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Introduction
Longitudinal Stresses
Radial Stress
Longitudinal Stress L
Radial Stress R
If –
Then
= P*D*L
Equating FB & FR
P*D*L = 2t * L * H
∴t = (P * D)/ 2 * H
or H = (P * D) /( 2 * t) ______________________(1)
This equation is used for calculating the thickness of pipe so as to withstand pressure ‘P’ where H is allowable circumferential stress.
LONGITUDINAL STRESS:R
Considering that the pipe ends are closed and pipe is subjected to an internal pressure ‘P’ the pipe may fail as shown in Fig.3. Elements resisting
this type of failure would be subjected to stress and direction of this stress is parallel to the longitudinal direction of the pipe. Hence this stress is
called longitudinal stress.
Then
= P * (πD * D)/4
Resisting force, FR = Resisting metal area x Stress, L
Equating FB & FR
P * (πD * D) /4 = π D t * L
∴t = (P D)/4 * L
NOTES:
1) On comparing equations 1 & 2, it is clear that when a pipe having diameter ‘D’ and thickness ‘t’ is subjected to an internal pressure ‘P’, the
induced circumferential tress is double the induced longitudinal stress.
2) Normally, the pipe is considered as a thin wall cylinder i.e. t < D/6
RADIAL STRESS: R
Radial stress is a stress in directions coplanar with but perpendicular to the symmetry axis.
The radial stress for a thick-walled pipe is equal and opposite to the gauge pressure on the inside surface, and zero on the outside surface.
Each element of the pipe is subjected to radial stress which acts in radial direction as shown in Fig.4 and calculated as
R = P
Fig 4: Radial stress