Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents the prior arts, review of related literature and related studies
concerning the design of a Personal Safety Gadget Using Bluetooth Technology and
conceptualization of the study particularly on the functions of the device as well as the
materials used for its construction. It also includes project concepts, conceptual model,
Prior Arts
safety and tracking device which predicts danger by sensing changes in voice, pulse,
emotions, impact, motion of the wearer and the device state. In emergency situations, the
device triggers SOS, alarm, electro shock, pepper spray and starts capturing images and
audio recording for the safety of the wearer. For keeping a track of the wearer, the device
connects to the internet using GPRS and sends the images clicked, the sound recorded
and the GPS and GSM coordinates to the rescue team for gaining help for the wearer if
needed. In the present invention, various technologies are integrated into one single
wearable device thereby eliminating the need for purchasing and carrying multiple
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devices like pulse monitor, motion monitor, phone, camera, GPS module, self defense
tools, etc. thus saving money and providing comfort to the user.
Safelet
As with many wearable devices that focus on safety, a Safelet, as shown in Figure
1, was designed with speed and convenience in mind. The bracelet has two buttons on the
side that users can press to send a message to contact within a Guardian Network. If the
situation is one of high danger, friends and family members who see the alert can
automatically call an emergency number like 911 from within the app. The smart bracelet
also syncs with the user’s mobile phone to start recording audio.
Source: www.safelet.com
Figure 1. Safelet
With the React Mobile Sidekick panic button, you’ll never have to walk home
alone. This Bluetooth panic button and personal safety app allows you to get help fast
when you need it with just one click. Simply press the button, as shown in Figure 2, and
Source: www.reactmobile.com
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the contact of your choice will be alerted that you need help and will be sent your GPS
location. The React Mobile Sidekick can easily be attached to key chains, backpacks and
purses.
Source: www.reactmobile.com
Shreyas R.S, et al. (2016) designed a smartwatch prototype that deals with a quick
responding, cost protection system for an individual and especially for women using
which a woman in anguish can call for help just with the press of a button on this smart
gadget. It has the ability to help women with technologies that are embedded into a
compact device. It has the potential to help women with technologies that are embedded.
It has a control button that will be used by women to inform nearby police when they are
in distress. This watch directly gets connected to the satellite through GPS when
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activated. Then the location is transferred through the GSM, it also contains a shock
attacker.
Security System
alarm device having a receiver, antenna and a noise generator and a separate wearable
trigger device having a switch or button, a wireless transmitter and an antenna; wherein
the trigger device comprises attachment means for detachably securing the trigger device
to a person’s body or clothing with use of a wrist strap, clip or a cord and wherein the
alarm and trigger devices are each battery powered using rechargeable batteries charged
via an electrical port, and the switch of the trigger device is operable so that the trigger
devices sends a signal wirelessly using Bluetooth (RTM) technology to the alarm device
to produce a sound by the noise generator of at least 100dB. The noise generator is a
speaker or a compressed gas system and the alarm is arranged to sound for a pre-
Safer
Figure 3 shows a subtle smart necklace from Leaf Wearables that looks like a
regular piece of jewelry. The necklace connects to your phone over Bluetooth and sends
SOS alerts with your whereabouts to friends and family if tapped twice. There’s also a
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90dB buzzer that acts as an alarm to alert those nearby that you’re in danger. When
you’re travelling, you can also use the necklace to share your location with your chosen
contact.
Source: leaf-wearables.myshopify.com
Figure 3. Safer
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Nimb
Nimb is a wearable safety device in the form of a sleek and subtle ring as shown
in Figure 4. Nimb tracks your location and can send an alert to friends, family members
and emergency services if you’re in danger. Once the distress button is pressed, Nimb
connects with your smartphone to send distress signals to the contacts of your choice.
There’s even a hidden recording feature to capture audio – this can be a useful source of
Source: http://www.nimb.com/
Figure 4. Nimb
cellular telephone. Activation of either device causes activation of the other device.
for assistance at the present location is sent to a previously agreed upon emergency
contact. The smartphone also starts both audio and video recording, which are also part of
the data sent to the emergency contact person or service. Additionally, the personal
protective devices are integrated into a unit that may combine such items as a protective
spray, Taser, strobe light, dye pack, siren and other deterrent technologies to ward off
would-be attackers. These devices are integrated into a hand held unit that can be
waterproof and eco-friendly wearable gadget to make women feel safe and secure. It
includes a three button triggering system, an alarm, a camera recorder, tracking system
and emergency voice call/message system Therefore a control unit, RF receiver and
transmitter, a video recording system, GSM and GPS system, cloud computing system,
siren system, self-defense (pepper spray), switching and triggering system are essential
components of the gadget. Pressing first button allows pepper spray to leak from the
container and help the user to escape. On press of second button, the pre-recorded voice
call/messages along with person’s location is send to the helpline (1091), also to the
authenticated guardian or friend and the video starts recording and is transmitted over
cloud for future help in investigation. A siren starts to blow thus, alerting the nearby
Application uses the existing modern technology to develop a hand-held device that
communicates with your smartphones true Bluetooth Technology. It sends SMS with pre-
automatically records audio, and utilizes your smartphone’s features in order for the
Revolar
From a distance, Revolar looks almost like a small garage clicker like in Figure 5.
But this wearable safety device easily clips onto key chains, backpacks and purses. When
pressed twice, Revolar sends a ‘yellow alert’ to designated contacts; they receive a text
message with the user’s location and a message saying the user feels unsafe. A triple-
press sends a ‘red alert’ which indicates the user is in need of serious help.
Source: https://revolar.com/
Figure 5. Revolar
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The studies that are presented are in some way related to the project under study.
The following information comes from different sources that may help in the
a system establishes a perimeter around an area, and mobile devices within the
established perimeter communicate with a server that provides and collects personal and
asset safety information. The provided information might enable users associated with
the mobile devices to plan actions or take routes based on a given criterion, such as a
safest route, through display on the mobile device. The collected information from
the mobile device might be location, emergency event, environmental factors, sensor
information and the like, which might then be communicated to users and/or
positioning system (GPS), might provide tracking of mobile devices and users or assets
associated with each mobile device. GPS functionality associates latitude, longitude and
elevation (X-Y-Z coordinate axis) data with the collected and provided information.
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Archana Naik et al. (2015) proposed an app, in which a single click of SOS sends
a message containing the location and/ or audio-video call to the guardian number. At
receiver touch the location URL in the message to view it in the Google Map. It also
provides different help tools like First-Aid help, Fake Call Help and video call. The First-
Aid help tool provides the help on various health issue problems occurred at an accidental
or emergency situation during the night time. First aid help for various problems are as:
unconscious and not breathing, choking, bleeding heavily, burns, heart attack, diabetes
etc. The Fake call help to escape from the meetings-parties at a time when women start
feeling uncomfortable and think that, ―if someone calls me then I can leave this place‖.
Fake call rings tone same as that of normal incoming call ring and once call accepted it
stop ringing. It also supports Fake Hang Up option. The guardian contacts are by-default
for this app, but it able to search the cops, firemen, hospitals contacts nearby to your
location. It also sends the audio-video recording via Email-Gmail of emergency situation
taken by the user where user unable to speak or tell the circumstances.
modules of an application for a client device may operate to enhance personal security for
module operates comparable to, but more effectively than, the traditional college campus
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blue light phone. When the user of the module toggles a button on the GUI of his/her
smartphone, the App may instantly record and transmit key information to a command
center, which operates to provide assistance to the student, at their current location,
without requiring the student to relocate to one of the tradition blue light phone fixtures.
A tracking module permits the student or other user to be tracked by his/her device until
safely reaching a travel destination. The person may trigger an alarm if endangered
during the trip, which may prompt a respond from local law enforcement, and other
assigned individuals.
that revolves around a hardware device which uses Bluetooth Low Energy technology
platform. The user can register the device with the application wirelessly by putting it
connection process will be done either automatically or manually. The user can then (via
button press or other hardware input) use the BLE connection to send a signal from the
device to the application. When the application receives this signal, it initiates a specific
action. Examples include (but are not limited to): automatically sending a text message,
making a distress call to a remote server, and invoking the platform to run additional
programs or services.
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study. The following information comes from different sources that may help in the
Android Application
application running on the Android platform. Because the Android platform is built for
used to determine the ground position of an object. The GPS system includes 24 satellites
and each GPS satellite broadcasts a message that includes the satellite's current position,
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orbit, and exact time. Three satellites are required in order to determine a receiver's
location, though a connection to four satellites is ideal since it provides greater accuracy.
Vibration
(2013).
Figure 8. Vibration
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Cancellation
deciding that an organized event will not happen or of stopping an order for something. It
is a situation in which something that has been arranged is stopped from happening.
Figure 9. Cancellation
messages sent in response to events or transactions which occur somewhere else. While
often used as a marketing tool to increase the percentage of returning visitors, SMS
notifications are very useful for organization and public safety purposes as well.
Video Recording
recording of both the visual and audible components (especially one containing a
Precision
Statistical Tool
The statistical tool used is T-test for Correlated Samples. As stated in Statistics
Made Simple by Antonio S. Broto (2nd ed., 2006), the T-test for correlated samples is used
when comparing the means before and after treatment. It is also used to compare the
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means of the pretest and the posttest. The decision rule is if t-computed value is greater
D
t=
√
2
(∑ D)
2−
∑D n
n( n−1)
Where:
ΣD2 - the sum of squares of the difference between the pretest and the posttest
ΣD - the summation of the difference between the pretest and the posttest
Arduino Nano
ATmega328 or ATmega168. It has more or less the same functionality of the Arduino
Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with a
Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard one. The Nano was designed and is being
produced by Gravitech.
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Source: www.nuttyengineer.com
Smartphone
cellular telephone with an integrated computer and other features not originally
associated with telephones, such as an operating system, web browsing and the ability to
internet connectivity;
a mobile browser;
embedded memory;
touchscreen;
Wi-Fi;
gaming;
Source: www.xda-developers.com
class 2 slave Bluetooth module designed for transparent wireless serial communication.
Once it is paired to a master Bluetooth device such as PC, smart phones and tablet, its
operation becomes transparent to the user. All data received through the serial input is
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immediately transmitted over the air. When the module receives wireless data, it is sent
out through the serial interface exactly at it is received. No user code specific to the
Bluetooth module is needed at all in the user microcontroller program. The HC-06 will
work with supply voltage of 3.6VDC to 6VDC; however, the logic level of RXD pin is
3.3V and is not 5V tolerant. A Logic Level Converter is recommended to protect the
Source: www.sgbotic.com
Lithium-Polymer Battery
extremely light weight batteries based on Lithium-Polymer chemistry. Each cell outputs a
nominal 3.7V at 1000mAh. These batteries require special charging. Do not attempt to
Battery includes built-in protection against over voltage, over current and
minimum voltage. Caution should be observed when using this battery in wearable
projects. When using conductive thread, a short in the thread can create sparks and heat.
Source: www.circuit.rocks
Charger/Booster is a no-nonsense circuit for generating one amp from a Lithium Polymer
battery at 5V. This Lithium-Polymer charger is a very economical choice that is equipped
with a simple booster circuit utilizing the PAM2401 IC, and includes protection diodes so
you can run multiple cells in series for an extra kick. While the booster circuit is in
operation, this board can draw more current the lower the input voltage, making it perfect
connection types are provided for the battery, charge source and switch to allow
Source: www.circuit.rocks
Source: www.elc.williams.edu
eTrex
The eTrex is a six ounce, 12 channel and hand held GPS receiver. It has a built-in
GPS antenna and five user-buttons. All buttons are located on the sides of the unit,
allowing for simple, one-handed operation that won’t obstruct your view of the display. It
runs for 22 hours on two AA alkaline batteries in battery save mode. In addition to
determining your location, the eTrex creates, names and saves a location (as an electronic
waypoint) in its memory, allowing you to navigate back to this point any time you want.
And once you start moving, your GPS provides other data, like speed, direction of
Conceptual Model
The figure below shows the Input Process Output Model. The IPO model is the
EVALUATION
Figure 18. Conceptual Model of Personal Safety Gadget Using Bluetooth Technology
And Android-Based Application
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Input
This block shows the knowledge, materials, equipment and services needed in
order to obtain the desired output of the project. Knowledge on Arduino IDE, Android
data of modules are essential to assure the functionality of each parts of the system.
Hardware materials such as Arduino Nano, Bluetooth module, battery unit, Lithium
battery charging board, tact switch, case assembly, and Android device are important in
Process
The process starts with the identification of the problem. Gathering of data to
identify the possible causes is the second part and the last part is to come up with a
solution to the problem. The Process block presents the different procedures included in
the Personal Safety Gadget Using Bluetooth Technology and Android-Based Application.
Designing, fabricating, and testing are the three basic processes. For the designing
process, the following are included: layout planning of the emergency button,
rechargeable battery powered device, software design, and the design and dimensions of
the device casing. The fabrication process includes the assembly of the emergency
button, rechargeable battery powered device, and the casing. The last one is the testing
process. The emergency button, response time of the emergency alert, cancellation of
emergency alert, accuracy of the location, accuracy of the Android application, and
rechargeable battery capacity of the device are tested individually to assure system’s
reliability and functionality. A full system testing is also conducted after assembling and
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interfacing the prototype properly. Troubleshooting is done when the desired output has
Output
After the full system testing, the output which is the Personal Safety Gadget
project that will be activated during emergency detection to provide safety and awareness
in security. It will instantaneously send emergency alert to the authority like the police
and the user’s trusted friends and family wherein user’s location will be tracked and
monitored. The system is also an aid to prevent forthcoming threats and crimes.
Evaluation
This part is the gathering and documentation of the assessments from respondents.
This verifies how the research project obtains a positive or negative feedback to be able
to modify or if not, suggest ideas how to enhance the project. This is based on a
comfort and convenience to the user, the ease of operation, and its user
friendliness.
2. Aesthetics refers to appropriateness of size and attractiveness of the design of
hazards.
7. Saleability refers to the prototype’s price competency, the presence of market
Parameters 5 4 3 2 1
Functionality Table 1. Evaluation Criteria
Vibration Feedback
Emergency Cancellation Alerts
Audio Recording
GPS Precision
All components are operational
Aesthetics
Fastened Components and neatness
Workability
Availability of the material components
Availability of the tools
Presence of technical expertise of the proponents
Durability
Weather resistance
Economy
Fabrication Cost
Maintenance Cost
Operation Cost
Safety
Absence of toxic materials
Absence of sharp edges
Absence of electrical hazards
Saleability
Price Competency
Presence of Market Demand
Accessibility of the finished product to the users
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the evaluators. The test result of the demonstrations is shown to the panel as evidence of
The criteria for evaluation give emphasis on the project’s functionality, aesthetics,
workability, durability, economy, safety and saleability. Each criterion is rated in a scale
7-Point Criterion
The following criterion will be evaluated by the user to determine whether the
device had reached its objective with respect to authenticity, functionality, workability,
Treatment of Data
After the evaluation, the results are tabulated and interpreted. Qualitative analysis
method is utilized for the evaluation of the project in determining its acceptability and
viability.
to each potential choice and a mean figure for all the responses is computed at the end of
the evaluation or survey. Used mainly in training course evaluation and market surveys.
The final average score represents overall level of accomplishment or attitude toward
subject matter.
software used to program it. An Arduino board can be purchased pre-assembled or,
essence, this platform provides a way to build and program electronic components.
Android SDK –API 23 - provides all necessary tools to develop Android applications.
This includes a compiler, debugger and a device emulator, as well as its own virtual
allows background processing, provides a rich user interface library, supports 2-D and 3-
D graphics using the OpenGL libraries, access to the file system and provides an
embedded SQLite database. Android application consists of different components and can
re-use components of other applications. This leads to the concept of a task in Android;
Bluetooth – is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances
using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz from
Contact Persons – the person added by the user to receive SOS message including his
Emergency Button – is a switch pressed by the user in case of emergency to send SOS
Global Positioning System (GPS) – is a radio navigation system installed at the user’s
smartphone that allows the authorities and contact persons to determine their exact
from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when
charging.
Personal Safety Gadget – is a small tool or instrument that utilizes a messaging app in
order to notify the authority and the registered contact persons in case of emergency,
via electromagnetic waves, into the signals of interest, such as music, images, or data.
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Short Messaging Service (SMS) – is a predetermined message sent to the user’s contact
phone calls and sending text messages. It is a cellular telephone with an integrated
computer and other features not originally associated with telephones, such as an
operating system, web browsing and the ability to run software applications.
confirm that the SOS message is about to be sent to prevent false alarm.