TM 03 StatisticalGeneralization

Statistical Generalization
GD3204 Thematic Mapping

VERSION 01 | DATE 03 FEBRUARY 2014
Undergraduate Program in
Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering
What is this lecture Generalization of data (statistically),
prior to their appearance as spatial-
all about? based information for development of
decision support system
You are going to deal with...
 Eroded soil in tons per square kilometer per year

in 1901 (left) and in 2005 (right)
Is there any spatial pattern you can conclude?
y p p y
Q iti l questions
Qritical ti
Why does it go from green to red; why not from green
to blue or from red to white?
Why is it categorized into 0‐100, ..., >10,000; why not
Why is it categorized into 0 100 >10 000; why not
just displaying all of the data?
G
Generalization
li ti
=making simpler
e.g. various body sizes is simplified into S, M, and L
Outcomes:
Students are able to explain what data is
Understanding Data
D t are
Data
Discrete elements
R l d f
Resulted from OBSERVATION
OBSERVATION or MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
May appear as WORDS, NUMBERS, CODE, TABLES, or
M WORDS NUMBERS CODE TABLES
DATABASES
Subject to the following (processing) tasks:
CATEGORISE CALCULATE, COLLATE, QUANTITY,
CATEGORISE, CALCULATE COLLATE QUANTITY
COLLECT
E
Example
l
Human body temperature
 How
H iis iit acquired?
i d?
 In which form would it appear?
 How does it use to indicate illness, e.g. fever?
D t is
Data i useful
f l for
f
Generation of INFORMATION
Understanding PHENOMENA
U d di PHENOMENA or PROBLEM
PROBLEM being
b i
examined
In order to generate INFORMATION, DATA undergoes
PROCESSING:
 categorise, calculate, collate, quantity, collect
I f
Information
ti isi
Message, linked elements
May appear as SENTENCES, PARAGRAPHS,
M SENTENCES PARAGRAPHS
EQUATIONS, CONCEPT, IDEAS, QUESTIONS, or SIMPLE
STORIES
Subject to the following tasks to generate knowledge:
CONTEXTUALISE, COMPARE, CONVERSE, CONNECT,
FILTER PRIORITISE ORDER FRAME
FILTER, PRIORITISE, ORDER, FRAME
Ch
Characteristics
t i ti off Phenomena
Ph
Understanding data = understading phenomena
Once data are collected, their characteristics can be
O d ll d h i h i i b
described as:
 Minim
Minimum m value,
l the
th smallest/lowest
m ll t/l t
 Maximum value, the largest/highest
 ...{discuss}...
{ }
E
Exercise
i
Series of data are made available...
G
Generate INFORMATION!
INFORMATION!
 Hint
Hints:
Write sentences* down accordingly
*do it in your notes and share
M t data
Meta d t
Simply... DATA/INFORMATION about/related to DATA
 Ownership, authorization, redistribution right, date, epoch,
version parameter,
version, parameter unit,
unit ...
WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHO, WHY, HOW (5W+1H)
Which meta data are you expecting to have for...
 Population?
 Income?
 Depth?
Outcomes:
Students are able to explain how a given data can be described
Describing Data
Data distribution
F
Frequency di
diagram
Data are displayed along their range with their
corresponding frequency
800
700
Mean?
600
Q til ?
Quartiles? 500
equency
400
Fre
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Data
Mean? Quartiles?
Q il
0.25 = 1st Q.
0.75 = 3rd Q.
Crop of
spreadsheet
software
calculation of
descriptive
statistical
properties of
data
E
Exercise
i
Statistical description a data series is made available ...
Generate INFORMATION!
800
700
600
500
quency
400
Freq
300
200
100
00
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Data
E
Exercise
i
Generate
INFORMATION!
Tips
p on
keyboard skill
How to tabulate
 
frequency from Block the Insert
DATA
DATA array adjacent
dj t f
function
ti
column and fill in

Make
array
of
‘BIN’

Ctrl+Shift+
Enter
Various shapes
p of data-frequency
q y
plots
Normal
Regular
Bi
Bi‐modal
d l
J‐shape
Outcomes:
Students are able to explain the idea of and method for data generalization
Generalization of Data
Remember: GENERALIZATION = SIMPLIFICATION
Why...? To facilitate quick understanding
Index
d
Index is used to describe
the variablity of data.
Indexing is done by
ranging of data.
i f d t
In data ranging, cut points
In data ranging cut points
are assigned
Various
i ranging
i method
h d (1)
Equal steps Application?
 0 – 20 – 40 – 60 – 80 – 100
Quantiles
 Q0 – Q1 – Q2 – Q3 – Q4
Percentiles
 #1 to #20 – #21 to 40 – ...
Arithmetic progressions
 1st range+increment: 0 – 20 – 60
– 120 –...
Various
i ranging
i method
h d (2)
G
Geometric progressions
i i Application?
 0 – 2 – 4 – 8 – 16 – 32 ...
Standard deviation
 cutting points: –2, –, ,
+,
+ +2
+2
Inverse method
 inversed progression: 64 – 96 –
112 – 120 – 124 – 126
...etc.
S b li i the
Symbolizing th category
t ranges
Gray scale
P
Pattern (fill)
(fill)
C l
Colour
 Hue
 Intensity
Vi
Visual
l impression
i i
How would you propose symbol for category range of:
 Height
 Population density
 Depth
 Temperature
p
 Geoid anomaly
 Rainfall
 C
Casualites
lit
 Income
 ...
A i
Assignment
t
See:
blendedlearning.itb.ac.id

TM 03 StatisticalGeneralization

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Statistical Generalization

GD3204 Thematic Mapping

 Eroded soil in tons per square kilometer per year

 In which form would it appear?

 How does it use to indicate illness, e.g. fever?

*do it in your notes and share

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