Chapter II

Methodology
Dead Load and Live Load
Before any other computations, dead load and live load are first assumed or computed.
For this design project, live load is computed with the use of tables from ASCE 7-98. Formula and
computation is shown below.

𝑳𝑳 = 𝑤(𝐿𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝐹) = 2.4 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 (4.4𝑚)(2) = 21.12 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Where w = uniformly distributed load from ASCE 7-98

Lbeam = clear length of the beam
DF = Live Load Element Factor for interior beam from ASCE 7-98

There are two components of dead load in this design: dead load of the slab and
self-weight of the beam. For the dead load of the slab, its type must be identified, whether
it is one-way or two-way slab. Since two slabs are connected in this beam, these two
slabs contribute to the total dead load that is carried by the beam.
For slab 1,
𝐿𝑦 5200 𝑚𝑚
= = 1.118 < 2 ∴ 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤𝑎𝑦.
𝐿𝑥 4650 𝑚𝑚

Where Ly = length of longer side

Lx = length of shorter side

And from the distribution of loads for two-way slab, the load is distributed in a trapezoidal
shape. Hence,
𝐿𝑥 1 𝐿𝑦 5200 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝐿𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 1 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 (𝑡𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 ) ( ) (1 − ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛽 = = = 1.118
2 2𝛽 𝐿𝑥 4650 𝑚𝑚
4.65 𝑚 1
𝑫𝑳𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃 𝟏 = 23.6 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 (0.125 𝑚) ( ) (1 − ) = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎
2 2(1.118)
For slab 2,
𝐿𝑦 9200 𝑚𝑚
= = 1.769 < 2 ∴ 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤𝑎𝑦
𝐿𝑥 5200 𝑚𝑚
In the figure shown, the load is distributed in a triangular shape, unlike in slab 1.
Therefore,
𝐿𝑥 5.20 𝑚
𝑫𝑳𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃 𝟐 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 (𝑡𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 ) ( ) = 23.6 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 (0.125 𝑚) ( ) = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎
3 3
Combining the loads from slabs 1 and 2, the total unfactored dead load of the slab will be
8.905 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚.

T- Beam Dimension designed as Reinforced Concrete

From design of reinforced concrete, several initial assumptions were made.
Standard size of the stirrups, concrete cover, clear spacing, and diameter of bar were
assumed to be 10 mm φ, 40 mm, 25 mm and 28 mm φ. Though the beam was assumed
to be an isolated beam, it was also presumed that the beam is integrated with the slab.
With that said, the thickness of the slab tslab will be equal to the height of the flange hf
which is 125 mm.
Other dimensions of the T-beam, such as its height, width of web, distance of the centroid
of the tension reinforcements to the top compression fiber and flange width, were based on ACI
318 Provisions for simply supported beams and NSCP 2015. The reinforcements will be assumed
to initially in two layers as shown in figure.
𝑙
For the height of T-beam, ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑛⁄16 where ln = clear span measured from face to face
of the supports. The width of the web bw will also be computed as 0.5d. Adopting this, the height
of the beam and its depth d will be equal to
𝑙𝑛⁄ 4.4 𝑚⁄ = 𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 16 = 16
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 − 𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑟 − 0.5(𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔)

𝐝 = 275 − 40 − 10 − 28 − 0.5(25) = 𝟏𝟖𝟒. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎

𝑏𝑤 = 0.5𝑑 = 0.5(184.5) = 92.25 𝑚𝑚
In the computation of bw, it was found to be very small, so, in this design, a web width of
250 mm will be used instead of the given computation. The provisions of the dimensional limits
for effective overhanging flange width for T-beams is given in the table below.
 Dimensional Limits for Effective Overhanging
Flange Location
Flange Width for T-beams
8hf
Each side of web least of sw/2
ln/8
6hf
One side of web least of sw/2
ln/12
Table 406.3.2.1 From NSCP 2015

Computations for the flange width, bf,

𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2(8ℎ𝑓 ) = 250 𝑚𝑚 + 2[8(125 𝑚𝑚)] = 2250 𝑚𝑚

𝑙𝑛 4400
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2 ( ) = 250 𝑚𝑚 + 2 ( ) = 1350 𝑚𝑚
8 8
𝑠𝑤 3600
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2 ( ) = 250 𝑚𝑚 + 2 ( ) = 4100 𝑚𝑚
2 2
∴ 𝒃𝑓 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Section 406.3.2.2 of NSCP 2015 states additional provisions and limitations for isolated
non-prestressed T-beams. The flange thickness must be greater than or equal to 0.5bw and
flange width should also be less than or equal to 4bw.
ℎ𝑓 ≥ 0.5𝑏𝑤

125 𝑚𝑚 ? 0.5(250 𝑚𝑚)

125 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 125 𝑚𝑚
∴ ℎ𝑓 = 125 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑏𝑓 ≤ 4𝑏𝑤

1350 𝑚𝑚 ? 4(250 𝑚𝑚)

1350 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 1000 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝒃𝒇 = 1350 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑓.

Initial Assumptions for the Design of Beam as Prestressed Concrete

Normal Density concrete will be used in the design but since there is no maximum
compressive strength of concrete at 28 days or f’c, the maximum f’c for lightweight
concrete with special moment frames and special structural walls will be used with design
strength 35 MPa. Table 419.2.1.1 as shown below was used as basis for the f’c.
 Table 419.2.1.1 Limits for f’c
(Page 4-128 , NSCP Vol.I, 7TH Edition, 2016)
Minimum f’c Maximum f’c,
Application Concrete
,MPa MPa
Normal-weight
General 17 None
and lightweight
Special moment Normal-weight
21 None
frames and
special
structural walls Lightweight 21 35*

*The limit is permitted to be exceeded where demonstrated by experimental evidence that members
made with lightweight concrete provide strength and toughness equal to or exceeding those of
comparable members made with normal weight concrete of the same strength.

In addition to that, the table below stated that at the time of transfer, the maximum
permissible tensile stresses in prestressed reinforcement immediately after force transfer
at post-tensioning anchorage devices and couplers is 70 percent of ultimate tensile
strength. Hence, the compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestresss is also
assumed to have attained 70% of compressive strength of concrete at 28 days or f’c
which is equal to 24.50 MPa.
Table 420.3.2.5.1
Maximum Permissible Tensile Stresses in Prestressed Reinforcement
(Page 4-135, NSCP Vol.I, 7TH Edition, 2016)
Stage Location Maximum tensile stress
0.94fpy
0.80fpu
Maximum jacking
During stressing At jacking end Least of:
force recommended
by the supplier of
anchorage device
Immediately At post-tensioning
after force anchorage devices 0.70fpu
transfer and couplers

NOTE: Figure and initial assumptions na lang para sa prestressed concrete kulang