EXPERIMENT NO 5

To determine the central deflection of a simply supported

beam loaded by a concentrated load at mid points hence
determine the modulus of elasticity of the material.
1.Equipment:
 Torsion of shaft apparatus
 Hangers and Weights
 Vernier calliper
 Micrometer
 Steel rule
Introduction
2.Force:
Push or pull on a body that tends to move or move a body is callled
force.
2.1Types of Forces:
There are two types of forces
2.1.1Internal Forces:
Force which is applied by the system
 They cannot change the velocity of body
2.1.2External Forces
External Forces are applied by surroundings
 They can change the velocity of body

Fig 1
Once we applied external forces as a reaction internal forces wil
produce
3. With respect to application:.
3.1.Linear Force:
Linear Force is a force exerted on an object with a constant acceleration
with a linear trajectory.
3.2.Concentrated Force:
The force acted on a limited area is known as concentrated force.
3.3.Surface Force:
The force acted on the surface of a body is called surface force.
4. Stress
The force applied per unit area is stress. It is measured in N/m2 and
this unit is specifically called Pascal (Pa). A bigger unit of stress is the
mega Pascal (MPa).
1 Pa = 1N/m2,
1MPa = 106 N/m2 =1N/mm2.
4.2.Types of stress
Basically there are three types of stresses.They are related because the
nature of forcs applied on the body.
4.2.1.Tensile Stress
Stress changes the length of body is tensile stress

Fig 2
4.2.2.Shear Stress
Stress changes the shape of body is shear stress

Fig 3
4.2.3.Compressive Stress
Stress changes the volume of body is compressive stress

Fig 4
4.2.4.Normal Force
The force applied Perpendicular To the plane
4.2.5.Shear Force
The force applied parallel to plane.
5. Elastcity
The ability of material to retain its shape after the load is removed.
6. Hook’s Law:
Within elastic limit stress is directly proportion to
strain.
Stress ∝ Strain
7. Plasticity
When you applied force to the material it deformed.It remained
deformed after you removed the forced. This is called plasticity.
8. Modulus of elasticity:
Modulus of elasticity (also known as elastic modulus, the
coefficient of elasticity) of a material is a number which is defined by
the ratio of the applied stress to the corresponding strain within
the elastic limit
Modulus of Elasticity=Stress/strain

9. Modulus of rigidity
The ratio of shear stress to shear strain is called modulus of rigidity
Modulus of rigidity= ShearStress/shear strain

10. Torsion
Torsion is the engineering word used to describe the process of twisting
a member about its longitudinal axis
11. Beam:
A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of
withstanding load primarily by resisting bending.
11.1Classification of beams based on supports
11.1.1Simply supported - a beam supported on the ends which are
free to rotate and have no moment resistance.

Fig 5
11.1.2.Fixed - a beam supported on both ends and restrained from
rotation.

Fig 6
11.1.3.Over hanging - a simple beam extending beyond its support on
one end.

Fig 7
11.1.4.Continuous - a beam extending over more than two supports.

11.1.5.Cantilever - a projecting beam fixed only at one end.

Fig 8
11.2.Based on equilibrium conditions:
11.2.1Statically determinate beam – For a statically determinate
beam, equilibrium conditions alone can be used to solve reactions.

Fig 9

11.2.2Statically indeterminate beam – For a statically indeterminate

beam, equilibrium conditions are not enough to solve reactions.
Additional deflections are needed to solve reactions.

Fig 10
 12. Procedure
1. Adjust the beam and the apparatus.
2. Calibrate the dial indicator.
3. Start adding the loads one by one and start noting the deflections.
4. Take the average value.
5. Start unloading and again take the readings.
6. Take the average values and calculate the modulus of elasticity.
Observation & Calculations:
Least count of dial counter = 0.001 mm
Least count of Vernier calipers = 0.01 mm
Effective Length of beam(L)=36in
Breadth of beam(b)=105
Height of beam(h)=3mm
Moment of inertia of the beam(I=bh3/12) =1.44x10-4
Effective Central Deflection- c W/ c Modulus of Elasticity
No. Load-W (in) (lb/inch) E=(W/ c)/(L2/48I)
of From Graph
Obs. (lbs) (psi)

Loading Unloading Average

1 0 0 0.008 0.004 0 38070000

2 0.5 0.089 0.088 0.0885 5.64 37605000
3 1 0.174 0.184 0.184 5.88 37569150
4 1.5 0.208 0.271 0.271 5. 5658 38792925
5 2 0.348 0.363 0.363 5.7471 38093689
6 2.5 0.439 0.439 0.439 5.694 38434500

Average= 38106315 psi

Experimental= 262 GPa
Actual=200GPa
Error= 3.1 %
13. Comments:
The main reasons for the deviation of readings are:
  Inaccuracy/inexperience of the observer
 Wear and tear of the apparatus
 Faulty apparatus
 Poor calibration
14. References:
 https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/types-of-loads/
 https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/different-types-f-stresses
 https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Types
-of- Forces.
 http://www.citycollegiate.com/stressXb.htm
 https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/plasticity-5
 https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/elasticity-5
 https://www.thefreedictionary.com/modulus+of+elasticity
 https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-types-of-beams