Wireless Communication & Networks

Presented by:

a. S. Sandeep b. K. Vijay Rama Raju

III ECE 1st Sem., III CSE 1st Sem.,
sandeep.vizag@gmail.com vijayleo.528@gmail.com

c. Ch. S. V. R. Chaitanya
III ECE 1st Sem.,
chaitu008searching4u@gmail.com

Kaushik College of Engineering

Visakhapatnam

ABSTRACT networking hardware across a broad market

Increased use of laptop computers within the
enterprise and increase in worker mobility has
fuelled the demand for “wireless networks”. A
wireless revolution is seeping into our daily lives
never before. Sooner or later we are all going to
go wireless. A wireless network is an
infrastructure for communication “through the
air”, in other words, no cables are needed to
connect from one point to another. These
connections can be used for speech, e-mail,
surfing on the Web and transmission of audio
and video. The most widespread use is mobile
telephones. The technology was slow, expensive
and reserved for mobile situations or hostile
environments where cabling was impractical or
impossible. with the rising of industry standards
and the development of light weight wireless
section,” wireless technology” has come of age.
Wireless communications has come a long
way in the final two decades of the twentieth
century. In many ways, the progress of cellular
telephones in their first twenty years equaled the
first one hundred years of progress of
conventional telephone systems. In the next
twenty years, the focus will be on wireless data.
It will be a challenging task to keep up with the
breathtaking pace of developments in data
communications over fixed networks. The wide
use of notebook and other portable computer
drives advances in “wireless networks”. Wireless
networks use either infrared or radio frequencies
transmissions to link theses mobile computers to
networks. Infrared wireless LANS work only
within a room, while wireless LANs based on
radio frequency transmissions to link theses
mobile computers to networks. Infrared wireless
LANS work only within a room, while LANs
based on radio frequency transmissions can
penetrate most walls. Wireless LANs have
capacities from less than 1mbps to 8mbps and
operate at distance up to few hundred meters.
This whole paper explores the latest “wireless
network”, architecture, networking, ability,
range, accessibility, security and roaming.

INTRODUCTION:
 What is wireless networking?
The term wireless networking refers to
technology that enables two or more computers
to communicate using standard network
protocols, but without network cabling. Strictly Ad-Hoc or Peer to Peer Networking
speaking, any technology that does this could be
called wireless networking. The current b. A wireless network can also use an access
buzzword however generally refers to wireless point, or base station. In this type of network the
LANs. This technology, fuelled by the access point acts like a hub, providing
emergence of cross-vendor industry standards connectivity for the wireless computers. It can
such as IEEE 802.11, has produced a number of connect (or "bridge") the wireless LAN to a
affordable wireless solutions that are growing in wired LAN, allowing wireless computer access
popularity with business and schools as well as to LAN resources, such as file servers or existing
sophisticated applications where network wiring Internet Connectivity.
is impossible, such as in warehousing or point- There are two types of access points:
of-sale handheld equipment. i) Dedicated hardware access points (HAP) such
 What is a wireless network made up as Lucent’s Wave LAN, Apple’s Airport Base
of? Station or Web Gear’s Aviator PRO. . Hardware
There are two kinds of wireless networks: access points offer comprehensive support for
a. An Ad-Hoc or peer-to-peer wireless network most Wireless features, but checks your
consists of a number of computers each equipped requirements carefully. Wireless connected
with a wireless networking interface card. Each computers using a Hardware Access Point.
computer can communicate directly with all of
the other wireless enabled computers. They can
share files and printers this way, but may not be
able to access wired LAN resources, unless one
of the computers acts as a bridge to the wired
LAN using Special software. (This is called
"bridging") Each computer with a wireless
interface can communicate directly with all of
the others. Hardware Access Point
ii) Software Access Points which run on a
computer equipped with a wireless network
interface card as used in an Ad-hoc or peer-to-
peer wireless network. The Microsoft Integrate
suites are software routers that can be used as a
basic Software Access Point, and include
features not commonly found in hardware
solutions, such as Direct PPPOE support and
extensive configuration flexibility, But may not
offer the full range of wireless features defined
in the 802.11 standard.
Software Access Point
 What is IEEE 802.11?
Wireless networking hardware requires the use
of underlying technology that deals with radio
frequencies as well as data transmission. The
most widely used standard is 802.11 produced by
the Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE). This is a standard defining all
aspects of Radio Frequency Wireless
networking.
Architecture:
 If my computer is connected to a wireless
LAN, can it communicate with computers
on a wired LAN as well?
To do this you will need some sort of bridge
between the wireless and wired network. This
can be accomplished either with a hardware
access point or a software access point.
Hardware access points are available with
various types of network interfaces, such as
Ethernet or Token Ring, but typically require
extra hardware to be purchased if your
networking requirements change. If networking
requirements go beyond just interconnecting a
wired network to a small wireless network, a
software access point may be the best solution. A
software access point does not limit the type or
number of network interfaces you use. It may
also allow considerable flexibility in providing
access to different network types, such as
different types of Ethernet, Wireless and Token
Ring networks. Such connections are only
limited by the number of slots or interfaces in the
computer used for this task. Further to this the
software access point may include significant
additional features such as shared Internet
access, web caching or content filtering,
providing significant benefits to users and
administrators.
RANGE:
 What is the range of a wireless
network?
Each access point has a finite range within which
a wireless connection can be maintained between
the client computer and the access point. The
actual distance varies depending upon the
environment; manufacturers typically state both
indoor and outdoor ranges to give a reasonable
indication of reliable performance. Also it should
be noted that when operating at the limits of
range the performance may drop, as the quality
of connection deteriorates and the system
compensates.
Typical indoor ranges are 150-300 feet, but can
be shorter if the building construction interferes
with radio transmissions. Longer ranges are
possible, but performance will degrade with
distance.
Outdoor ranges are quoted up to 1000 feet, but
again this depends upon the environment. There
are ways to extend the basic operating range of
Wireless communications, by using more than a
single access point or using a wireless relay
/extension point.
 How many wireless networked computers
can use a single access point?
This depends upon the manufacturer. Some
hardware access points have a recommended
limit of 10, with other more expensive access
points supporting up to 100 wireless
connections. Using more computers
recommended will cause performance and
reliability to suffer. Software access points may
also impose user limitations, but this depends
upon the specific software, and the host
computer's ability to process the required
information.
Single accessing points
 Can I have more than one access
point?
Yes, multiple access points can be connected to a
wired LAN, or sometimes even to a second
wireless LAN if the access point supports this. In
most cases, separate access points
interconnected via a wired LAN, providing
wireless connectivity in specific areas such as
offices or classrooms, but connected to a main
wired LAN for access to network resources, such
as file servers.
Multiple Access Points:
Wireless connected computers using
Multiple Access Points. If a single area is too
large to be covered by a single access point, then
multiple access points or extension points can be
used. -- Note that an "extension point" is not
defined in the wireless standard, but has been
developed by some manufacturers. When using
than multiple access points, each access point
wireless area should overlap its neighbors. This
provides a seamless area for users to move
around in using a feature called "roaming.”
Some manufacturers produce extension points,
which act as wireless relays, extending the range
of a single access point. Multiple extension
points can be strung together to provide wireless
access to far away locations from the central
access point.
Multiple accessing points
Extension point
 What is Roaming?
A wireless computer can "roam" from
one access point to another, with the software
and hardware maintaining a steady network
are
connection by monitoring the signal strength
from in-range access points and locking on to the
one with the best quality. Usually this is have a function called WEP (Wired Equivalent
completely transparent to the user; they are not Privacy), a form of encryption which provides
aware that a different access point is being used privacy comparable to that of a traditional wired
from area to area. Some access point network. If the wireless network has information
configurations require security authentication that should be secure then WEP should be used,
when swapping access points, usually in the ensuring the data is protected at traditional wired
form of a password dialog box. Access points are network levels.
required to have overlapping wireless areas to Also it should be noted that traditional Virtual
achieve this as can be seen in the diagram: A user Private Networking (VPN) techniques will work
can move from Area 1 to Area 2 transparently. over wireless networks in the same way as
The Wireless networking hardware automatically traditional wired networks.
swaps to the Access Point with the best signal.
Example:
The two driving forces of modern
Internet are broadband, and wireless. The
WiMax standard combines the two, delivering
high-speed broadband Internet access over a
wireless connection. The main problems with
broadband access are that it is pretty expensive
and it doesn't reach all areas. The main problem
with WiFi access is that hot spots are very small,
so coverage is sparse.
Here comes the technology of Wi-
MAX, acronym for Worldwide Interoperability
 What about security? for Microwave Access and goes by and it also
goes by the IEEE name 802.16. This technology
Wireless communications obviously would provide high speed of Broadband service,
provide potential security issues, as an intruder wireless access, and most importantly wide
does not need physical access to the traditional coverage area unlike the Wi-Fi. Because it can be
wired network in order to gain access to data used over relatively long distances, it is an
communications. However, 802.11 wireless effective "last mile" solution for delivering
communications cannot be received --much less broadband to the home, and for creating wireless
decoded-- by simple scanners, short wave "hot spots" in places like airports, college
receivers etc. campuses, and small communities.
This has led to the common The so-called "last mile" of broadband
misconception that wireless communications is the most expensive and most difficult for
cannot be eavesdropped at all. However, broadband providers and Wi-MAX provides an
eavesdropping is possible using specialist easy solution. Although it is a wireless
equipment. To protect against any potential technology unlike some other wireless
security issues, 802.11 wireless communications technologies, it doesn't require a direct line of
sight between the source and endpoint, and it has
a service range of 50 kilometers. It provides a
shared data rate of up to 70Mbps, which is
enough to service up to a thousand homes with
high-speed access. Ultimately, Wi-MAX may be
used to provide connectivity to entire cities, and
may be incorporated into laptops to give users an
added measure of mobility.
Currently, Pakistan has the largest fully
functional Wimax network in the world. Wateen
Telecom installed the network (with an initial
rollout in seventeen cities) throughout Pakistan
using Motorola hardware.

Winding up:
Ensuring the Bright Future with secured
wireless networks
 Delivers fully secure, mobile broadband
wireless capabilities.
 Enables convergence of data, voice and
video; resulting in cost savings and network
efficiencies.
 Ensures interoperability across disparate
communications systems, simplifying
information sharing and collaboration.

Bibliography: -

 www.wisegeek.com
 www.wimaxforum.org
 "Wireless Communication". sintef.no.
Retrieved on 2008-03-16.
 "ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007".
atis.org. Retrieved on 2008-03-16.
 “How Wimax Works” Adv.of Time
Division Duplex (TDD) for Broadband
Wireless in Last-Mile Applications,
Proxim Wireless.