemed unlikely. In contrast breadth-first algorithms progress steadily forward in the
trellis, considering multiple paths in parallel, and deleting all those that meet a specified
discard criterion. The two algorithms considered here both perform breadth-first trellis
searches, as described below in more detail.
2) Constant (continuous) theme

T1 -------- R1
T2 -------- R2
T3 -------- R3
Denney (Middle)
In this section we use the stochastic formulation of Section II to derive an expression for
5
Cf. Danès 1974 and scholars of the Prague School, and followers of Systemic Functional Linguistics.
In this course, I consider the Theme to be the beginning of the sentence up to, but excluding, the main
verb, and the Rheme all the rest. However, when the sentence begins with a subordinate clause, this
clause is the Theme.
the optimal flow performance. We first derive equations for the continuous estimation error
covariance using the complementary model methods of Adams, et al. [36]. We then
discretize the error equations and put them in the nearest neighbor model (NNM) form f
[37]. Next we develop an expression for the discrete 0 covariance. Finally, we specify a
scalar performance error measure based on the discrete error covariance and describe its
calculation.
3) Derived themes
Each successive Theme develops some characteristic of one entity
Bengough (Middle)
The underlying structure of all the M-algorithm decoders is shown in Fig. 3. A decoding
cycle begins by shifting the paths stored in the survivor stack upwards to the path
extender through the path metric normalizer (PMN). The PMN has in the previous clock
cycle loaded and stored the metric of the best path (from the top of the sorted survivor
stack). The PE at the same time has loaded the oldest symbol of the best path, to use in
enforcing operation (iv) of the decoding cycle as described in the previous section. The
extended contender paths are stored in the contender stack as they emerge from the path
extender and are reordered by the sorting logic. Once sorted, the M paths with the lowest
metrics are shifted upward and collected in the survivor stack. The depth-L symbol of the
best path is released as the decoded output. This decoding cycle is repeated until all
received symbols have been decoded.
Here, all the Themes are present in the figure (referred to in R1: “Fig. 3”) .
Note that these three types may be employed in various combinations, combinations of
Types 1 and 2 being particularly frequent in academic writing.
PARALLELISM
Parallelism helps underline important points so they can be more readily understood.
Basically it involves putting together words that are similar: single words, phrases, sentences
and paragraphs.
1) Parallelism of single words - A set of words in a row, that are of the same basic type, all
nouns, all verbs, all adjectives, etc., for example in lists or in slide presentations.
2) Parallelism of phrases – A phrase is a group of words, that can be put together like this:
number of weights, number of units, number of symmetries among the weights, number of
bits per weight, and so forth.
It is built on an environmental model that has additive noise being stationary, the desired
signal being very slowly varying, and the input samples being nonstationary.
3) Parallelism of sentences - Sentences that are parallel create a special symmetry of
thought or logic.
First, we will measure the steady-state value of tr(RPk) and compare the results with the
various candidates we have for cN. We will then examine the accuracy of the resulting
steady-state tracking misadjustment in a random walk simulation.
4) Parallelism of paragraphs - Starting a set of paragraphs with very similar statements
underlines the similarity of a whole set of ideas.
Look at this longer example:
Hollis (Middle)
If a network output is approaching its target value, and the gain of the neuron increases,
the neuron output will either move closer to the target or overshoot it. In the former
situation, the error will decrease and a given weight will change more slowly. In the latter
situation, the error will change sign and the same weight will decrease in magnitude. So
when weights become large the heuristic increases the gain to slow or reverse their
growth. A similar effect occurs in the hidden layers.
Note the repetition of will decrease and will change, and the parallelism of In the …
situation,…
EXERCISE (Parallelism). Correct this:
For instance, under the assumption that two algorithms are equivalent in terms of
memorization and communications, their complexities can be compared by counting the
number of transistors. At a higher level, two architectures that have also the same
complexities in terms of registers can be compared by an enumeration of their elementary
operators.
Answer6
SECTIONS IN THE ARTICLE – FORM
EXERCISE: In the following Abstracts, indicate the types of Thematic Progression.

You can also note (underline / highlight) any expressions that could be of use for your
articles. I have underlined the Themes in the first Abstract.
Abstracts
Abstract 1 - The well-known M-algorithm and the newer T-algorithm are two closely
related reduced-complexity trellis-search algorithms that can be used for data sequence
estimation in digital communication systems. VLSI implementations of these algorithms
are attractive due to the parallelism and simplicity of their operation. While a small number
of VLSI structures have been proposed previously, this paper describes new sorting-
based architectures that can be used to reuse these algorithms. Specifically, schemes
based on odd-even transposition, insertion, and weavesorting techniques are presented.
Structures are evaluated on the bases of area, time, and power measures. Actual VLSI
implementations have been used to verify timing models. (Bengough)
Abstract 2 - This paper proposes extensions of sequential programming languages for

parallel programming that have the following features: 1) Dynamic Structures: The
6
For instance, under the assumption that two algorithms are equivalent in terms of memorization and
communications, their complexities can be compared by counting the number of transistors. At a
higher level, for two architectures that are equivalent in terms of register, their complexities can be
compared by counting their elementary operators.
process structure is dynamic. Processes and variables can be created and deleted. 2)
Paradigm Integration: The programming notation supports shared memory and message
passing models. 3) Determinism: Demonstrating that a program is deterministic - all
executions with the same input produce the same output - is straightforward. Programs
can be written so that compilers can verify that the programs are deterministic.
Nondeterministic constructs can be introduced in a sequence of refinement steps to obtain
greater efficiency if required. The ideas have been incorporated in an extension of
Fortran, but the underlying sequential imperative language is not central to the ideas
described here. A compiler for the Fortran extension, called Fortran M, Is available by
anonymous ftp from Argonne National Laboratory. Fortran M has been used for a variety
of parallel applications. (Chandy)
Abstract 3 - Modern distributed memory parallel computers provide hardware support for
the efficient and reliable delivery of interprocessor messages. This facility needs to be
accessed by lightweight protocols that do not waste the performance of the underlying
hardware; the heavyweight layering techniques traditionally used in distributed systems
are wholly inappropriate. A low-level communication interface is therefore presented
which exploits modern architectures effectively, while maintaining a good match to
existing parallel programming environments. The interface defines mechanisms to access
an asynchronous reliable packet delivery service. It permits messaging protocols to be
efficiently synthesized by considering the activity at their end-points alone. This
arrangement effectively decouples the implementation of protocols from low-level
architectural features, and hence aids the portability of parallel programming
environments. Furthermore, the interface allows the communication network to be shared
by multiple programming paradigms, giving additional flexibility over existing systems.
(Debbage)
Abstract 4 - A memory design based on logical banks is analyzed for shared memory
multiprocessor systems. In this design, each physical bank is replaced by a logical bank
consisting of a fast register and subbanks of slower memory. The subbanks are buffered
by input and output queues which substantially reduce the effective cycle time when the
reference rate is below saturation. The principal contribution of this work is the
development of a simple analytical model which leads to scaling relationships among the
efficiency, the bank cycle time, the number of processors, the size of the buffers, and the
granularity of the banks. These scaling relationships imply that if the interconnection
network has sufficient bandwidth to support efficient access using high-speed memory,
then lower-speed memory can be substituted with little additional interconnection cost.
The scaling relationships are shown to hold for a full datapath vector simulation based on
the Cray Y-MP architecture. The model is used to develop design criteria for a system
which supports 192 independent reference streams, and the performance of this system is
evaluated by simulation over a range of loading conditions. (Robbins)
Abstract 5 - This paper describes a multiview characterization of concurrent software and

systems suitable for displaying and analyzing performance information. The views draw
from well-known descriptions, and are compatible with established techniques and tools
such as execution graphs, Petri Nets, State-Charts, structured design or object-oriented
design, and various models for performance. The views are connected by means of a
"Core model" and are used together to extract information relating to system integration,
such as interprocess overheads, and the delay behavior of separate software components
in complex systems. The integration of the views in the Core assists by converting results
in one view (such as scheduling delay for resources) to parameters in another (such as
delays along a path). The ultimate goal of the views is to support designers in making
tradeoffs which involve performance, and to provide early assessment of the performance
potential of software designs. (Woodside)
Introductions (opening sentence)
Note the general statement or general context given for the research.
Error correction codes are commonly used in digital communications to improve the
reliability of information transfer at the expense of computational complexity‚ [1].
(Bengough)
The development of the message-passing MIMD parallel computer (multicomputer) has

been driven by a desire to solve large complex scientific problems [1], [2]. (Debbage)
The algorithm developed by Horn and Schunck [1] for estimating the optimal flow between
image pairs, which we will refer to as standard optimal flow (SOF), has been widely
studied in the computer vision community. (Denney)
Synchronization of communication systems has been and continues to be an area of

active research. (Fitz)
Designers of integrated circuits have commonly looked to the SPICE dc operating point
analysis to give an accurate solution to the dc circuit being simulated.(Green)
It is well known that soft-decision correlation decoding performs approximately 2 to 3 dB

better than hard-decision decoding on an additive white Gaussian channel [1]. (Rice)
The ability to obtain high resolution images of the sea floor has a number of varied
applications, ranging from seafloor charting to geophysical and geological surveys, cable
and pipeline route design, and perhaps, more recently, archaeological surveying. (Riyait)
Introductions (Creating A Research Space7)
Note how authors introduce (and justify) their own contribution to the field:
While the M-algorithm retains a fixed number of survivor paths from one iteration to the
next, the T-algorithm [8] keeps a variable number of survivors which depends on threshold
parameter T. While one possible nonsorting VLSI architecture for this algorithm is
proposed in [9], no other alternative structures have yet been considered.
In this paper, several new VLSI structures that can be used to implement these trellis-
search algorithms are presented and compared. (Bengough)
7
Term coined by John Swales (1990): Genre Analysis. English in Academic and Research Settings,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Although the literature in this area is rich [1, 2], the evolution of technology continues to
produce new research problems. … This paper presents … (Fitz)
One of the major impediments to the implementation of an artificial neural network with
on-chip learning is the complexity of the hardware required to realize standard
backpropagation [11]. Physical implementations can deviate significantly from the ideal
models assumed in most simulations of the algorithm. These deviations, which can further
complicate the calculations implied by the standard algorithm, will be discussed briefly.
The following sections describe hardware-simplifying concepts that will permit efficient-
on-chip learning within the context of a hybrid feedforward-network architecture. (Hollis)
Although previous attempts have been made to derive suitable expressions [3], [4], the
nature of the asymptotic assumption made reduces the value of these results. Our
approach will be to improve the precision of the approximation most responsible for the
inaccuracies of the present expressions. In this manner, increased accuracy will be
achieved without the need for sophisticated mathematics. (Peters)
There have been many reports in the literature of experiments involving coplanar YBCO
thin film structures. These include microwave surface impedance determination [1]-[8],
microwave absorption studies [9], very high frequency pulse propagation studies [10]-12],
and potential applications such as delay lines [13] and filters [14]. The aim of this paper is
to present our own microwave measurements of YBCO films using the coplanar
resonator technique and to show how it can be used to estimate absolute values of the
microwave surface impedance Z. (Porch)
Introductions (final paragraph)
Note the Thematic structure of each example.
This paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the signal and demodulator
models. Section III develops the Markov chain describing the DD-DPLL operation. Section
IV derives the steady-state performance of the DPLL for BPSK, QPSK, and 8PSK.
Section V characterizes acquisition in the uniformly sampled DPLL and Section VI
characterizes the "cycle" slipping performance. Section VII concludes. (Fitz)
This paper is organized as follows. In Section II we present some background on the

motion of deformable objects and on the linear smoothing formulation of SOF. In Section
III we derive an expression for the optical flow error covariance based on this optimal
linear smoother. In Section IV we develop an a priori performance measure for SOF
based on the error covariance and describe how to determine the optimal brightness
function. We present some simulation results in Section V and provide a discussion of our
results and of possible future research direction in Section VI. (Denney)
Section I introduces basic trellis terminology and gives an overview of M- and T-algorithm
operation. The structural features that are common to all designs are also presented in
this section. A more detailed description of the new M-alg and T-alg architectures is given
in Sections II and III, respectively. Section IV presents relative performance measures
based on area, time, and power consumption. Finally, concluding remarks are made in
Section V. (Bengough)
In Section II, we lay the foundation for the present development in keeping with
conventional adaptive filter analysis. Further necessary assumptions are presented in
detail in Section III, where the steady-state RLS misadjustment is derived for the random
walk scenario. In Section IV, we provide an analytic comparison between the performance
of NLMS and RLS adaptive filters having the same convergence properties in the
presence of uncorrelated input samples. The RLS-based parallel adaptation algorithm is
then described in Section V. Finally, the results of a number of numerical experiments are
presented in order to demonstrate the validity of our approach. (Peters)
Conclusions
In the following, note the tenses used. Useful expressions are highlighted in bold.
1) Bengough – Conclusions
In this paper, a number of new sorter-based VLSI architectures for the M- and T-
algorithms have been presented and compared. The alternative structures have been
assessed with regard to a number of factors including area, decoding period, and power
consumption.
While nonsorting and bitonic sorting AI-algorithm designs have been proposed previously,
three new M-alg architectures, and three corresponding T-alg structures, based on the
odd-even transposition sort, insertion sort, and weavesort, are presented here. The
insertion sorting designs are independent of the branching factor b, and show superior
performance in area, time and power consumption for almost all combinations of b and
AI. The bitonic structure remains the fastest of the AI-alg designs for the systems
considered here, due to the localized nature of its sorting network. It is, however, not
well-suited for systems with large b and M due to large area and power requirements.
The reduced average number of operations of the T-algorithm implementations can, in
many applications, offer advantages in speed and power consumption over the
equivalent M-algorithm architectures. For a given error-rate performance level, both M-alg
and T-alg decoders promise better power efficiency than Viterbi decoders due to the
reduced number of paths.
2) Debbage - Conclusions
This paper has considered the provision of standard low-level communication interfaces
for distributed-memory MIMD machines. The paper describes the universal packet routing
interface (UPRI) which was designed to provide an efficient portable interface to the
communication resources of a wide range of multicomputer architectures. This interface
reduces the costs of porting multiplatform programming environments to new machines. It
also allows the rapid implementation of run-time systems to support new user-level
environments. A key application of UPRI is the prototyping of emerging user-level
message-passing standards, such as MPI, to make objective assessments of their
efficiency and functionality.
The philosophies behind the design of UPRI and its bindings for the C language have
been presented in this paper. UPRI provides an asynchronous interface to the reliable and
sequenced delivery of packets across a network. Its packet sending model is based upon
the queuing of packets on available communication resources, while the receiving model
centres around the triggering of functions bound to ports. The design of the interface
minimises the amount of headering information associated with a packet and eliminates
unnecessary packet copying. It maps directly onto both hardware and software routed
architectures to give lightweight implementations.
…
The techniques and systems developed over the course of this research have formed a
secure foundation for a variety of other systems. Additionally, the source code comprising
the software packet routing kernel, the virtual channel interface and the PARMACS
implementation has been freely distributed to the international parallel programming
community in the interests of promoting communication standardization. These systems
have been extremely well-received with, at last count, installations in over forty
institutions world-wide.
The issues in providing usable and powerful parallel programming environments are still a
major research area. UPRI facilitates the rapid development of new environments and
communication libraries using, a model free of topological or machine-specific detail. It is
clearly a very powerful research tool.
3) Denney - Discussion (beginning of the ...)
We have described a method for finding the optimal brightness function by formulating
SOF as an optimal linear smoothing problem and deriving an a priori performance
measure based on the estimation error covariance and the effect of the temporal
derivative approximation error. Our results show that the performance of SOF is mainly a
function of the curvature of the brightness function. At low curvatures, there is little
variation in the spatial gradient across the image and the underlying motion is obscured
by the aperture problem. At high curvatures, the numerical computation of the temporal
derivative increases the measurement noise variance and the resulting optimal estimate is
oversmoothed. The optimal brightness function represents the optimal tradeoff between
these two effects. This effect of frequency on the performance of SOF suggests that our
methods may have applications in the area of multiscale computation of optical flow.
Since resolution reduction has the effect of modifying the frequency content of an image, it
is possible that our methods may be used to determine the optimal resolution at which to
process images using SOF. In addition, the stochastic formulation of SOF presented in
this paper has potential applications in the areas of recursive estimation for incremental
problems and the derivation of confidence measures.
4) Rice - Conclusions
Incomplete soft-decision decoding rules based on geometric considerations have been

presented. The performance of these rules based on hyper-code and hyper-sphere
shaped decoding regions was evaluated for binary antipodal signaling over the additive
white Gaussian noise channel. It was found that, compared to incomplete hard-decision
decoding, incomplete soft-decision decoding requires about 2 dB less signal-to-noise ratio
in exchange for an insignificant increase in the probability of rejection at moderate to
high values of SNR.
The nature of the proposed algorithm allows the use of a reduced complexity codeword
searching mechanism which does not require a test all possible codewords before
reaching a decision. The reduction in complexity results by replacing the binary decoder
[2, 12] with an encoder in the main processing loop. Implementation of this new algorithm,
which is no more complex than an encoder, makes this an attractive alternative for
practical data communication applications such as concatenated coding and hybrid- ARQ
error control. The codeword searching algorithm described herein is ideally suited for
high speed applications (such as untethered nodes on network peripheries) requiring an
efficient decoding routine.
5) Riyait – Conclusion
The ACID sonar has successfully shown that real-time wideband imaging of the
seafloor using synthetic aperture processing is possible, giving such advantages as high
azimuth resolution with small antennas that is independent of operating frequency and
range.
The processing system has been developed around the standard TRAM components to
build a cost-effective real-time solution to a numerically intensive imaging problem. The
use of transputers within the underwater acoustic field so far has been very limited,
although its applicability to real-time control and image processing problems is well
established. The flexibility of the MIMD architecture of the transputer allows a number
of parallel architectures to be implemented. The relatively low frequency and sampling
rate of the ACID sonar, when compared with SAR, means that the coarse-grained
parallelism inherent in it makes the transputer an effective and flexible solution to the
synthetic aperture sonar imaging problem.
6) Yang – Discussions and Conclusions
In this paper, a new coding scheme based upon a convolutional encoder over the ring of
integers modulo-P is used to encode CPFSK. Three important characteristics of coded
CPFSK are found: 1) the modulo-P convolutional encoder is a very natural coding
scheme for CPFSK, in the sense of having a similar code structure to the CPE; 2) the
modulo-P encoding approach can lead to a larger reduction in the overall number of
states than other approaches to the combination of encoder and modulator pairs
previously considered; and 3) the modulo-P encoding approach generates the same
signal space codes for both the feedback-free and feedback forms of CPFSK. Numerical
results show the superiority of this approach. It performs no worse than any previous
work, and in many cases, significant additional coding gains are obtained.
Perspectives
EXERCISE: Underline the expressions concerning “future studies”.
Finally it should be noted that although the results presented here are based on the
specific circuit implementation, described above, further performance improvements may
be possible by using alternative data path architectures. (Bengough )
Since resolution reduction has the effect of modifying the frequency content of an image, it
is possible that our methods may be used to determine the optimal resolution at which to
process images using SOF. In addition, the stochastic formulation of SOF presented in
this paper has potential applications in the areas of recursive estimation for incremental
problems and the derivation of confidence measures. … … When E (0) is ill-conditioned,
small perturbations in the input (measurements) can result in large perturbations in the
estimate which corresponds to a large error covariance. This relationship clearly deserves
further investigation. (Denney)
… Although the results of Section IV- C show that the existence of a finite parameter that
will provide optimal performance can be shown, we have no idea whether there may exist
another class with better overall performance. In future work we therefore plan to examine
brightness function optimization over non-parametric function classes. …. (Denney)
At present, the only application of our parameter optimization algorithm is in the area of
MR tagging. Other potential applications include estimation of fluid flow where the
brightness function may be changed by injecting dyes and biomechanical studies of limb
motion where the brightness function may be changed by painting the body. …. Future
work in this area should include the development of a scheme for optimizing the
parameter vector over multiple image frames and MR experiments to study the
performance and robustness of our algorithm in a practical setting. (Denney)
Unfortunately, the proposed variable-forgetting-factor algorithm is impossible to implement

directly in an efficient (so-called fast) manner since the shifting properties necessary for
such a formulation no longer exist when the forgetting factor is time variable [18]. Since
the optimality considered above is with respect to the steady state, the applicability of the
PA-RLS scheme in an alternate form, such as those found in [19], deserves consideration.
(Discussion - Peters)
The details and complexity comparisons are currently being studied. (Rice)
Acknowledgments
Note how you can thank sponsors, supervisors and other colleagues.
Support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation Center for
Research on Parallel Computation … (Chandy)
We gratefully acknowledge the support from the Commission of the European

Communities through ESPRIT projects 2701 … which made this work possible. The
authors would like to thank the anonymous referees for their detailed comments on the
content and organization of this paper. (Debbage)
The author thanks S. Jalali for many discussions during the development of the ideas of
this paper and for help with the examples…. (Dobson)
We have benefitted from many useful discussions with Professors C. E. Gough, A. M.

Portis, and T. S. M. Maclean. Technical assistance was provided by J. Niblett. (Porch)
This work was supported by Cray Research Inc. Computational support was provided by
the University of Texas Center for High Performance Computing and ... (Robbins)
This work was supported by the Telecommunications Research Institute of Ontario, and
by ….. Many people commented on early drafts of this material; I am particularly grateful
to Gerald Karaii, Fred Kaudel, … , and Curtis Hriscliuk. (Woodside)

CO-REFERENCE
Using the Article
Rules for the use of articles are rather complicated (see below) but most mistakes are made
by not following these three rules:
1. Do not use THE with either plural or uncountable nouns when talking about things in
general:
Integrated circuits have revolutionized electronics

Many people developing scientific applications use Fortran
Software is becoming cheaper
Information is difficult to transfer between experts
Microwave coplanar transmission lines are some of the simplest examples of planar
transmission lines
2. Singular countable nouns require articles:
a computer, the computer

The meteorological satellite provides information on cloud patterns
3. Use 'a' and 'an' for jobs and professions.
He is a research scientist.
General versus Specific
- For generalizations:
Remember that when speaking about things in general, the definite article is omitted. If you
can't answer the question, "Which one?", don't use the definite article.
Words without the article = plurals and uncountables, and after "most":
Most designs (=The majority of designs)
Words with "the" + singular countable noun, for generalizations in science and technology,
musical instruments, nouns of which there is only ONE (the sun, the earth,...)
The computer is essential to scientific researchers.

The telephone is an instrument that...
The synthesizer is a device that....
Words with "a" + singular countable noun which represents its class:
A computer requires power
To summarize generalizations:
A computer is essential = The computer is essential = Computers are essential
- For the more specific:
Use "the" or "a" to be specific:

The results are presented in Figure 9.
Associated with each channel are two tokens: a sender token and a receiver token.
Use the definite or indefinite article before a noun which is followed by "of":
The number of survivor paths was ...
The structure of the overall encoder is studied.
... a different sequence of encoded data symbols.
NB: hundreds of, thousands of, etc. = no definite article
"a" or "an"?
Use "an" + vowel: an expression, an upper layer

Use "an" + phonetic vowel8: an MPSK, an HDTV set, an LCD screen
Use "an" with words
beginning with a silent "h": an hour, an honest opinion
Use "a" + phonetic consonant9: a European context, a unit, a PABX

Use "a" + phonetic "h": a high-pass filter, a harmonic, a homogeneous random
process
No article
... in Fig. 2
Table 4 shows
This is the subject of Section V
process t
Fortran M has been used
Equation (24) implies that ...
EXERCISE: In the following text, put the article a or an or the (or 0) in the spaces provided.
Sometimes there is more than one possibility.
........ ability to combine ........ several channels in one physical link came into operation in
1874, with ........ scheme produced by Baudot, which permitted six users to transmit
simultaneously over ........ single line.
In 1876, A.G. Bell spoke ........ first sentence over his new invention, ........ telephone. In ........
years to follow, ........ telephone lines, ........ switchboards, and later ........ automatic
exchanges were built.
In 1913, ........ great step forward was made when ........ vacuum-tube repeater was ........ first
used.
........ coast-to-coast service with such tubes was operating in ........ United States by 1915.
8
"M" is pronounced /em/ so it begins with a phonetic vowel.
9
"European" and "unit" begin with a phonetic /j/.
........ development of ........ electronics followed fast, and by 1918, ........ first carrier system
was in use, enabling two voice channels to be sent over ........ single pair of wires. ........
number of ........ voice channels that can be sent over ........ single cable has steadily
increased through ........ years.
........ coaxial cables replaced ........ wire pair cables for ........ high-capacity links, and today
these carry ........ thousands of ........ telephone channels.
........ microwave radio links began to be installed after ........ Second World War and today
have become ........ major feature of ........ telephone system.
........ 1960s brought ........ satellites, ........ lasers, and ........ high-speed waveguides, all of
which play a role in ........ today's telecommunication picture.
Answers10
Compound Nouns
When a plural is involved, the first term of the compound usually loses its 's' (by taking an
adjectival position):
the contrast in colours => (the) colour contrast

the duplication of pages => page duplication
the corners of the patches => the patch corners
For generalities, the article disappears:
In the case of the formation of a compound noun

=> In the case of compound noun formation
This paper is about the transmission of data

=> This paper is about data transmission
Discursive Creation of Compounds
First mention:
The result is an increase in the probability of rejection and a reduction in the probability
of undetected decoder error. (Rice)
Second mention:
For example, by using a judicious sequence of information error patterns, this algorithm
may be truncated after five iterations while suffering a small increase in the rejection
probability. (Rice)
10
(alternative answer in brackets)
the ability - several channels - a (the) scheme - a single line
the first sentence - the telephone - the years - telephone lines - switchboards - automatic exchanges
a great step forward - a (the) vacuum tube repeater - first used
A (the) coast to coast service - the United States
The development - electronics - the first carrier system - a single pair - wires - The number - voice
channels - a single cable - the years
Coaxial cables - wire pair cables - high capacity links - thousands - telephone channels
Microwave radio links - the war - a (the) major feature - the telephone system
The 1960s - satellites - lasers - high speed waveguides - today's telecommunication picture.
Compound nouns are commonly used for sub-headings:
Steady-State Random Walk Misadjustment

Brightness Function Optimization
Exceptions
There are a few exceptions: telecommunications engineering, electronics company,

International Standards Organization.
EXERCISE: Discuss why, in pairs.
Cf. a communication(s) system, a communication interface/channel/network/mechanism.
EXERCISE: Write 3 compound nouns used in your domain.

1) 2) 3)
Non-compoundable terms
Quantities, etc.
a number of …. / an amount of …. / the volume of …/ the nature of … / a series of …
Some examples:
… is due to the increase in the number of processors …
The amount of processed sonar is limited …
The volume of this region is given by …
… depend on the nature of the architecture
a series of sea trials
Note that compound adjectives are usually hyphenated:

high-performance processors, well-known software models, message-passing
systems
Do this correction EXERCISE, then compare your answers with your neighbour.
The Article / Compounds:
1) We propose a new estimation of mixture of distributions and apply it to unsupervised

contextual bayesian segmentation of SPOT data.
2) This considers the modelling by random markov field.
3) We observe the field x.
4) Adopting bayesian approach,...
5) The use of local method requires...
6) This is particular case of the general method exposed in ( )

7) each class represents concept which ...
8) a function of determination
9) we present principle of the system
10) to compare convergence speed of the impulse estimator
11) for transmission on acoustical channel
12) in case of fluids circulation
13) by fixing extreme theoretical limits of a ...
14) codewords tuning
15) integrated circuits design
16) the slice z is ...
17) for implementing inference machine
18) the design of the parallel architectures
19) the model of execution
20) in most of applications
Non-human possessives
Look at these examples, mainly of non-abstract nouns.
the k bits of a survivor path's metric

Each comparator compares one particular contender's metric to the incoming metric
to determine each structure's asymptotic area and time performance
The "best" decoder for that table's criterion is then the one with the smallest table entry
Note that the weavesorter's delay is multiplied by a factor of two
The execution of a parallel block … hiding the implementation of the port's database from
the user
… causes all the processes in the block's list of process calls to be created
using the transputer's microcoded support for context switching
to produce a statistical description of the loop's behavior
Fig. 9 is a plot of the DPLL's normalized rms phase error learning curve
… regardless of the stability of an electrical circuit's operating point
This is the essence of the difference between instability of a circuit's equilibrium point
… are used to approximate the weight's local gradient.
to update a single neuron's weights with serial perturbation.
which measures the filter's ability to anticipate a desired behavior
a crossbar connection to the processor's four lines
the exponentiation table's pipeline register
and this one occurrence:
Although this behavior's dependence on the value of N remains unclear, it is an

interesting result and worthy of closer examination.
Which or That
Which
Used to introduce “non-defining” relative clauses, where the noun is already identified, so the
information is additional, not essential. It is usually preceded by a comma.
The v source bits in the encoder memory define a distinct state, which can be traced in
time as the input bit sequence is encoded.
Operation (iv) avoids having to weed out paths terminating in duplicate states at time n,
which would be computationally expensive.
The algorithm developed by Horn and Schunck [1] for estimating the optimal flow between
image pairs, which we will refer to as standard optimal flow (SOF), has been widely
studied in the computer vision community.
The acquisition time constant is -1/1n(I-K), which is simplified with (31).
That
Used to introduce “defining” relative clauses, which identify or specify the noun. The
information supplied is essential.
The use of 3 provides a normalization resulting in performance formulas that are

independent of the filter length N.
Therefore the two factors that have to be taken into account are as follows: …
Actually, we must also consider defects that affect global signals such as power and
ground, as they cannot directly be reconfigured for.
It or This
It
Since the algorithm only requires counting the (15) voltage sources and counting the
negative entries along the diagonal of the final L-U Jacobian matrix, this extra analysis
requires a negligible increase of memory and CPU time. It has been successfully
implemented in SPICE3C1 [8] with the addition of less than 20 lines of code.
This memory efficiency is measured from the viewpoint of the processor. It indicates the
degree to which processors will be able to successfully issue memory references. The
efficiency is essentially PA.
Fig. 1 depicts the architecture of our proposed system. It consists of sixteen multiply-
accumulate processing elements (PEs) connected to form a fault-tolerant linear array.
To model this, a more accurate model was developed [13] , and is known as the Negative
Binomial Model. It is given by the following expression: (16)
This
Use of a binary look ahead carry (BLC) subtracter, for instance, offers improved speed
over the ripple carry equivalent, at the expense of additional area [11]. This is discussed
further in the section on timing.
When the frequency is too low as in Fig. 6(b), the SOF estimate tends to exhibit
directional errors because there is little variation in the brightness function gradient across
the image. This is a good example of the effects of the aperture problem.
An important characteristic of this plot is that the normalized acquisition time is not
constant for all BN. This is contrary to the results in [17] for acquisition in the analog loop.
Compare:
We use the following true velocity field (52) where w = 0. 02 s-'. This velocity field is a
combination of a counter-clockwise rotation and a contraction about the origin and is
shown in Fig. 3.
In fact, the direction error curve is within 5 degrees of optimality over about 1. 5 decades
of spatial frequency. This result seems to confirm the common observation that the
qualitative performance of SOF is better than its quantitative performance.
Also note that the minimum direction error occurs at a higher frequency than the mini-
mum magnitude error. This phenomenon suggests first that a qualitative performance
measure would result in a different optimal frequency and, second, that in practice it is
better to err in favor of higher frequencies when determining the optimal brightness
function.
This or That
Note:
When a subject has just been mentioned, the French language uses "ce x là", whereas the
English equivalent is "this x".
That (of) or The One(s)
Note that *the one of and *the ones of do not exist11.
That / That of
(24 occurrences)
it seems likely that the brightness function yielding the most well-conditioned E is nearly
the same as that which minimizes p(O).
with an accuracy comparable to that shown in Section V
One other implementation based on Fig. 7, but without the sorting logic, appears attractive
at first glance, but it is not considered as it would require a maximum stack size several
11
An expression preceded by a star (*) does not exist in a real-life situation.
times that of the sorting-based designs presented here.
The remaining case, that of both sending process and message tag being specified, is
handled by a linear search
This state transition matrix has characteristics that converge to that of the continuous
space model when the phase step size is small.
The one
(rare: 4 occurrences)
the path extender (PE) possesses the same bit-parallel pipelined structure as the one
described in [6]
The "best" decoder for that table's criterion is then the one with the smallest table entry …
the event that the received vector is decoded into a codeword other than the one which
was sent.
The model of the 741 op-amp used in our simulations is the one shown in [2, p. 424].
Those / Those of
(8 occurrences)
deleting all those that meet a specified discard criterion
the codes …are those which numerically integrate the circuit equations
Notice that the associated reference directions of these two ports are opposite those of
the other ports.
the PA-RLS learning curve is below those of the other algorithms
The ones
(very rare: 1 occurrence)
… that it is not the purpose here to define new models but to integrate the ones we have.
The Former - The Latter
"ce dernier" = the latter

"ce niveau-ci/ce niveau-là" = the latter level / the former level
celui-ci - celui-là = the latter - the former
If a network output is approaching its target value, and the gain of the neuron increases,
the neuron output will either move closer to the target or overshoot it. In the former
situation, the error will decrease and a given weight will change more slowly. In the latter
situation, the error will change sign and the same weight will decrease in magnitude.
The efficiency is now a weighted average of the relatively constant logical bank efficiency,
El, and the unbuffered efficiency Ep. (The latter efficiency drops off rapidly with bank
cycle time.)
One of (the) …
Note that this structure is followed by a plural noun:
One of the advantages of CHRP over strictly-serial weight perturbation is its superior
signal-to-noise performance for derivative approximations.
Assume that each reference stream is in one of three states…
The Two or Both
The two refers to two elements that are separate and/or different; both refers to two
elements that are together and/or similar:
Apart from a slight difference in T, between the two resonators, all of the plots lie on the
same curve.
Thus the two methods are equivalent when one-bit quantization is used at the matched
filter outputs.
In both circuits, the SPICE simulations converged to the operating point shown in the
figure.
It is essential to keep both ground planes electrically balanced during this experiment,
otherwise unwanted slotline resonances can appear.
Both the (15)
… for both the buffered and the unbuffered case

COMPARISON
With verbs
The greater the focal length, the larger the image will appear.
The larger the resolution, the more of a page fits on the screen.
Again we found that the larger the image, the more users were drawn to it.
The larger the strip of film is, the better the photo quality is, and therefore the larger you
can print the photograph too.
Verb “to be” omitted
Newton's 2nd Law states that the larger the mass, the smaller the acceleration.
The larger the numerator, the larger the fraction and the larger the denominator, the
smaller the fraction.
Take for example the fact that the larger the number you divide into another number, the
smaller the resulting answer. Conversely, the smaller the number you divide into the
number, the larger the result.
Each type of wire has a certain amount of resistance per foot -- the longer the wire, the
larger the resistance.
The larger the number of reference streams, the less serious the impact of the details of
one reference stream on the overall efficiency.(Robbins)
EXERCISE. Correct this:
This limitation of bandwidth resource is explained by the fact that more the frequency is big
more the absorption is significant.
Answer12
12
This limitation of bandwidth resource is explained by the fact that the higher/greater the frequency,
the more significant the absorption.
WORD ORDER
Subject - Verb – Object
The English language prefers the direct object to be immediately after the finite verb
whenever possible:
....to show the results in figure 1.
... to do the simulation several times
When this is impossible, it is often due to an adverb with a special position.
Order of Adverbs
INITIAL position MID position END position

perhaps
Surely
Only + subject
Even + subject
Occasionally (occasionally) occasionally
Sometimes (sometimes) sometimes
Adv of TIME Adv of TIME
e.g. Recently e.g. recently
Adv of PLACE Adv of MANNER
e.g. Inside e.g. rapidly
Adv INDEFINITE Adv INDEFINITE
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
e.g. often e.g. often
at once at once
very often very often
FOCUSING adv. too13
e.g. only, simply, also
either
as well
probably, certainly, definitely
almost, nearly
quite, already
never, always
Adverbial phrases
e.g. nearly thirty years ago
Adv FREQUENCY
e.g. weekly14
Adv EVALUATION
e.g. well, very well, badly
Order of adverbs and adverbial phrases: MANNER then PLACE then TIME
The gap between memory speed and processor request rate is increasing rapidly in high
performance systems.
13
In general English.
14
Idem.
The exception is with verbs of movement (e.g. come, go, arrive) where the order is PLACE -
MANNER - TIME.
… read values do not arrive at the fan-in network at a predictable time.
Mid-position Adverbs
The exact position of these adverbs can be determined using the following:
Adverb AFTER:
1) verb TO BE
No explicit model for performance is usually constructed.
2) auxiliary
it awaits an acknowledgement (if it has not already arrived)
3) first auxiliary, when there are several
(they) can often be ignored in performance analysis.
Adverb BEFORE:
1) simple form of the verb
but the diode never turns off.
2) an auxiliary verb, when the auxiliary is used alone, in general English:
He didn't send us a card - he usually does.
EXERCISE:
Correct these by putting the adverb into a suitable position in the sentence.
1. Selectivity will affect differently the channels used.

2. Selectivity will affect usually the channels used.
3. One can precisely define the parameters.
4. The first section presents briefly two applications.
5. This may be evaluated also by the final results.
6. The framework can supply sometimes approximations to fill gaps.
Answers15
Exceptions
When the Object of a verb has not yet been mentioned, it is usually in final (tonic) position in
the sentence. So a previously mentioned element (F2 in the following example) may be
placed after the verb:
… the resulting hybrid matrix is thus found simply by deleting from F2 the jth row and
15
1. used differently
2. usually affect
3. parameters precisely
4. briefly presents
5. may also be
6. can sometimes / Sometimes, the framework
column and the (p + k)th row and column.
Note these examples of word order (which are different in French):

....will allow us to determine what the result will be. (*what will be the result)
Perhaps the following conclusion can be drawn. (*Perhaps can be drawn…)
Therefore, the experiment was carried out... (*Therefore was carried out the
experiment.)
Adjectives
In general English, the word order is:

quantity - quality - size - shape - age - temperature - colour - pattern - origin - material –
purpose
Here is a long scientific example:

a zero-mean, delta correlated (white), discrete time complex Gaussian random process
In scientific writing, we can also find "interpersonal" adjectives:
One of the attractive features of the modified soft-decision decoding algorithm

Buffering can produce fairly dramatic
The excellent agreement of this comparison validates the model
The outstanding difficulty of design problems like these
we obtain the surprising and simple result …
Enough
ADJECTIVE before ENOUGH
This is low enough to ensure that computing time is not too long, but large enough not
to limit the accuracy of the computed values of R and L.
… the result is not quite good enough.
ENOUGH before NOUN
If enough information error patterns have been generated, then …
The amount of memory used … is fixed at a value that leaves enough memory space for
program allocation.
Participles as adjectives
1) AFTER the noun
Participles cannot always go before the noun or "those" (=ceux/celles). Often the participle
placed after the noun has the same kind of function as a relative clause. There is a sense of
impermanency.
Some common examples:
...the numerical results obtained in this paper

Machines built from T800-series transputer components
… the simulations discussed later
... those implementations requiring a size bM contender stack
... those described in here,
… those needed in the CRT…,
… those found in [19]…,
… those typically used for RNS
… those using uncorrelated input samples
Note also:
by the Core model mentioned above
The same decoding cycle described above
…as described below.
The stochastic formulation developed below...
and:
… all of the simulations discussed later, …
2) BEFORE the noun
Past participles before, or preceding, the noun usually have a sense of permanency, or
classify (categorize) the noun.
the received signal ....

the transmitted signal…
a dedicated channel ....
a dedicated bidirectional systolic output bus…
Many past participles can be used in front of the noun only if they are in a compound
structure:
The well-known M-algorithm

a well-engineered communication network
the most well-conditioned E is nearly the same as that which minimizes p(O).
matrices Q and A, and hence the constant r, exist for any well-posed linear dc circuit
the well-tabulated incomplete Gamma function [11]
well-worked-out data definitions
a well-defined structure
Note also:
We use the following true velocity field (52)
In the following experiment, …
In the following, keywords are capitalized …
Inversion
Inversion can be found in formal, literary style after negative words and expressions, like
"Never","...no..." and "Only" used at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis. The verb is
placed before the Subject.
"Seldom", "Rarely", "Hardly", "Scarcely" (not often found in scientific articles) follow the same
pattern.
Under no circumstances should this document be revealed.
Only when it has completed C can it accept another interface event (Woodside)
EXERCISE: Correct the word order and use of articles in the following phrases and
sentences, and make other necessary changes:
1. The above diagram represents all positions possible of y
2. One has no idea, in the general case, about the parameters corresponding to ...
3. We present in the figure 1 the basic structure of the network.
4. The array contains, for the computation of .... , a sub-matrix.
5. x was performed to see what is the effect of the spatial correlation on the global
method.
6. ... at the output of considered transmission channel.
7. the both contours
8. So far, scientists for measuring return transmission losses of a passive combiner have
presented two methods.
Answers16:
EXERCISE (Word order) Indicate the correct word order:
1) procedures can be abstractly composed
2) the probability of choosing in the diagram a path ...
3) to calculate with a token the ...
4) we perform also a ...
5) x represents all realizations possible of y.
6) This is a DCU which makes, as soon as x happens, a comparison with...
7) ...an adder for updating, after each comparison, the number of transitions.
8) We present in figure 2 the data timing.
16
1. possible positions
2. In the general case (Generally?), one has ...
3. In figure 1 we present ... (= Figure 1 presents ... / ... in figure 1.)
4. a sub-matrix for the computation of ...(= a sub-matrix to compute ....)
5. to see what the effect of spatial correlation was on the global method.
( = what effect spatial correlation had on the global method.)
6. at the output of the transmission channel considered.
7. the two contours / both contours
8. So far, scientists have presented two methods to measure the return transmission losses of a passive
combiner.
9) This modularity principle contains also an implicit locality principle
10) Adaptive systems switch and couple simultaneously several wavelengths in graded
index fibres
11) Table I summarizes the obtained values for the range of Eb/N0 ratios ….

COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS
By "uncountable" (or non-count nouns) we mean words followed by a verb in the SINGULAR
- there is no plural form (except, in some cases, with a change in meaning). For example, in
scientific articles, authors write about the performance of systems. In the theatre, we talk
about performances.
Non-count nouns can be preceded by: "the", "some", "any", “no”, "much", "little" (= peu de)
and “such”.
They cannot be preceded by "a".
Remember that the frequently misused words below are uncountable. The word is not used
with the indefinite article and a special way must be found to talk about "one of it".
Examples of usage:
For further information see [7].

It provides the information required by queueing network performance models
This information is generally available.
Such information may require significant storage.
No pertinent information is contained within the 4-bit range.
Almost all of the significant information lies in a 6-bit range.
The comparison assumes that the convolutional encoders are of the same rate,
measured in bits of information per modulation symbol as in previous work.
The three-view framework can provide a slot for each piece of information.
Here is a list of some of the common "uncountable" nouns used in scientific writing which
cause problems when trying to find ONE item.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN ONE ITEM

hardware a piece of hardware
evidence a piece of evidence
equipment17 a piece of equipment
information a piece of information
knowledge -
machinery a piece of machinery
performance -
progress -
proof -
research -
software a piece of software
traffic -
work a job (the works = the factory)
These common nouns can also cause problems in a general context:
advice a piece of advice

business (a business = a company)
damage -
17
In the USA, the plural "equipments" can be used, although “equipment” is still more common.
furniture a piece of furniture
luggage/baggage a piece of luggage/baggage
luck a stroke of luck
mail18 a letter, a package (USA)
news an item of / a piece of news
post a letter, a parcel (GB)
Singular words - Plural words
These words look as if they are plurals, but in fact they are not, and they are followed by a
verb in the singular.
Continuum mechanics is a branch of physics.

Microelectronics is a fast-developing industry.
Also: all other science subjects ending in -ics
Other common words generally followed by the singular: news, multimedia
Multimedia provides the opportunity to ...
Common word followed by the plural: media

Traditional media seek to improve …
SUCH + uncountable or plural

such information may require significant storage
.. for use in such systems
WHAT + uncountable or plural

we can consider what information should flow …
it is desirable to know what patterns will …
Unusual Plurals
Words used in scientific writing that come from a foreign language:
SINGULAR PLURAL
analysis analyses
antenna antennas (elec.); antennae (biology)
appendix appendices
axis axes
basis bases
criterion criteria
a piece of data (a datum) data
formula formulas / formulae
hypothesis hypotheses
index indexes
index indices (mathematics)
matrix matrices
(medium) media
18
However, the plural of "an email" is "emails".
phenomenon phenomena
radius radii (maths), radiuses (biology)
Other useful words:
addendum addenda
crisis crises
curriculum curricula
erratum errata
memorandum/memo memoranda/memos
terminus terminii, terminuses
No change in the plural:

a means (e.g. a means of transport)
a series
EXERCISE: Singular/Plural/Uncountables.
Correct these:
to improve the performances of this system

such a complexity
a modeling
a global information
those global informations
these hypothesis are ...
each type of exceptions
the main limitations which has been pointed out ...
PREPOSITIONS
All prepositions are followed by the gerund form of the verb, or by a noun:
without incurring operating system overheads
before reaching the router interface
Lemma 6.1 is proved by dividing …
Specific prepositions in scientific contexts
in
Four points are of interest in these numerical results
These cases are of interest in coded CPFSK systems
there is interest in reduced-complexity algorithms that …
we are interested in the apparent time constant
the performance cost involved in this reorganization was minimal
The primary difficulty in determining the optimal brightness function is …
to participate in
to succeed in doing something
an increase in the target strength
a 5% increase in circuit area (or: an increase of 5% in circuit area)
a rise in something
a decrease in processor cycle time
fall/decline in something
a larger reduction in the overall number of states
A significant improvement in performance
a change in the sea floor relief
in Figure 1
in Table 2
in the diagram
N.B. Use in with the thing that changes, and of with the amount that it changes, e.g. an
increase of 5% in bandwidth, a reduction of 10% in memory used
into
Change the Fig. 9(c) port variables into the Fig. 9(d) port variables
A nonblocking call can be converted into a blocking one
An asynchronous send transforms the target process identity into a target process or number
This translates into increased dynamic range for fewer channels.
the array is effectively broken up (algorithmically and physically) into four smaller PEs
The memory … is divided into equal subbanks
to segregate packets at their destination into their constituent streams
Most of the resource models decompose the complete system model into submodels
we show the actual SOF estimation error separated into a percent average velocity
magnitude error
the larger dynamic range is partitioned into m, k-bit sections.
the compiler splits it into several vector operations
The parameters … with shared memory organized into logical banks are …
cut into

Packets are injected into the network
as they are loaded into the contender stack
Also, the notation allows for an integration of a functional programming style into Fortran.
Our contribution is to integrate the earlier work into a simpler extension of Fortran 77
we can input the coded information sequence directly into the CPE
The second visit to P inserts overhead activities into the paths
To incorporate the contention solution into the probability of executing an overhead activity
Weights (w) feeding a given neuron are shifted into the processor
Most well-known software models fit into the MPR framework
plug into
When this parameter dependence is taken into account, …

…taking into consideration this correction if necessary
A linear analysis provides some insight into the acquisition characteristics …
to
We now return to (5)
Equation (9) is equivalent to (13)
with encoder state equal to zero
from a to b, from state v to state u
Sufficiently close to the bifurcation, we have …
that no single approach to encoding CPFSK will consistently obtain the best performance if ..
so that consecutive addresses go to consecutive subbanks
to export to ...
Buffering has been proposed by a number of authors as a possible solution to the problem of
memory conflicts.
at
read values do not arrive at the fan-in network at a predictable time
to be bad/worse at ...
to be good/better at ...
from
In order to benefit from the semi-parallelism of CHRP
to profit from
to borrow something from someone
to hide something from someone/something
changes resulting from perturbations
We used routing components from INMOS
a is different from b
from the point of view of each interface process
when the adaptive filter is far from convergence
from one iteration to the next
on
our error does not depend on v
The entries in S are dependent on the implementation
Our work complements the work on anomaly detection
a report on something
to collaborate on a project
by
A simulation study by Briggs [2]
The volume of this region contained in the unit n-sphere is given by [7]
modified … by Sheen et al. [17]
of
using the method of Weeks et al. [16]
This lack of variation is not unexpected
an increase of 22.32% (or: a 22.32% increase)
a decrease/fall/decline of
order to avoid the possibility of overflow in the path extender
there exists a non-zero probability of remaining in the same phase state
P is independent of M or b
We can think of these zero and one primitives as having two input and output carry bits
to be in charge of
a system composed of a CPE and an MM as in Fig. 2 (2 occurrences)
The processing pipeline is made up of a series of transputer modules (TRAM's) (1 occ.)
The processing units consist of three processes (15 occ.)
NB. Do NOT use "consist in" to translate "consister à".
Use "involve" (29 occ.) or other expressions.
Extending a survivor path involves updating its cumulative metric and symbol history as it
branches to the next level of the trellis.
The key to simplifications lies in the generation of information error sequences.
for
Our approach will be to improve the precision of the approximation most responsible for the
inaccuracies of the present expressions.
Certain types of model are suitable for special combinations of workload and scheduling
discipline
it is not well-suited for use with codes or channels having long memory
we cannot use simple Binomial expressions for determining if M out of N modules are
functioning
without the need for storage
The explanation for this is as follows
If there is room in the queue for the specified subbank, …
The principal reason for this difference in the acquisition behavior is …
with
three events associated with each activity
to be confronted with
to be faced with
A comparison of Fortran M with data-parallel languages [24], [114], [2]
when the encoder is combined with the feedback-free CPE, we
about
the output equation (4) only provides information about the velocity in the direction of the
brightness gradient at each pixel
… to incorporate well-known ideas about the Church-Rosser theorem, …
computation of p requires prior knowledge about v (r)
EXERCISE 1: Fill in the missing preposition

After certain adjectives:
They are good ........ transmitting signals.
They are involved ........ research
They are different ........ the other procedures
They are responsible ........ their actions
They are interested ........ our results
They are independent ........ their sponsors
They are dependent ........ their sponsors ……. their funding
The adaptive filter is far ........ convergence
After certain verbs/expressions:

In Fig. 5, we show the actual SOF estimation error separated ........ a percent average
velocity magnitude error
She participated ........ the meeting
It consists ........ two parts
They arrived ........ the conclusion
After certain nouns:

I can tell the difference ............. them
There was no information ............ (à propos de) the conference
There was a change ............. the workshop schedule
There was a need ……... change
There was a choice ............. the left and the right
There was no explanation ……....... the delay
There was a decrease/increase ……...... the bit rate
There was a lack ……....... coordination
There was a report ............. progress being made
There was no room ............. error
I take great pleasure ............. introducing the next speaker
He had difficulty ............ believing it
Answers19
EXERCISE 2
Indicate the correct prepositions (if one is necessary) and make other necessary changes
1) in spite of the possibilities to optimize the ...

2) we considered the possibilities to use this technique
3) it is constituted by two microstrip lines
4) hidden to the user
5) before to disinterleave, ...
6) it is split onto 3 parts
7) separating in one part .... and in another part
8) in the other hand
19
good at, involved in, different from, responsible for, interested in, independent of, dependent on…
for, far from -- separated into, participated in, consists of, arrived at -- difference between, information
about, change in, need for, choice between, explanation for, decrease/increase in, lack of, report on,
9) within part 1 of the paper
10) the probability to choose a path ...
11) a scheme divided in 7 layers
12) translated in the correct form
13) on a simple example
EXERCISE 3
This is another exercise you can do if you need further practice
Adjectives and past participles:

afraid........................................failing
associated........................................ this method
close........................................a base station
composed........................................several parts
confronted........................................a choice
different........................................previous results
not far.......................................the theoretical results
good........................................mathematics
interested ........................................research
made........................................INTEL
made........................................glass
made up........................................several components
reflected........................................the ionosphere
related........................................the problem
responsible........................................manufacturing
suited........................................the application
Answers20
Verbs:
it depends........................................the results
to agree........................................a policy
to arrive........................................the conclusion
to benefit........................................the advantages
to come........................................my conclusion
to connect a workstation........................................ the network
to consist........................................two parts
to convert........................................light
to depend........................................the bit rate
to divide........................................pieces
to increase efficiency........................................15%
to increase the bandwidth........................................300 megahertz
to link a personal computer........................................the mainframe
room for, pleasure in, difficulty in

20
afraid of failing - associated with this method - close to a base station - composed of several parts -
confronted with a choice - different from previous results - not far from the theoretical results - good at
mathematics - interested in research - made by INTEL - made of glass - made up of several
components - reflected off the ionosphere - related to the problem - responsible for manufacturing -
suited to the application
to pass light .......................................a glass fibre
to plug a device........................................a socket
to rely........................................the equipment
to send a signal........................................a receiver
to separate........................................two parts
to take advantage........................................a situation
to think........................................going
to transform the analogue signal........................................a digital one
to work........................................Alcatel
to work........................................a project
Answers21
Other expressions:
in accordance........................................Shannon's theorem
in addition........................................this drawback
a decline........................................costs
difficulty........................................doing
an improvement........................................the technology
an increase........................................efficiency
a lack........................................ resources
the leader........................................the market
a link........................................subscribers and base stations
a loss........................................ intensity
a means........................................doing
a need........................................HDTV
no point........................................doing
no possibility........................................doing
room........................................improvement
the search........................................a solution
Answers22
and :
........................................regards the future
........................................the moment
........................................the same time
........................................these means
a book........................................a famous scientist
21
it depends on the results... - to agree with a policy - to arrive at the conclusion - to benefit from the advantages -
to come to my conclusion - to connect a workstation to the network - to consist of two parts - to convert into light -
to depend on the bit rate - to divide into pieces - to increase efficiency by 15% - to increase the bandwidth to x
megahertz - to link a personal computer to the mainframe - to pass light through a glass fibre - to plug a device
into a socket - to rely on the equipment - to send a signal to a receiver - to separate into two parts - to take
advantage of a situation - to think of going... - to transform the analogue signal into a digital one - to work for/at
Alcatel - to work on a project
22
in accordance with Shannon's theorems - in addition to this drawback - a decline in costs - difficulty in doing -
an increase in efficiency - a lack of resources - an improvement in the technology - the leader in the market - a
link between subscribers - a loss in intensity - a means of doing - a need for HDTV - no point in doing - no
possibility of doing - room for improvement - the search for a solution
a paper........................................a colleague
a change........................................the better
........................................figure 1
........................................the diagram
........................................table 2
........................................my opinion
........................................my view
........................................this way
a network........................................ours ( = comme)
........................................the other hand
the first........................................the left
........................................the world ( = partout)
........................................construction ( = en)
with regards ...........................................
Answers23
VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY "TO" + GERUND
Example:
I'm looking forward to the conference.
cf. I'm looking forward to attending the conference
Verbs
Hence, we are confined to measuring the changes in resonant frequency Af (T) = f (To) -
f (T), where To is a fixed low temperature …
Since the performance of the DPLL is independent of the actual true carrier phase, the
work in this paper will be restricted to assessing the statistical characterization of the
phase error.
Change the polarity of V and V as shown in Fig 9(b). This corresponds to changing the
sign of each of the elements in the last two rows of F.
Second, B can be divided into three parts, each implemented in a separate process and
processor and each handling its own portion of the data consistency problem that led
originally to B being serialized.
Nouns
There are very significant advantages to obtaining parallel programs by annotating
sequential programs, rather than by restructuring sequential programs into processes.
This paper explores buffering as an alternative or as a supplement to caching at the
chip level.
Verghese et al. [32] give a general approach to computing Poincaré maps and their
Jacobians for switching circuits.
For a loop with a smaller gain, the increased susceptibility to remaining in the hangup
region is the principle reason for the differences in the acquisition performance.
23
as regards the future - at the moment - at the same time - by these means - a book by a famous scientist - a
paper by a colleague - a change for the better - in figure 1 - in the diagram - in table 2 - in my opinion - in my view
- in this way - a network like ours - on the other hand - the first on the left - throughout the world - under
construction – with regards to
Adjectives
The Jacobian of the Poincaré map is basic to studying stability of a periodic orbit of the
circuit.
This is equivalent to saying that the two-way pattern of a synthetic array has the same
shape as the one-way pattern of a real array of twice the length, which is illustrated in Fig.
3.
This implies that the course of the gains during the process of scaling the weights is
important to learning.
The processor accepting and processing the data can be fixed to processing the same
geometric region.
A smaller maximum step size is similar to reducing the gain in terms of acquisition
performance.
C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is well adapted to detecting ocean pollution
since the radar backscatter is reduced by oil slicks.
Also:
See the reduction in energy due to applying P, at the end of Section VII.
Rapidly growing weights can clip prior to finding a good network solution
In addition to reducing average access time, logical banks can…
MODIFYING
Comparative and much/more
a range smaller than their maximum targeted values

The efficiency is initially lower than the asymptotic value
It changes more rapidly than would be expected if …
it is much more area efficient to perform the modular reduction first
Less, (a) few and fewer
less computation is required per decoded bit

a few machine instructions
the hard-decision incomplete decoder rejects fewer words
Very, Much and Well
Before past participles
"Very" is used before past participles referring to a state, a quality or a personal reaction:
We present a very simplified example of …
"Much" "very much" and "well" are used before other past participles:
the results were much improved
the results were very much improved
Techniques for implementing such systems are well understood
Or use an adverb:
significantly improved performance is provided
Before adjectives, adverbs and prepositions
"Very" cannot precede comparatives, "too", "more" or "less". Use "much":
The resulting simplified formula is much more useful for computations and theory.
The direction error curve in Fig. 5(b) shows a much larger range of frequencies…
Almost all of the significant information lies in a 6-bit range, well within the capabilities of
the converter design shown in Fig. 4.
The probability of undetected error for the soft-decision decoding rule is well below that of
the hard-decision decoding rule.
Before nouns
… very many separate and unconnected approaches have been described.

A great deal of work has been carried out on functional (equational and applicative)
languages that guarantee that the output of a program is a function of its input.
Other intensifiers
Dramatically (5)
the efficiency drops dramatically as predicted by the model.
Dramatic (3)
Buffering can produce fairly dramatic improvements in efficiency
APPROXIMATIONS
Relatively
(28 occurrences)
The hardware to perform these tasks is relatively simple and straightforward.
Quite
(21 occurrences)
1) = fairly (gradient), used with:
complex, early, general, good, lengthy, long, poor, reasonable, sharp, small, successful, well
their convergence behavior can be quite poor in the presence of correlated input samples
2) = totally (polar: yes/no), used with:

accurate, different, dramatic, dramatically, insensitive, unlike, possible
The performance difference between reads and writes as a function of stride is quite
dramatic.
Approximately
(20 occurrences)
This algorithm, having approximately twice as many multiplications per sample, …
Around
(17 occurrences)
In practice, the YBCO-free regions tend to be around 2 µm wider than the mask
dimensions
Slightly
(11 occurrences)
The throughput is slightly higher than the efficiency.
Roughly
(9 occurrences)
the soft- decision curve corresponding to p = 0.8 is roughly 3 dB inside the hard-decision
curve corresponding to t' = 2
Almost
(8 occurrences) "Almost" is nearer than "nearly"
The increase in coding gain for Sv equal to four is almost 2 dB.
Nearly
(7 occurrences) "Nearly' cannot be used with negative words like: never, nobody, nothing,
nowhere, no, none
comparing this velocity field to the true velocity shown in Fig. 6(c) reveals a nearly perfect
result.
About
(5 occurrences)
incomplete soft-decision decoding requires about 2 dB less signal-to-noise ratio.
Fairly
(4 occurrences)
The efficiency is inversely proportional to T and drops off fairly rapidly.
SPELLING
English vs French spelling
Be careful with English words which resemble French ones:

access, address, connection, developed, development, exercise, independent, literature,
personal, professional, proportional, resource, traffic
Be careful with double letters in words like:

personnel (=staff), accommodation, committee, occurred, symmetric
The word "technique" is spelt the same in American English, British English, and French.
The word "program" (sic) is used in Great Britain and in the USA to mean a piece of written
software.
USA vs GB spelling
American British
The final -l is not doubled in an unstressed
syllable
modeled, modeling, traveler modelled, modelling, traveller
Some words end in -er
center, fiber, liter, kilometer centre, fibre, litre, kilometre
Some words end in -or
behavior, color behaviour, colour
Some words end in -og
analog, catalog, dialog analogue, catalogue, dialogue
Verbs of more than one syllable end in -ize, Two spellings are possible:
and nouns in -ization realize, civilization
realize, civilization realise, civilisation
analyze analyse
aluminum aluminium
(bank) check (bank) cheque
gray grey
to practice to practise
program programme
specialty speciality
Do the following spelling EXERCISE.

Translate into English
caractéristique
conditionnel
cristal
détaillé
dépendance
développé
dictionnaire
domaine
en pratique
enveloppe
environnement
exemple
fonctionnalité
fonctionnel
graphe
garantie
indépendant
mécanisme
objets
période
projet
série
stationnaire
symétrique
théorique
PUNCTUATION
Plurals
- s is used to indicate plural acronyms - CPUs
- apostrophe 's can be used in time expressions: the 80's, the 90's, although the 80s and
the 90s are also commonly used.
English vs French punctuation
In English punctuation, there is no space between the last word of a sentence and the full-
stop/period (.) the question mark (?) or the exclamation mark (!)
There is no space between a word and the following comma (,) colon (:) or semi-colon (;).
There is a space after all the above punctuation marks.
In a list separated by commas, there is an "and" before the final item:

... in domains like automatic reasoning, theorem proving and logic programming.
Punctuation EXERCISE. Improve these sentences in the way suggested. These examples
come from an IEEE manual in the library.
1. Full stops/periods can be used to avoid overpacked sentences. (Remember: no more than
one main and one subordinate idea per sentence.)
Since the ultimate objective of the work is the development of a mathematical

representation of the reduction process, which can be readily used for modeling the
behavior of moving-bed systems, we shall select the simplest model that is consistent with
measurements over the range of variables encountered in industrial operating practice. (3
sentences and relevant changes) Answer 24
2. Semicolons can be used to avoid too many "and"s.
If the correlation is disturbed at any distance within a critical radius an exchange of energy
between the two electrons sets in and the outcome of the process is that the faster
electron escapes while the slower is captured by the ion into an excited state of the atom
and hence no ionization has taken place. (2 semicolons, or 1 semicolon and 1 full stop)
3. Colons should be used to achieve conciseness.
Defining the volume and nonradiochemical composition of high level waste that we are
going to concentrate is complicated by the fact that different processing schemes may be
used and that different combinations of process wastes may be made to generate the
high level wastes. (1 colon and changes)
4. Commas are used to avoid confusion.

24
1.The ultimate objective of the work is the development of a mathematical representation of the
reduction process. This can be readily used for modeling the behavior of moving-bed systems.
Therefore we shall select the simplest model that is consistent with measurements over the range of
variables encountered in industrial operating practice.
In this model absorption processes are assigned to the lowest electric dipole transition. At
very low temperatures migration energy does not occur and thus the same site is
responsible for both absorption and fluorescence. (4 commas)
5. Question marks can be used sparingly to spark interest, for instance in the introduction.
The cause of the rapidly increasing degradation rate as R increases is not known but
there are several intriguing possibilities. (2 sentences: a question and an answer)
Answers25
USA versus GB punctuation
Hyphenated words in GB English are often one word in US English:

non-radiochemical AND nonradiochemical
Contractions
Do not use contractions (it’s, that’s, it isn’t, it wasn’t, it can’t, etc.) in scientific writing.
25
2 .If the correlation is disturbed at any distance within a critical radius, an exchange of energy between
the two electrons sets in; the outcome of the process is that the faster electron escapes while the
slower is captured by the ion into an excited state of the atom; hence no ionization has taken place.
3. Defining the volume and nonradiochemical composition of high level waste that we are going to
concentrate is complicated: different processing schemes may be used and different combinations of
process wastes may be made to generate the high level wastes.
4. In this model, absorption processes are assigned to the lowest electric dipole transition. At very low
temperatures, migration energy does not occur and, thus, the same site is responsible for both
absorption and fluorescence.
5. Why does the degradation rate increase rapidly as R increases? We do not know but there are
several intriguing possibilities.
VOCABULARY
Problematic verbs
Cover up the English - then translate the French:
analyser analyse (analyze USA)

appliquer apply
automatiser automate (automation, an automaton, n.)
choisir choose - chose - chosen
communiquer communicate
comparer compare
configurer configure (configuration n.)
numériser digitize (digitise GB)
diviser divide
évaluer evaluate, assess
évoluer evolve
focaliser focus
modéliser model (modelling n., modeling n. USA)
occuper occupy
percevoir perceive
préparer prepare
produire produce (producer, product n.)
simuler simulate
valider validate
and:
concevoir design
construire build
fonctionner operate, work
former (q.qn) train
occasionner cause
préciser make explicit, detail, point out, clarify, specify
réaliser develop, build, make, implement, deploy,
carry out, etc.
récupérer recover, collect
French words ending in -ique and -ie, and related words
There is no general rule about the adjective ending in -ic or -ical, but note that new adjectives
coming into the language usually end in -ic
Cover up the English, and translate the words that you need to use:
analogique (adj) analogue, (analog USA)

biologique (adj) biological
cathodique (adj) cathode (ray tube)
classique (adj) classical (method/music...)
classique (adj) classic (example...)
Diagnostic (n) diagnosis
dynamique (adj) dynamic
économie (n) economy (of a country...)
économie (n) (the science of) economics
économique (adj) economic = to do with the economy
économique (adj) economical = not wasteful
électrique (adj) electric (field/current)
électrique (adj) electrical (device)
électronique (n) electronics
électronique (adj) electronic
génie (n) engineering
graphe (n) graph
graphique un (n) graph
graphique (adj) graphic, graphical
infographie (n) computer graphics
logique (n) logic
logique (adj) logical
magnétique (adj) magnetic
mécanique (adj) mechanical
mécanicien (n) mechanic
numérique (adj) digital (signal/transmission)
numérique (adj) numerical (mathematics)
optique (n) optics
optique (adj) optical
photographie, une (n) a photograph
photographie, la (n) (the art of ) photography
politique, une (n) policy
politique, un/une (n) politician
politique, la (n) politics
pratique (adj) practical
psychologique (adj) psychological
robotique (n) robotics
sceptique (adj) sceptical (skeptical USA)
scientifique (n) scientist
scientifique (adj) scientific
symbolique (adj) symbolic
technique (n) technique
technique (adj) technical
technologie (n) technology
technologique (adj) technological
théorique (adj) theoretical
thermique (adj) thermal
To Do, to Make, to Perform
Do
(rare in scientific writing, except for negations and questions)

to do checks
to do analyses
Also:
a project
an industrial placement, a training period (an internship )
a course (to go on a course, to follow a course)
a practical project
an exercise
research
some work, some...
a survey
a thesis, a PhD
a talk, a presentation
Make
analyses
assessments
an assumption, assumptions
an attempt, attempts
a choice, choices
a decision, decisions
a difference
observations
progress
reference to …
a request
remarks
use of …
updates
sense
Also:
a converter/amplifier/tuner/connections
a copy
contact/a contact
a mistake
a plan
an improvement/modifications/changes
a transaction
Perform
an analysis, analyses
arithmetic calculations
a correlation
encoding
an experiment, experiments
a function, functions
imaging
an iteration, iterations
learning
mappings
multiplication
operations
processing
reduction
runs
a search, searches
simulations
synchronization
tasks
tests
transformation, transformations
updates
To Fit, to Match, to Suit
Fit
Most well-known software models fit into the MPR framework

It should be noted that these systems (with the exception of large-bm bitonic and hybrid
designs) would typically fit on a single custom ASIC using current CMOS technology.
The length of the message area must be passed explicitly through the call since this
number may not fit into the length field of a header.
It is commonplace to assume a value A(O) and then vary this parameter until \(T) fits the
forms given by the BCS theory in the London limit or the Gorter-Casimir model.
We can consider our proposed linear array chip as fitting this category, …
Match
a trellis-search algorithm is employed to determine the trellis path which best matches the
signal sequence detected by the receiver.
these algorithms cannot match the speed of the massively parallel VLSI structures
possible with the Viterbi algorithm.
Scientists need to set values of parameters in some computer simulations so that
simulations match reality;
the optimal frequencies of the experimental and theoretical curves match extremely
closely in Fig. 4
This characteristic matches well the time constant derived for the analog loop [17].
Suit
The most common application of incomplete decoding is hybrid-ARQ error control [3]
which is particularly well suited for data communications systems where …
The codeword searching algorithm described herein is ideally suited for high speed
applications …
Certain types of model are suitable for special combinations of workload and scheduling
discipline.
(Un)satisfactory
Although a limited gain range is usually satisfactory for convergence, appropriate static
gain values must be determined for each different situation
Such an approach is highly unsatisfactory for the commercial exploitation of

multicomputers, where code portability is a key issue.
If it is unsatisfactory, the analysis stage can be revised before going on to the design.

Commonly Used Latin Expressions
Here are the most commonly used Latin expressions:
a fortiori = with even stronger reason

a posteriori /eiposterio:rai/ or /eiposterio:ri/= from effects to causes, reasoning based on
past experience
a priori /eipraio:rai/ or /a:prio:ri/= from causes to effects, conclusions drawn from
assumptions, deductive reasoning
a.m. = ante meridiem = before noon
c. or ca = circa = about, around, approximately
cf. = confer = compare
e.g. = exempli gratia = for example, for instance
et al. = (abbr. et alii, et alia, etc.) and others, and other people/things
et seq. = et sequens = and the following pages
etc. = et cetera = and so on, and other things
ex post facto = after the fact, retrospectively
f. = and the next page
ff. = and the following pages
i.e. = id est = that is to say
in situ = in its original place
infra = below
inter alia = amongst other things
N.B. = Nota Bene = note well (capitalize)
op. cit. = opere citato= in the work cited/mentioned before
p.m. = post meridiem = after noon
P.S. = post scriptum = after writing
pro rata = in proportion
Q.E.D. = quod erat demonstrandum = which was to be shown
q.v. = quod vide = which see, elsewhere in the same book
sic = thus used, spelt, etc.
sine qua non = without which not, essential precondition
status quo = things as they are
supra = above
v., vs. = versus = against
v.v. = vice versa = the other way round
Time Expressions
a period of time
a time interval
at any one time
at that time
at the same time (as) …
at the time of …, at the time of manufacture
at time t
every time
in time
the (same) amount of time
the time constant
the time it takes to …
first, = dans un premier temps

second, = dans un deuxième temps
meanwhile/during this time/at the same time = dans le même temps
more integrated approaches are needed throughout systems development
Space expressions
We assume throughout the paper…
OTHER PROBLEMATIC TRANSLATIONS
"ainsi" = So/Therefore/Thus/Hence/Thereby/Hereby
it therefore converts .... (formal)

Thus it converts .....
Hence = From this (very formal)
Thereby = In that way (very formal)
Hereby = In this way (very formal)
"avantages" et "inconvénients"
advantage and disadvantage

One of the advantages of CHRP over strictly-serial weight perturbation is its superior
signal-to-noise performance for derivative approximations.
One disadvantage of our model is that …
benefit and drawback

It is in designing and maintaining concurrent systems that the greatest benefit may be
expected.
Incomplete soft-decision decoding offers a potential reduction in decoder complexity as
shown in [2]. The drawback is that such a decoder does not guarantee a codeword output
for every possible input.
"chaque" (see "tout")
"comme" and "tel que"

for example
for instance
such as
like
as with:
Hangup affects acquisition with MPSK modulated input signals in a similar fashion as with
an unmodulated signal.
"comme suit"
= as follows
"sans considération de" and "sans tenir compte de"

= without taking ... into account
"au contraire de/contrairement à/à l’opposé de .."

= On the other hand, ....... /Unlike ...
"à la différence de x"

= unlike x
"encore", "toujours", "déjà", etc.
the processing task must always have data ready
To show that Theorem 2 still holds, we augment...
The three views are already widely used
We have not yet optimized our film patterning process

No other alternative structures have yet been considered
… because the sender no longer holds the token after the token is sent.
"de cette façon" = in this way / in this manner / by this means
"sur la figure 1" = in figure 1
"jusqu'à" + TIME = until

until sometime later, until a feasible solution is found.
"jusqu'à" + NUMBER = as high as / up to

The results were as high as 5dB
for machines containing up to 1000 nodes
"laisser", "laisser faire", and "faire faire"
To keep things simple we let t = 0,
then the positive thyristor voltage can make (12.4) fail
The amount of memory used in the DRAM area for storing sonar data is fixed at a value
that leaves enough memory space for program allocation.
"laisser - rester" = remain/leave /be left
Il reste 2 pages = Two pages remain. There remain two pages. There are 2 pages left.
The bitonic structure remains the fastest of the AI-alg designs
If we leave this problem aside,...

It also verifies that nothing is left out in M.
a value that leaves enough memory space
Let
Let us now consider the dependence of…
"Soit" :
Let t = 0
Let the constant r be defined as follows:
"permettre de": enable/ permit/allow always require a direct object
x permet de calculer y / x permet le calcul de y =

x enables/allows/permits y to be computed/calculated
x enables/allows/permits the …. of y
x makes it possible to compute/calculate y

x makes the computation/calculation of y possible
a larger value of K enables the loop to make bigger steps in phase

To enable us to perform quick calculations using these results, we …
This enables a high performance processing engine to be constructed
The sonar transmitter allows the transmission of modulated pulse waveforms

a user interface has been added to allow operators to control the imaging system
by permitting access directly from user address space

to permit the efficient code loading of networks from the root processor
Reuse of existing modules makes it possible to also reuse their activity data.
EXERCISE: Translate the following sentence in as many ways as possible: Cela permet de
manipuler la forme du faisceau d’antenne ou d’augmenter la bande passante.
(faisceau = beam ; bande passante = bandwidth)
"pour ...." ; " afin de …"

(in order) to do: to express a person's purpose
The arrival of data at a particular port may require quite complex activities in order to
realize the desired protocol.
for doing: to express the purpose of an object, what it is used for

In this paper we present a method for determining this pattern a priori using mild
assumptions about the velocity field and imaging process.
"quelque – quelque soit – n'importe"

…it can then extract whatever information is required
where the decoding process is halted whenever the binary decoder produces …
… and the same final state is reached regardless of the order.
"réaliser - réalisation"
to realize = se rendre compte
pour réaliser le projet = in order to carry out/develop/implement (etc) the project

pour assurer la réalisation du projet = in order to see that the project is carried
out/developed/implemented (etc)
réaliser une maquette = to make/construct a model
You can realize:

arrays
backpropagation
computing
a configuration
a design
an interface
a matrix
a register
routing
"rester" (voir "laisser - rester")
"supposé être"
assumed to be
supposed to be = censé être
"tout", "chaque", "tout le..."

on each iteration
every codeword has the last modulo-P symbol equal to zero or two.
At every step....
… all the eigenvalues of DF lie within or on the unit circle.
The cost of a synchronising barrier across the whole machine is critical to many codes.
All that is necessary is to apply the RLS P -update equation to the input vector at each
iteration.
"utile"
the specification of the design and behavior is useful in making effective
decompositions.(3)
Assumption 2.1 is more useful for high power circuits (5)
Before we proceed, it is of interest to compare the above result with …(3)
It is interesting to note that this limit corresponds to (3)
Thus, this is a worthwhile tradeoff in both cases. (2)
"voir plus bas" = as stated below/see below
Now correct the mistakes in these two EXERCISES.
EXERCISE: Correct the vocabulary mistakes
to take account of
to dispose of
too little (size)
too large/too big (number)
very important (size)
A statistical approach of the problem...
transmission is realized on several channels
actually
current available SLMs cannot …
the more often applications are ...
in this later (cette dernière) family
a usual application
the comportment of the ...
this has lead our search in two senses
and the same thing with ....
knowing that ...
Tmax is named the ....
all along the experiment
modelization
there exists...
it is to say (= c’est-à-dire)
to valid the results
to concept a program
we undertook the conception of an optical processor
signals propagate quicker in optical fibres
information has to be switched in the good direction
popular demand for online video is supposed to be increasing
the conception of the circuit
it can be interesting to put ...
spectral information resulting of the position of the …
EXERCISE with various mistakes to correct:
we quantize the POF phase as following

the code is implementing in the glueware
Multilayered technology allows to overcome this limitation
As it is presented in the table 1 theoric results has in good agreement with the litterature.
... a study on sensibilities in relation with the device.
For a best exploitation of the power ...
a steadily evaluation
a particularly construction
his clock
all sites can only have one input
it allows to envisage ...
The ADA language doesn't enable that.
it is below one (celui de) for mobile radiocommunication.
because of using CGH, ...
this brings to the engineer a tool which ....
by truncating of the Fourier serie
The correlator knows today a renewal of interest for …
The GCN Laboratory's employers have collaborated in the realization of this terminal.
This is syntactically well connected as is showed on the next diagram.
to make computers communicate with themselves.
knowledge's progress
the objects's behaviour
Nowaday's architectures use powerful laser diodes
FULL LIST OF TRANSLATIONS OF “TRICKY” EXPRESSIONS
EXERCISE: Translate these words and phrases:
accepter de to agree to
actionner to work/activate
actuellement at present/now/nowadays (presently = tout à
l'heure)
adapter (s'adapter à) to adapt to
analogue analogue (analog - USA)
appareil device/apparatus
appliquer to apply
arriver à faire to manage to do
arriver que (il arrive que...) sometimes,/occasionally, …
assister à to attend/to be present at
assurer que to ensure that
autocommutateur switching equipment
autocommutateur privé PABX
automatisme control engineering
avis (à mon avis) in my opinion
bénéficier de to gain by/benefit from/have/enjoy/
bien – C’est très bien That is fine/great/very good
bien adapté well-adapted
bien connu well-known
bien développé well-developed
bien fait well done
bon (une bonne précision /implantation) suitable/fit/reliable/valid/right/correct/proper
bon en langues good at languages
capteur a sensor
carburant fuel
dans le cadre de within the framework of
central (téléphonique/nucléaire/électrique) a telephone exchange/a nuclear power
station/ a power station
chercheur a research worker/researcher
choisir - choisi -choix to choose - chosen - a choice
codage encoding
commande - commander an order - to order/a control - to control
commande à distance remote control
comme (faire comme si) to act as if/to pretend that
comment faire pour... how to do/how to go about doing
communication (téléphone) a call
communication (congrès) a paper
commutateur a switch/a switching centre
commutation switching
comportement behaviour (behavior USA)
compte (tenir compte de - prendre en to take x into account
compte)
conception design
conclusion (arriver à une c.) to come to a conclusion
concurrent rival/competitor
concurrence competition
conférence a (university) lecture
connaître (un succès/ un développement) to enjoy success/to go
through/experience/undergo a development
connaître (une civilisation) to be familiar with
consister à/en to involve
constructeur manufacturer
contrôler to control/monitor
convertisseur converter
coopération Voluntary Service Overseas (GB) Peace
Corps (USA) (nearest equivalent)
cours/un petit cours a class/a private lesson
courbe a curve
d'accord I agree – It is agreed
d'ici la semaine prochaine by next week
d'un côté - de l'autre côté on the one hand - on the other hand
de (au nord de...) to the north of
décomposer, se... en to break down into
dehors (en dehors de) outside
demande (faire une) to ask/ to make a request
demander à quelqu'un to ask someone to do...
dernier the last ( = final) - the latest ( = most recent)
destiné à intended/meant for/to
deux (les deux) both
devant un problème faced with a problem
débit flow
défaut (erreur) fault
dépendre d'une organisation ou d'une to be answerable to an organization or
fédération federation
détruire destroy
différence (faire la .d.) to tell the difference
difficultés (avoir des d./ beaucoup de d.à to be in difficulty/to have great difficulty in
faire.) doing
direction (la dir. d'un établissement) principal of a college/management of a firm
disposer de to have x at one's disposal
données data
émission programme (T.V.)
en ce qui concerne concerning/regarding/as far as x is
concerned
enfin/finalement lastly/finally (at last = telling a story)
engagement a commitment
entreprise firm/company
équipements equipment/facilities/plant
esprit (mentalité - humour) mentality - wit
être (nous sommes quatre) there are 4 of us
évaluer to assess/evaluate/estimate
éventuellement possibly (eventually = at last)
évident obvious
éviter de to avoid doing
éviter que to avoid something happening
évoluer to evolve
excédent excess
existe (il existe...) There is/are
expérience (personal) experience
expérience scientifique experiment
expliquer à to explain something to someone
exposition exhibition
fabrication manufacture/production
fabriquer to make/manufacture/produce
façon de faire a way of doing
faire un numéro de tél. to dial a number
faire une communication to give a paper
faisceau hertzien microwave beam
fibre optique (une) an optical fibre
en fonction de according to
fonctionnement (le f. de x) the way x works
gagner to win (race/prize) - to earn (salary)
gain (de temps) a saving of time
graphique (n.) a graph
hertziennes (liaisons) microwave links
il y a longtemps que... it is ages since
implantation establishment/setting up
important large/great (size) - important (prestige)
inconvenient a drawback
industriel an industrialist
informations information (NON-COUNT)
informatique data processing/computer science
intéressant worthwhile/attractive/favourable
intéresse (ceci m'intéresse) I'm interested in this
inutile (Ce n'est pas inutile) It is worthwhile (doing)
investissement investment
jusqu'à up to/until/till (+ time) - as far as/to (+ place)
laisser let/leave
lecture reading
licence a French Bachelor's degree
louer une voiture to hire/rent a car
manufacture (une - la) a factory - the manufacture (of goods)
matériel equipment
mesures (prendre/faire des m.) to take/make measurements
modéliser to model
modélisation modelling (modeling USA)
moyen (un m. de transport) (un m. de faire) a means of transport - a means of doing
au niveau de X at X level
notamment in particular
numérique digital (transmission)/numerical (analysis)
numérotation numbering
occidental western
organisme organization
par (par projet) two per project
par personne per person
particulier special/particular
pendant toute la journée throughout the day
penser (Je ne le pense pas.) I don't think so
penser à to think of
performant efficient/high quality (method)/dynamic
(person)
permettre de it enables/allows SOMEONE/SOMETHING to
do/be done
personnes people
pétrole oil
phénomènes phenomena
pièces (de rechange) spare parts
place (de la place/pas de place) room (There is no room)
planification planning/schedule
plupart de most
pointu/à la pointe hi-tech/leading/in the forefront
possibilité de faire the possibility of doing
pour faire to do
pour faire quelquechose to do something
pouvoir (on peut imaginer...) one might/could imagine
préciser q. chose to make something explicit
presque (p.toujours/jamais) almost always/never
principe a principle
produire to produce
produit a product
profiter de to take advantage of
progrès (des) progress (NON-COUNT)
programmation programming
proposer que to suggest that
proposition a proposal
propre à characteristic of / peculiar to / suitable for /
appropriate for
réalisation development/building/achievement
réaliser make, construct, build, develop, design,
implement, achieve, perform, undertake
recherches research (NON-COUNT)
récepteur receiver
reconnaissance des formes pattern recognition
récupérer recover/regain
rédaction (d'un journal) editorial staff
rédaction writing
rentable profitable, cost-effective
réparations repairs
répartition distribution/dividing up
répetiteur repeater
répondre à to answer someone/reply to someone
réponse (en réponse à...) in reply to
réseaux neuronaux neural networks
responsable de in charge of
résultats results
selon (le texte) according to the text
société (entreprise) firm/company/Co.
spatial space
stage a course/crash course - a period in
industry/an industrial placement/training
period/student internship (USA)
surveiller to keep watch on/supervise/monitor
sympathique friendly
talkie-walkie a walkie-talkie
temps (il est t. de) it is time to do/it is time we did
temps (dans un premier temps) first, firstly (spoken), at first
temps (passer du temps à faire) to spend time doing
terrienne (station t.) an earth station
téléviseur a TV set
théorique theoretical
tout à fait quite/completely
trafic traffic
traitement de données data processing
traitement de la parole speech processing
traitement du signal signal processing
traitement de texte word processing
travail - travaux a job/work - work
travailler sur... to work on
très (très employé) much-used
utilisateur a user
vacances (en v.) holidays/a holiday (on holiday/on vacation)
voyage a trip (to travel/on my travels)

LETTER WRITING
Beginning and ending letters
BEGIN END
Dear Sir/s Yours faithfully(GB)
Dear Madam Sincerely yours(USA)
Dear Headmaster
Dear Mr. White Yours sincerely (GB)
Dear Mrs. Black Yours truly / Sincerely yours (USA)
Dear Ms. Bridges Dear Miss
Bates Dear Professor
Brown
Dear Mr. Smith Best regards, Best wishes, Sincerely, Love, Affectionately,
Dear John With love,
Dear Mary
Sample sentences
Formal
Thank you very much for your letter of January 5th. I am pleased to accept your offer.....
In reply to your letter of.....
I acknowledge your letter of January 5th.
I would be grateful for any advice and help you might be able to give me about........
Would you kindly send me details of.......
I would appreciate it if you could......
As you will see from the C.V. which I enclose, ..........

In addition, I can provide any information you may require.
I enclose my C.V.
Please find enclosed my C.V.
I think I should have a contribution to make in this field

I hope to be able to put this experience to work for you.
I should be grateful for an early reply.

Thank you in advance for your attention to this matter.
Trusting to hear from you soon, Yours faithfully
Informal
Will you write or telephone me about the possibility of working for you?
I hope to hear from you soon.
Hoping to hear from you soon, Yours sincerely
See you soon.
Best wishes,
Best regards,
WRITING PROFESSIONAL EMAILS26
Subject line
• Provide clear, specific subject lines that help the sender identify what he or she must
do. Put key information at the beginning, limiting text to five words when possible.
• Modify the subject line when appropriate; do not continue using the original subject in
your reply (or replies) if the subject has changed. Alternately, start a new e-mail if the
subject/recipients have changed and/or if the e-mail string is unmanageably long.
Greeting
• Use "Dear," title, and last name. For example, use "Dear Dr. Smith," but NOT "Dear
Dr. Rhonda Smith," "Dear Rhonda Smith," "Dear Smith," or "Dear Dr. Rhonda."
When writing to fellow scientists, use "Dr." if you are unsure how the person should
be addressed.
• If you have already met the person and used their first name, use that in the email.
Also, if someone signs an e-mail with his or her first name, you have permission to
address that person by first name in subsequent e-mails.
Body of E-mail
• Be clear about whether you need something from the recipient. Is this e-mail just to
give someone information, or do you need a reply?
Examples:
It was a pleasure to make your acquaintance at last week’s XYZ Conference. I
am writing to follow up on the issue we discussed during the coffee break.
I have recently become aware of your important work on wind turbines and the
interference they can cause in radar communications. I am writing to inquire
about possibilities for collaboration in this field, as it is closely related to my
own work on Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of Helicopters, because of
their fast rotating blades.
• Limit the message to one subject. If you need to raise multiple issues, clearly state this
in the first line or in the Subject line. Example (in the body of the e-mail): "Please see
below for two questions about our proposal." You may also wish to number a series of
questions or issues to make it easier for the recipient to read and respond.
• Keep it short. People may be reading e-mails on mobile devices and may not scroll
past the first screen.
• When replying to an email, you can start with something like “Thank you for your
email inquiring about my work.” If the person has asked questions that you tried to
answer appropriately in your email response, you could close with something like “I
26
This section is borrowed largely from https://www.training.nih.gov/writing_professional_e-mail
hope that answers your questions. Don’t hesitate to ask if you require further
clarification.”
Sending attachments
Suggested wordings:
Attached you will find a summary of my most recent work.
I am attaching a copy of my most recent article.
Please take a look at the attached document and let me know if you have any
suggestions for improvement.
End of the email

A few suggestions for ending an email:
Thank you for your attention in this matter. (If you are asking for someone’s
help on something.)
Please let me know if you have any questions or if I can be of further
assistance.
Again, it was a pleasure meeting you at the conference last week, and I look
forward to hearing from you soon.
Closing
• Include a friendly closing. "Sincerely" may be too formal for a regular business
communication, so consider other closings, such as the following: Regards, Best
regards, Best wishes, Thanks, and Have a great weekend (if the weekend is coming!)
There are a number of web sites with tips on writing professional emails. If you enter “writing
professional emails” in a search engine, you should find a large number of sites to help you
find what you are looking for.
REFERENCES
Bengough Peter A. and Stanley J. Simmons: "Sorting-Based VLSI Architectures for the M-algorithm
and T-algorithm Trellis Decoders", IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 43, N° 2/3/4,
February/March/April 1995
Chandy K. Mani and Ian Foster: "A Notation for Deterministic Cooperating Processes", IEEE
Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 6, N° 8, August 1995
Debbage Mark, Mark B. Hill and Denis A. Nicole: "An Interface to a Reliable Packet Delivery Service
for Parallel Systems", IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 6, N° 4, April 1995
Denney Thomas S. and Jerry L. Prince: "Optimal Brightness Functions for Optical Flow Estimation of
Deformable Motion", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 3, N° 2, March 1994
Dobson Ian: "Stability of Ideal Thyristor and Diode Switching Circuits", IEEE Transactions on Circuits
and Systems - I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, Vol. 42, N° 9, September 1995.
Fitz Michael P. and R. Jean-Marc Cramer: "A Performance Analysis of a Digital PLL Based MPSK
Demodulator", IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 43, N° 2/3/4, February/March/April 1995
Green Michael M. and Alan N. Willson, Jr: "An Algorithm for Identifying Unstable Operating Points
Using SPICE", IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems,
Vol. 14, N° 3, March 1995
Hollis Paul W. and John J. Paulos: "A Neural Network Learning Algorithm Tailored for VLSI
Implementation", IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 5, N° 5, September 1994
Peters S. Douglas and Andreas Antoniou: "A Parallel Adaptation Algorithm for Recursive-Least—
Squares Adaptive Filters in Nonstationary Environments", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,
Vol. 43, N° 11, November 1995
Porch A., M. J. Lancaster and R. G. Humphreys: "The Coplanar Resonator Technique for determining
the Surface Impedance of YBa2Cu3O7… Thin Films", IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and
Techniques, Vol. 43, N° 2, February 1995
Rice Michael: "A Geometric Approach to Incomplete Soft Decision Block Coding", IEEE Transactions
on Communications, Vol. 43, N° 2/3/4, February/March/April 1995
Riyait Vijay Singh, Michael Andrew Laylor, Alan E. Adams, Oliver Hinton, and Bayan Sharif: "Real-
Time Synthetic Aperture Sonar Imaging Using a Parallel Structure", IEEE Transactions on Image
Processing, Vol. 4, N° 7, July 1995
Robbins Kay A. and Steven Robbins: "Buffered Banks in Multiprocessor Systems", IEEE Transactions
on Computers, Vol. 44, N° 4, April 1995
Smith Jeremy C. and Fred J. Taylor: "A Fault-Tolerant GEQRNS Processing Element for Linear
Systolic Array DSP Applications", IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 44, N° 9, September 1995
Woodside C. M.: "A Three-View Model for Performance Engineering of Concurrent Software", IEEE
Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 21, N° 9, September 1995
Yang Richard H.-H. and Desmond P. Taylor: "Trellis-Coded Continuous Phase Frequency-Shift
Keying with Ring Convolutional Codes", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol.40, N° 4, July
1994

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ENGLISH FOR RESEARCH SCIENTISTS

WRITING FOR PUBLICATION

Scientific English Camp for Ph.D. students

This work is intended as a basis for revision, as well as a reference document.

Completely updated: July 2006

Latest update (by Aimee Johansen): August 2013

Janet Ormrod -- Télécom Bretagne Page 3

SECTIONS IN THE ARTICLE - CONTENT......................................................................... 9

Janet Ormrod -- Télécom Bretagne Page 7

Methods, results and discussion

Janet Ormrod -- Télécom Bretagne Page 9

Get someone to proofread your paper.

SECTIONS IN THE ARTICLE - TENSES

As a general rule, the following tenses are used in papers:

This paper describes/proposes/presents/explores...

Many applications require that...

- Used when referring to figures, diagrams, and graphs

Table 1 lists/shows the...

Present tense. EXERCISE:

Training a neural network

- Used for giving RESULTS

- When citing previous work or experiments (in the distant past)

Many early message-passing systems exposed low-level communication primitives to

- Used in the CONCLUSION

- To talk about new developments

- When referring to comparatively recent past papers or results

- When referring to undated past papers or results

Programmers of early 1950s computers _________________________ (USE) machine

Tenses with "After..." and "Before…"

After the message is sent, v becomes null

or a phrase using the present perfect:

CARE with the sequence of tenses (=concordance des temps)

Virtual channel connections must be declared before they can be used.

Let us take this example:

The "we" can be omitted either by using the passive:

Or the idea could be re-phrased in this way:

Explicit References to the Reader

Chandy (3) scientists, engineers

Janet Ormrod -- Télécom Bretagne Page 15

Reader mentioned implicitly as "one"

Denney(1) In general, one cannot control ...

Reader mentioned implicitly without "one"

Dobson (2) We suggest reading ...,

The number of occurrences is shown in brackets.

As far as ........... is The AMN differences have proved to be virtually

Comparing or Contrasting with What came before

On the other hand ......

Janet Ormrod -- Télécom Bretagne Page 17

A note about “even if” vs. “even though”:

The aim of … is to … The aim of this paper is to … (3)

Explaining Causes and Results

Thus ............ (very

Giving Examples and Excepting

For example, ........(45)

N.B. Do not use 3 dots … at the end of a list. Use etc.

In general, ........ (17)

….. i.e. ….. (40)

Expressing Doubt or Certainty

Certainly ..............(3) Certainly, momentary disturbances in music or speech signals

Expressing Possibility or Probability

It is possible/impossible It is possible to control this brightness function

It is likely/unlikely that It is unlikely that numbers of larger wordwidths would be