MYCOLOGY

Meeting No. 2
04/06/19

Major Phylum of Kingdom Fungi

1. Phylum Zygomycota – the zygote forming fungi black

bread mold (Rhizopus)

2. Phylum Ascomycota – the cup fungi

Yeast, morels truffles

3. Phylum Basidiomycota – the club fungi

Mushrooms, puffballs

4. Phylum Deuteromycota – the fungi imperfecti

Fungal Morphology

 This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, color patter) as well as the form and
structure of other internal parts.
 This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function.

Pileus – cap; lamellae – gills; annulus – ring; stipe – stalk; volva

Fruit Body Shapes Gills

 Cap and stem  Gill margin
 Saddle-like cap  Gills in section
 Honey-comb-like cap  Gills from beneath
 Bracket-like  Gills attachment
 Club-shaped
 Phallus-like Gills can be attached or free where the cap meets
 Antler-like Mushroom cap turned upside-down to illustrate radial gill
 Coral-like pattern.
 Pear-to-pestle-shaped
 Cup-or-disc-shaped Detail of gill (microscopic features)
 Cage-like Basic anatomy of a bolete mushroom. Pores constitute the
 Ear-like underside of the cap instead of gills.
 Gelatinous
Cross section detail of a Poblete
Septate – crosswalls
Basic anatomy of a puffball (not all puffballs have these
Cap Features features).
 Cap shapes and surfaces Cross sectional view of a puffball.
 Margins of caps
 Surface of caps
Anatomy of the fruiting body

 The study of structure through techniques such as microscopic observation and dissection.

Anatomy of Fungi

 The fungi consists of two parts: the reproductive structure and the underground mycelium.
 The mycelium is usually underground and made up of units called hypae.
 The hypae are tubular structures that contain cytoplasm and have plasma membrane.
 The cytoplasm contains the basic organelles
 The hypae can be septate hypa
 The second kund you can have would be the coenocytic hypae, which are open, without separations.
 When the fungi is a mutualistic relationship haustorium
 In the overall structure, the hypae are like strings, that when tangled, make up the overall structure of
mycelium.
 The mycelium functions as the feeding and nutrition structure, and the mycelium since they are underground,
can stretch out for miles.

Spore

 Spore color
 Spore shapes
 Spore size
 Spore surface

Basidiospores – (basidium/basidia – 4 spores)

Ascomycota – (ascus/asci – 8 spores)

Rhizopus (breadmold) – Sporangium, Sporangiospores, sporangiophores

Penicillium – Conidiospores, Phiallides, Vesicles, Conidiophores, septate hyphae

Characteristics

 The fungi usually concentrates all its energy on adding hypae, which allows for more surface area.
 The surface area is important because the fungi obtains nutrients by absorption.
 The second part of the structure is the reproductive structure, which can come in a few different ways.
 It is fruiting structure and can grow in forms resembling human ears, birds’ nests, round cages, veils, beach balls,
and cups.

Fungal Identification

Taking measurements of fungi…

Cap diameter; Cap Height, bracket Width of Depth, Bracket

Subterraneaan fungi

 The correct identification of fungi becomes a matter of observing carefully the physical appearance and other
characteristic possessed by them.
 Apperently, the most usual way for a beginner to start learning to identify mushroom is by association with
some more experiences collector who can point out the common species and the characters by which they are
recognized.
In this case, the necessity for consulting books on mushroom will become apparent and these usually contain keys,
descriptions and illustrations to aid

Simple Key to the fungi

I. Fungi cap-like to shelf-like, with gills, pores or teeth, usually on the lower surface

1. Cup with gills

Aphyllophorales

Basidiocarps annual to perennial leathery to woody, with pores, or tube like structure.

ExampleS: Fomes, Earlilla, Hexagonia, Ganoderma, Hydrum, Lenzites, Polyporus, Phellinus, Microporus, Phellinus,
Microporus

Agaricales

Fruiting body fleshy whose caps are composed of gills under its surface with or without ring.

Genera: Agaricus, Caprinus, Lactarius, Marasmius, Russula

Tremellales

Fruiting body characterized by the gelatinous, jelly-like basidiocarps.

Pezizales

Fruiting body (ascocarps-eigth spores) characterized by the gelatinous, jelly-like ascocarps.

Genus: Cookeina, Ascobolus, Philipsia

Xylariales

Fruiting body stroma is stipitate of various shapes and size, mostly clavate or lifitorm or sausage-shaped, leathery and
corky usually white black or brown.

Genus: Xylaria, Daldinia

Zycomycetes

If no zoopores are formed and no septa on the hyphal or mycelial strands.

Genus: Mucor Rhizopus, Basidiobolus, Cunninghamella

Deuteromycetes

If no macroscopic fruiting structures are formed but spores can be observed under the microscope.

Genus: Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium