Mathematics

1
1. If 𝑟 ≠ 𝑟′, no solution, if 𝑟 = 𝑟′ = 𝑛, unique solution if 𝑟 = 𝑟′ < 25. 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) =
𝑠−𝑎
𝑎
𝑛, many solutions. (non-homogeneous) 26. 𝐿(sin 𝑎𝑡) =
𝑠 2 +𝑎2
𝑠
2. If 𝑟 = 𝑛, trivial solution, if 𝑟 < 𝑛 ,then (𝑛 − 𝑟) linearly 27. 𝐿(cos 𝑎𝑡) =
𝑠 2 +𝑎2
𝑎
independent solutions. (Many solutions) and if 𝑚 < 𝑛, then many 28. 𝐿(sinh 𝑎𝑡) =
𝑠 2 −𝑎2
𝑠
solutions. 29. 𝐿(cosh 𝑎𝑡) =
𝑠 2 −𝑎2
′ ℎ2 ′′ ℎ3 ′′′ 30. 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝑓 ̅(𝑠 − 𝑎)
3. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥) + ℎ𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑓 (𝑥) + … … … ∞ 𝑇
2! 3! ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
4. If 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and 𝑟 < 0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) have maximum, if 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 31. 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑡) then 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 0
1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇
0 and 𝑟 > 0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) have minimum at(𝑎, 𝑏) and if 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 < 32. 𝐿{𝑓 ′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝑓 (̅ 𝑠) − 𝑓(0)
0, then saddle point. If 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 0, 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 investigation is 33. 𝐿{𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡)} = 𝑠 𝑛 𝑓 ̅(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑓(0) − 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑓 ′ (0) − ⋯ … … . . 𝑓 𝑛−1 (0)
required to decide. 𝑡 1
34. 𝐿{∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥} = 𝑓 ̅(𝑠)
𝜕𝜓 𝜕∅ 𝑆
5. ∫𝑐 (∅𝑑𝑥 + 𝜓𝑑𝑦) = ∫ ∫𝐸 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 (Green’s) 𝑑𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑛
35. 𝐿{𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1)𝑛 𝑛 . [𝑓 ̅(s)]
𝑑𝑠
6. ∫𝑐 𝑭. 𝑑ℝ=∫𝑆 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑭. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 (Stokes) 1 ∞
36. 𝐿 { 𝑓(𝑡)} =
𝑡
∫𝑆 𝑓 ̅(s) 𝑑𝑠
7. ∫𝑆 𝑭. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝐸 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑭𝑑𝑣 (Gauss) 𝑎0
37. 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 +
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
8. 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥=∫ +𝑐 𝑄 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝛼+2𝜋
1 1 𝛼+2𝜋
9. If 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 0 be a homogeneous equation in 𝑥 and 𝑦, then 38. 𝑎0 = ∫𝛼 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑎𝑛 = ∫𝛼 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑏𝑛 =
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 𝛼+2𝜋
𝑖𝑠 an integrating factor ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑀 𝑥+𝑁 𝑦 𝜋 𝛼
𝑎 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
10. If the equation of the type 𝑓1 (𝑥𝑦)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥𝑦)𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0. If the 39. 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 + ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑐 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑐
2
1 1 𝛼+2𝑐 1 𝛼+2𝑐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
equation 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 0 be of this type then is an 40. 𝑎0 = ∫𝛼 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑎𝑛 = ∫𝛼 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 =
𝑀 𝑥−𝑁 𝑦 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
integrating factor 1 𝛼+2𝑐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑐 𝛼 𝑐
− 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 ∞
11. If be a function of x only = 𝑓(𝑥) say then 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is an 41. 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑐
, where 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin
𝑐 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑁
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑐
integrating factor 42. 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑛𝑎 cos where, 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ,
2 𝑐 𝑐 0
2 𝑐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑐 𝑐
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∞
12. If be a function of y only = 𝑓(𝑦) say then 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is an 43. 𝜇 = ∑𝑗 𝑥𝑗 𝑓(𝑥𝑗 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 = ∫−∞ 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑀
integrating factor. 2 ∞
44. 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑗 (𝑥𝑗 − 𝜇) 𝑓(𝑥𝑗 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 2 = ∫−∞(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
13. ∫𝑦=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫ terms of N not containing x dy = c 45. 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛: 𝑛𝑝 = 𝜇 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝜎 = 𝜇 2
(Poisson’s
1 1 distribution)
14. 𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑎) ≠ 0, if 𝑓(𝑎) = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃. 𝐼. =
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝑎) 1 𝑥−𝜇 2
1 ( )
𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) ≠ 0 46. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒− 2 𝜎 (Normal distribution)
𝑓 ′ (𝑎) 𝜎√2𝜋
1 1 47. 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥, ∑ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥, ∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 2
15. 𝑃. 𝐼 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = , 𝑓(−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0, if
𝑓(𝐷2 ) 𝑓(−𝑎2 ) 48. 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 , ∑ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏. ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑐. ∑ 𝑥 2, ∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 +
2)
𝑓(−𝑎 = 0, 𝑏. ∑ 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥 3 , ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 2 + 𝑏. ∑ 𝑥 3 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥 4
1
then 𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑥 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), 𝑓 ′ (−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0 (𝑥−𝑥1 )(𝑥−𝑥2 )…(𝑥−𝑥𝑛 ) (𝑥−𝑥0 )(𝑥−𝑥2 )…(𝑥−𝑥𝑛 )
𝑓 ′ (−𝑎2 ) 49. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 𝑦0 + (𝑥 𝑦1 +
1 1 0 −𝑥1 )(𝑥0 −𝑥2 )…(𝑥0 −𝑥𝑛 ) 1 −𝑥0 )(𝑥1 −𝑥2 )…(𝑥1 −𝑥𝑛 )
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
16. 𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑒 𝑉= 𝑒 𝑉 (𝑥−𝑥1 )(𝑥−𝑥2 )…(𝑥−𝑥𝑛−1 )
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷+𝑎) ⋯ + (𝑥 𝑦𝑛
1 𝑛 −𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑛−𝑥1 )…(𝑥𝑛−𝑥𝑛−1 )
17. 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑥𝑚 = [𝑓(𝐷)]−1 𝑥 𝑚, 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1
𝑓(𝐷) 50. ( ) = [∆𝑦0 − ∆ 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0 − ∆4 𝑦0 + ⋯ ]
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥0 ℎ 2 3 4
18. (1 + 𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − ⋯
−1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1
19. (1 − 𝑥)−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ 51. ( ) = [∇𝑦𝑛 + ∇ 𝑦𝑛 + ∇ 𝑦𝑛 + ∇4 𝑦𝑛 + ⋯ ]
2 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑛 ℎ 2 3 4
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
20. 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑘1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ 𝑘𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑋, 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 52. 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
(Newton-Raphson)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑛 )
𝑑𝑦 2 3
2𝑑 𝑦 3 𝑦
𝑑
𝑥 = 𝐷𝑦, 𝑥 = 𝐷(𝐷 − 1)𝑦, 𝑥 = D(D − 1)(D − 2) 𝑥 +𝑛ℎ
53. ∫𝑥 0
ℎ
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 + 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + ⋯ . . +𝑦𝑛−1 )]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
0 2
𝜕 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝜕 𝑑𝑔
21. (∫𝑓(𝑥) ℎ(𝑡, 𝑥)𝑑𝑡) = ∫𝑓(𝑥) ℎ(𝑡, 𝑥)𝑑𝑡 + ℎ[𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥] − (Trapezoidal)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑓 𝑥 +𝑛ℎ ℎ
ℎ[𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥] 54. ∫𝑥 0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + ⋯ 𝑦𝑛−1 ) + 2(𝑦2 +
𝑑𝑥 0 3
∞ 𝑦4 + ⋯ 𝑦𝑛−2 )] (Simpson’s)
22. 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑏−𝑎
23. 𝐿(1) =
1 55. 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = − ℎ2 𝑓 ′′ (𝜉) = 𝑂(ℎ2 ) (Trapezoidal)
12
𝑠
𝑏−𝑎
24. 𝐿(𝑡 𝑛 ) =
𝑛! 56. 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = − ℎ4 𝑓 𝑖𝑣 (𝜉) = 𝑂(ℎ4 ) (Simpson’s)
180
𝑠 𝑛+1
𝑑𝑦
57. 𝑦𝑘+1 = 𝑦𝑘 + ℎ. 𝑓(𝑡𝑘 , 𝑦𝑘 ) where = 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦) (Euler’s)
𝑑𝑥
 Strength of material
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 3𝑤𝑙 𝜎𝑙 2
1. 𝜇= 12. 𝜎 = and 𝛿 = (Leaf spring)
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 2𝑛𝑏𝑡 2 4𝐸𝑡
𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑧 64𝑊𝑅3 𝑛
2. 𝑒𝑥 = −𝜇 −𝜇 13. 𝛿 = (Helical spring)
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐺𝑑4
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑧 𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
3. 𝑒𝑦 = −𝜇 − 𝜇 14. 𝜎𝑛 = + cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏 sin 2𝜃
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 2 2
𝑓𝑧 𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
4. 𝑒𝑧 = −𝜇 − 𝜇 15. 𝜏𝑡 = − ( ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏 cos 2𝜃
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 2
𝐸
5. 𝐺= 𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
2(1+𝜇) 16. 𝜎1 = + √( ) + 𝜏2
𝐸 2 2
6. 𝐾=
3(1−2𝜇) 𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
𝑀 𝑓 𝐸 17. 𝜎3 = − √( ) + 𝜏2
7. = = 2 2
𝐼 𝑦 𝑅
𝜋2𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
VQ 18. 𝑃 = (hinged and hinged)) ,𝑃 = (fixed and free)
8. 𝜏= 𝑙2 4𝑙 2
Ib
4𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 2𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
9.
𝑇
=
𝜏
=
𝐺𝜃 19. 𝑃 = (Fixed and fixed) ,𝑃 =
𝑙2 𝑙2
𝐽 𝑟 𝐿 𝜎𝑐 .𝐴 𝜎𝑐
1 20. 𝑃 = 2 where 𝛼 = is Rankine’s constant
10. 𝑀𝑒 = [𝑀 + √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 ] 𝑙
1+𝛼( 𝐾𝑒 ) 𝜋2 𝐸
2
11. 𝑇𝑒 = √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
Structural analysis
2 2 2𝐸𝐼 3∆
1. ̅𝐴𝐵 = − 𝑃𝑎𝑏
𝑀 2
̅𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝑎2 𝑏 (Point load)
and 𝑀 9. ̅𝐴𝐵 +
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀 (2𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 − ) , right support sinks by ∆
𝑙 𝑙 𝐿 𝐿
𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 2 ̅𝐵𝐴 + 2𝐸𝐼 3∆
2. ̅𝐴𝐵 = −
𝑀 ̅𝐴𝐵 =
and 𝑀 (udl) 10. 𝑀𝐵𝐴 =𝑀 (2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐴 − ), right support sinks by ∆
12 12 𝐿 𝐿
𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 2 6𝑎1 𝑥1 6𝑎2 𝑥2
3. ̅𝐴𝐵 = −
𝑀 ̅𝐴𝐵 =
and 𝑀 (uvl from left to right increase) 11. 𝑀𝐴 𝑙1 + 2𝑀𝐵 (𝑙1 + 𝑙2 ) + 𝑀𝐶 𝑙2 = − −
30 20 𝑙1 𝑙2
𝑃𝑘𝐿
4. ̅𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝑏
𝑀 2
̅𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝑎
(3𝑎 − 𝑙) and 𝑀 2
(3𝑏 − 𝑙) (clockwise moment) 12. 𝛿 = ∑
𝑙 𝑙 𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝑘𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑃2 𝐿 𝐿 𝑀2 𝑇2 𝐿 ∑ ∑( +𝐿𝛼𝑡)𝑘
5. 𝑈= , 𝑈 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑈 = 13. 𝑄 = − 𝐴𝐸
and 𝑄 = − 𝐴𝐸
2𝐴𝐸 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐺𝐽 𝑘2 𝐿 𝐿 𝑘2 𝐿 𝐿
∑ + 0 ∑ + 0
𝐿 𝑉2 𝐴𝐸 𝐴0 𝐸0 𝐴𝐸 𝐴0 𝐸0
6. 𝑈 = 1.2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 (rectangular beam) 14. 𝑘𝑖𝑗 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑗,
2𝐺𝐴
𝑙𝑀𝑠 𝑦
∫0 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥+∝𝑡𝑙−𝛿 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑗
7. 𝐻= 𝑙𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
(two hinged arch)
∫0 𝐸𝐼 𝐿3 12𝐸𝐼
15. Far end fixed, Transverse displacement, 𝛿 = and 𝑘 =
𝑤𝑙 2 8 𝑑2 12𝐸𝐼 𝐿3
8. H= (cable with udl) and Length of cable 𝐿 = 𝑙 + 𝐿3 3𝐸𝐼
8𝑑 3 𝑙 16. Far end hinged, Transverse displacement, 𝛿 = and 𝑘 =
3𝐸𝐼 𝐿3

RCC

1. 𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 1.65 𝜎 𝑙
21. ( ) =7 for cantilever, 20 for SS and 26 for continuous beams.
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
2. 𝐸𝑐 = 5000 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 and 𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 0.7 √𝑓𝑐𝑘
If span is more than 10 m, multiply above values with 10/span for
0.87 𝑓𝑦
3. 𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 0.002 + SS and continuous beams.
𝐸𝑠
280 𝑓𝑠 ∅
4. 𝐸𝑠 = 2 × 105 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝑚 = 22. 𝐿𝑑 =
4𝜏𝑏𝑑
, multiply 𝜏𝑏𝑑 value with 1.6 for deformed bars and 1.25
3𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑙0 for bars in compression.
5. 𝑏𝑓 = + 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝐷𝑓 for T-beams.
6 𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢
𝑙0 23. + 𝐿0 ≥ 𝐿𝑑 and 1.3 + 𝐿0 ≥ 𝐿𝑑 (If confinement exists)
6. 𝑏𝑓 = + 𝑏𝑤 + 3𝐷𝑓 for L-beams. 𝑉𝑢 𝑉𝑢
12 𝑉𝑢 𝑀
7.
𝑙0
+ 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏 for isolated T-beams. 24. 𝜏𝑣 = , 𝑉𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑉𝑢 + tan 𝛽
𝑙0 𝑏𝑑 𝑑
𝑏
+4 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
0.5𝑙0 25. 𝑉𝑢𝑠 =
8. + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏 for isolated L-beams. 𝑠𝑣
𝑙0
+4 𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
𝑏 26. ≥ (minimum shear reinforcement)
𝑥𝑢 0.87 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035 𝑏 𝑠𝑣 0.87 𝑓𝑦
9. = and = 0.87 𝑓𝑦
𝑑 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 0.0055+ 𝐸 27. 𝑠𝑣 ≤ 0.75 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 300 𝑚𝑚 for vertical stirrups.
𝑠
𝑇𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝐷
10. 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 0.42 𝑥𝑢 ) for 𝑥𝑢 ≤ 𝑥𝑢,max 28. 𝑉𝑒 = 𝑉𝑢 + 1.6 and 𝑀𝑒 = 𝑀𝑢 + (1 + )
𝑏 1.7 𝑏
11. 𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏. 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑 − 0.42 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑙
29. ≤ 35 for ss and 40 for continuous slabs for Fe-250. For Fe-415
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝑃𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑
12. = ( ) multiply above values with 0.8
𝑑 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 100
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑏
13. 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − ) 30. 𝜏𝑐2 = 𝑘𝑠 0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 , 𝑘𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐 ≤ 1.0 and 𝛽𝑐 =
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝐷
𝐷𝑓 𝑙 𝑑
14. 𝑦𝑓 = 0.15 𝑥𝑢 + 0.65 𝐷𝑓 when > 0.2 31. 𝑒𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = + , 20 𝑚𝑚 whichever is greater.
𝑑 500 30
𝑙 𝑏
15. 0.87 𝑓𝑦 (𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙 ) = (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.447 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ). 𝐴𝑠𝑐 32. 𝑒𝑦,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
500
+
30
, 20 𝑚𝑚 whichever is greater.
16. 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙 + 0.87 𝑓𝑦 . (𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙 ) (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 33. 𝑃𝑢 = 0.4 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.85 𝑉ℎ 𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐𝑘
17. = (minimum tension reinforcement) 34. ≥ 0.36 ( − 1) , 𝑑𝑐 = 𝑑 − 2𝑐 and 𝑑𝑚 = 𝑑𝑐 − ∅
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑉𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦
18. 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 % of 𝐴𝑔 for 𝐹𝑒-415 and 0.15 % of 𝐴𝑔 for 𝐹𝑒-250. 35. 𝐶𝑟 = 1.25 −
𝑙𝑒
48𝑏
(slabs)
𝐴1 𝐴1
19. 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4% 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑔 (Beams) ,𝐴𝑠𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4% 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑔 (Beams) 36. 𝑓𝑏𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑘 √ ,1<√ ≤ 2 , 𝐴1 =Largest frustum of a
𝐴2 𝐴2
𝑙 𝑙
20. ( ) =( ) 𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑐 pyramid with side slopes 1 in 2, 𝐴2 =loaded area of column base
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
 Geotechnical Engineering
𝑊1 −𝑤2
1. 𝐼𝑓 = 37. ∆𝑢 = 𝐵(∆𝜎𝑐 ) + 𝐴𝐵 (∆𝜎𝑑 ) (Skempton’s pore pressure
log10 𝑁2 /𝑁1
𝐼𝑝 parameters)
2. 𝐼𝑡 =
𝐼𝑓 38. 𝑞 = 𝑚𝑃 + 𝑘 is stress path equation where ∅ = tan−1 𝑚 and 𝑐 =
𝐷60
3. 𝐶𝑢 = 𝑘/ cos ∅
𝐷10
∆𝑒
2
𝐷30 39. 𝐶𝑐 = 𝜎 +∆𝜎
4. 𝐶𝑐 = log10 0𝜎
𝐷60 𝐷10 0

5. 𝐼𝑃 = 0.73 (𝑤𝐿 − 20) 40. 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 (𝑤𝐿 − 10) (for normally consolidated soil)
6. 𝐼𝑃 = 𝑤𝐿 − 𝑤𝑃 41. 𝐶𝑐 = 0.007 (𝑤𝐿 − 10) (for over consolidated soil)
∆𝑒 ∆𝐻
7. 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑤𝑃 − 𝑤𝑆 42. =
1+𝑒0 𝐻
𝑤−𝑤𝑃
8. 𝐼𝐿 = ∆𝐻/𝐻
𝐼𝑃 43. 𝑚𝑣 =
𝑤𝐿 −𝑤 ∆𝜎0
9. 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑘
𝐼𝑃 44. 𝑐𝑣 =
𝐼𝑝 𝛾𝑤 𝑚𝑣
10. 𝐴 = where 𝐹 is clay fraction (Activity) 𝑐𝑣 𝑡
𝐹 45. 𝑇𝑣 =
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑒 1/𝛾𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛 −1/𝛾𝑑 𝑑2
11. 𝑅𝐷 = = 𝜋
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 1/𝛾𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛−1/𝛾𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 46. 𝑇𝑣 = 𝑈2 when 𝑈 ≤ 0.6
4
𝑘1 tan 𝛼1
12. = (non homogeneous) 47. 𝑇𝑣 = −0.933 log10 (1 − 𝑈) − 0.085 when 𝑈 > 0.6
𝑘2 tan 𝛼2
𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝜎0 +∆𝜎
𝛾𝑤 𝑒 3 2 48. 𝑆𝑓 = log10
13. 𝑘 = 𝐶 𝑑 1+𝑒0 𝜎0
𝜇 1+𝑒
𝐶𝑟 𝐻 𝜎𝑐 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝜎0 +∆𝜎
14. 𝐾 =
𝑘𝜇
(absolute permeability) 49. 𝑆𝑓 = log10 + log 10
1+𝑒0 𝜎0 1+𝑒0 𝜎𝑐
𝛾𝑤
𝑞 ln(𝑟2 /𝑟1 ) 𝐷02 −𝐷𝑖2
15. 𝑘 = (Permeability in unconfined aquifer) 50. 𝐴𝑟 =
𝜋 𝑧22 −𝑧12 𝐷𝑖2
𝑐𝑢
16. 𝑘 =
𝑞 ln(𝑟2 /𝑟1 )
(Permeability in confined aquifer) 51. 𝑆𝑛 =
𝐹𝛾𝐻
2𝜋𝑏 𝑧2 −𝑧1
𝑘1 𝐻1 +𝑘2 𝐻2 52. 𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.5 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝛾 (Terzaghi’s strip)
17. 𝑘ℎ = (effective horizontal permeability in stratified
𝐻1 +𝐻2 53. 𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.4 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝛾 (Terzaghi’s square)
soils) 54. 𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + 0.3 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝛾 (Terzaghi’s circle)
𝐻 +𝐻2
18. 𝑘𝑣 = 𝐻11 𝐻 (effective vertical permeability in stratified soils) 𝐵 𝐵
𝑘1
+𝑘 2 55. 𝑞𝑢 = (1 + 0.3 ) 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 + (1 − 0.2 ) 0.5 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝛾 (Terzaghi’s
2 𝐿 𝐿
19. 𝑘𝑒 = √𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑣 (effective permeability) rectangle)
20. 𝑘 =
𝑎𝐿
ln
ℎ1
(falling head permeability test) 56. 𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 𝑆𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 0.5 𝛾 𝐵′ 𝑁𝛾 𝑆𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝑖𝛾
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2
𝑞𝐿 (Meyerhof)
21. 𝑘 = (constant head permeability test)
𝐴ℎ 𝐵 ′ = 𝐵 − 2𝑒𝑥 and 𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 2 𝑒𝑦
𝑁𝑓
22. 𝑞 = 𝑘𝑒 ℎ (seepage discharge) 57. 𝑞𝑛𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 (Skempton)
𝑁𝑑
5 𝐷𝑓 𝐵
3𝑄 1 1
2 𝑁𝑐 = 5 (1 + 0.2 ) (1 + 0.2 )
23. 𝜎𝑧 = ( 2) (Boussinesq’s formula) 𝐵 𝐿
2𝜋 𝑧 2 1+(𝑧)
𝑟
Limiting value of 𝐷𝑓 /𝐵 𝑖𝑠 2.5
3 𝑊ℎ 𝜂ℎ
𝑐𝑄 1 1
2
1−2𝜇
58. 𝑄𝑢 = (ENR) where
𝑆+𝐶
24. 𝜎𝑧 = ( 2 ) where 𝑐 = √ (Wesrwegaard’s
2𝜋 𝑧 2 𝑟
𝑐 2 +( ) 2−2𝜇 𝐶=
𝑧

formula) 2.54 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.254 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟
2 𝑊ℎ𝜂ℎ 𝜂𝑏
2𝑞 1
59. 𝑄𝑢 = 𝐶 (Hiley)
𝑆+2
25. 𝜎𝑧 = ( 𝑥 2
) (line load)
𝜋𝑧 1+( 𝑧 ) where 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
𝑞 𝑏 𝑅 𝑅
26. 𝜎𝑧 = (2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃) where 𝜃 = tan−1 (stress under centre 𝐶1 = 9.05 with dolley and 𝐶1 = 1.77 without dolley and
𝜋 𝑧 𝐴 𝐴
of strip load of width 2𝑏 ) 𝑅𝐿
𝑞 𝐶2 = 0.657
27. 𝜎𝑧 = (2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 sin 2∅) where 2𝜃 = 𝛽1 − 𝛽2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2∅ = 𝛽1 + 𝐴
𝜋
𝑅
𝛽2 ( strip eccentric point) 𝐶3 = 3.55
𝑅 𝐴
28. 𝜎𝑧 = 𝑞(1 − cos 3 𝜃) where 𝜃 = tan−1 (stress 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
𝑧
under centre of circular load) 𝑅 = 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 0.1𝑄
29. sin ∅ =
𝜎1 −𝜎3
(for cohesion less soils) 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚2
𝜎1 +𝜎3
𝑊+𝑒 2 𝑃
(𝜎1 −𝜎3 )/2 𝜂𝑏 = when 𝑊 > 𝑃
30. sin ∅ = (for cohesive soils) 𝑊+𝑃
𝑐 cot ∅+(𝜎1 +𝜎3 )/2
𝑊+𝑒 2 𝑃 𝑊−𝑒𝑃 2
31. 𝜎1 = 2𝑐 tan 𝛼 + 𝜎3 tan2 𝛼 where 𝛼 = 45 +
∅ 𝜂𝑏 = −( ) when 𝑊 < 𝑃𝑒
𝑊+𝑃 𝐸+𝑃
2
𝜏 𝑊ℎ𝜂ℎ 2𝜂ℎ 𝑊ℎ𝐿
32. tan ∅ = (shear box test for cohesion less soils) 60. 𝑄𝑢 = 𝑆 (Danish) 𝑆0 = √
𝜎 𝑆+ 20 𝐴𝐸
𝐻 𝐷
33. 𝑇 = 𝑐 𝜋𝐷2 ( + ) (if both top and bottom surfaces 61. 𝑄𝑢 = 𝐴𝑝 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠 𝛼 𝑐 (clays)
2 6
contributes) 62. 𝑄𝑢 = 𝐴𝑝 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠 𝜆(𝜎̅ + 2𝑐) (clays)
𝐻 𝐷
34. 𝑇 = 𝑐 𝜋𝐷2 ( + ) (if only bottom surface contribute) 63. 𝑄𝑢 = 𝐴𝑝 𝜎̅ 𝑁𝑞 + 𝐴𝑠 𝜎̅ 𝑘 tan 𝛿 (sands)
2 12
1−𝜇2 𝜎̅ 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 15 𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
35. 𝑆𝑖 = 𝑞 𝐵 𝐼𝑓 (immediate settlement )
𝐸 64. 𝑄𝑢 = 𝑁(𝐴𝑝 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠 𝛼 𝑐) or 𝑄𝑢 = (𝐴𝑔𝑝 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝐴𝑔𝑠 𝑐) (Group)
2
𝐵𝑓 𝐵𝑝 +0.3
36. 𝑆𝑓 = 𝑆𝑝 ( ) (settlement of footing based on plate 65. 𝑝𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 𝜎̅ − 2𝑐√𝑘𝑎 + 𝑢
𝐵𝑝 𝐵𝑓 +0.3

settlement) 66. 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑘𝑝 𝜎̅ + 2𝑐√𝑘𝑝 + 𝑢

1−sin ∅ 1+sin ∅
67. 𝑘𝑎 = and 𝑘𝑝 =
1+sin ∅ 1−sin ∅
 2𝑐 cos 𝛽−√cos2 𝛽−cos2 ∅ 𝑘𝑎 𝛾ℎ 2
68. 𝐻𝑐 = and unsupported vertical cut = 2𝐻𝑐 71. 𝑘𝑎 = and 𝑃𝑎 = cos 𝛽
𝛾√𝐾𝑎 cos 𝛽+√cos2 𝛽−cos2 ∅ 2
sin2 (𝛽+∅)
69. 𝑘𝑎 = 2 (Inclined backfill)
sin(∅+𝛿) sin(∅−𝑖)
sin2 𝛽 sin(𝛽−𝛿) (1+√sin(𝛽−𝛿) sin(𝛽+𝑖)) cos 𝛽+√cos2 𝛽−cos2 ∅ 𝑘𝑝 𝛾ℎ 2
72. 𝑘𝑝 = and 𝑃𝑝 = cos 𝛽
cos 𝛽−√cos2 𝛽−cos2 ∅ 2
(Coulomb’s active )
sin2 (𝛽−∅)
(Inclined backfill)
70. 𝑘𝑝 = 2 1
sin(∅+𝛿) sin(∅+𝑖)
sin2 𝛽 sin(𝛽+𝛿) (1−√sin(𝛽+𝛿) sin(𝛽+𝑖))
73. 𝑁𝑐 = 15 + (𝑁 − 15) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑁 > 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝑐 = 𝑁 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑁 ≤
2
15 (dilatancy)
(Coulomb’s passive ) 𝐺−1
74. 𝑖𝑐 = (Quick sand condition)
1+𝑒

Hydrology

1. A tropical cyclone is a zone of low pressure with anticlockwise 11. 𝑓𝑝 = 𝑓𝑐 + (𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑐 )𝑒 −𝐾ℎ𝑡 (Horton’s equation)
winds in the northern hemisphere. 12. ∅ 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥: It is the average rainfall above which the rainfall volume
2. Anticyclones cause clockwise wind circulations in the northern is equal to the runoff volume.
hemisphere. 𝑃−𝑅−𝐼𝑎
13. 𝑊 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥: 𝑊 =
𝑡𝑒
2 ∑𝑚 ̅)2
𝐶 100×𝜎𝑚−1 1 (𝑃𝑖 −𝑃 𝑣0.2 +𝑣0.8
3. 𝑁 = ( 𝑣 ) , 𝐶𝑣 = and 𝜎𝑚−1 = √ 14. 𝑣̅ = 𝑣0.6 and 𝑣̅ =
𝜀 𝑃̅ 𝑚−1 2

4.
𝑃𝑥
=
1
[
𝑃1
+
𝑃2
+ ⋯+
𝑃𝑚
] (Normal ratio method) 15. 𝑄𝑡 𝐶1 + 𝑄𝐶0 = (𝑄 + 𝑄𝑡 )𝐶2 (Dilution technique)
𝑁𝑥 𝑀 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁𝑚 𝐴
𝑃 𝐴 +𝑃 𝐴 +⋯+𝑃𝑚 𝐴𝑚 16. 𝑄𝑠 = 2.778 , (Equilibrium discharge) A in 𝑘𝑚2 and D in h. 𝑄𝑠 in
5. 𝑃̅ = 1 1 2 2 (Thiessen-mean method) 3
𝐷
𝑃1 +𝑃2 +⋯+𝑃𝑚 𝑚 /𝑠
𝜎𝑛−1 𝑇
𝑃 +𝑃 𝑃 +𝑃 𝑃 +𝑃
17. (𝑦𝑇1 − 𝑦𝑇2 ) = 𝑥𝑇1 − 𝑥𝑇2 and 𝑦𝑇 = − (𝑙𝑛. ln ) (Gumbels)
𝑎1 ( 1 2 2 )+𝑎2 ( 2 2 3 )+⋯+𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑛−12 𝑛) 𝑆𝑛 𝑇−1
6. 𝑃̅ = (Isohyetal method) 1 𝑛
𝐴 18. 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘, 𝑅 = 1 − 𝑞𝑛 = 1 − (1 − 𝑃)𝑛 = 1 − (1 − )
𝑇
7. 𝑃𝑟,𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞𝑛−𝑟 and 𝑃1 = 1 − 𝑞𝑛 −𝑘𝑥+0.5 ∆𝑡 𝑘𝑥+0.5 ∆𝑡
19. 𝑄2 = 𝐶0 𝐼2 + 𝐶1 𝐼1 + 𝐶2 𝑄1 , 𝐶0 = , 𝐶1 = and
8. 75% dependable annual rainfall is annual rainfall with probability 𝑘−𝑘𝑥+0.5 ∆𝑡 𝑘−𝑘𝑥+0.5 ∆𝑡
𝑘−𝑘𝑥−0.5 ∆𝑡
𝑁+1 1 𝐶2 = , 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 = 1
𝑃 = 0.75, i.e. 𝑇 = = 𝑘−𝑘𝑥+0.5 ∆𝑡
𝑚 0.75
20. 𝑆𝑦 + 𝑆𝑟 = 𝜂
9. The chemical used as evaporation inhibitor is cetyl alcohol.
10. Evapotranspiration can be measured by Lysimeters.
𝐾0 1 𝐻1
21. 𝐾𝑠 = = ln (recuperation test)
𝐴 𝑇𝑟 𝐻2
 Fluid mechanics
𝑑𝑣 𝐼
1. 𝜏 = 𝜇. 26. 𝐺𝑀 = − 𝐵𝐺
𝑑𝑦 𝑉
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 8 5⁄
2. + (𝜌𝑣𝑥 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝑦 ) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝜌𝑣𝑧 ) = 0 (continuity equation) 27. Q= 𝐶𝑑 . √2𝑔. tan 𝜃/2 𝐻 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 15
𝐷𝜌 𝑔𝑥²
3. + 𝜌 ∇. 𝑉 =0 (continuity equation) 28. 𝑣 = √
𝐷𝑡 2𝑦
𝑀2 −𝑀1 𝑚𝑣2 −𝑚𝑣1
4. 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = = = 𝜌𝑄(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑠
𝑡 𝑡 29. 𝑄 = Cd . √2gh and ℎ = 𝑥 ( 𝑚 − 1)
√𝑎1 2 −𝑎2 2 𝑠𝑓
5. 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑎(𝑣 + 𝑢)[(𝑣 + 𝑢) − 𝑢] = 𝜌𝑎(𝑣 + 𝑢)𝑣 (Jet propulsion
moving with 𝑢 velocity) 30. 𝑄 = 𝜓1 − 𝜓2
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣22 31. = −𝑣𝑥 and = −𝑣𝑦
6. + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕𝑝 32. = 𝑣𝑦 and = −𝑣𝑥
7. = and 𝜇 = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜌𝑟 𝑉𝑟 𝐿𝑟
𝜕𝑃 𝑟 𝛾𝑤 .ℎ𝐿 𝑟 33. (𝑅𝑒 )𝑟 = =1
8. 𝜏=− . and 𝜏 = . 𝜇𝑟
𝜕𝑥 2 𝐿 2 𝑣𝑟
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑟 2
34. (𝐹𝑟 )𝑟 =
√𝑔𝑟 𝐿𝑟
9. 𝑣= . (− ) . (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) = 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 . [1 − ( ) ]
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝑅 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥
32𝜇𝑉𝐿 128𝜇𝑄𝐿
35. 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 . + 𝑣𝑦 . + 𝑣𝑧 . +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
10. 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = =
𝐷2 𝜋𝐷4
64𝜇 64 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦
11. 𝑓 = = 36. 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 . + 𝑣𝑦 . + 𝑣𝑧 . +
𝜌𝑉𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧
𝑟 ⁄7 37. 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑣𝑥 . + 𝑣𝑦 . + 𝑣𝑧 . +
12. 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 . (1 − ) (Turbulent) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝑅
𝑓𝐿𝑣 2 1 1
13. ℎ𝐿 = 38. 𝜔 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑣 = (∇ × 𝑣)
2𝑔𝐷 2 2
𝐿
=
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 39. Vorticity = 2𝜔
14.
𝐷5 𝐷1 5 + 𝐷2 5 + 𝐷35
(Compound pipe)
40. Circulation = 𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑝𝑎 𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑣 2 0.5𝑣 2 𝑣2 𝑓𝐿𝑣 2 1.5𝑣 2
15. −ℎ = + + + and 𝐻 = + (Siphon) 41. 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2
𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔𝐷 2𝑔
∞ 𝑣 Q Q
16. ∗
𝛿 = ∫0 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦 42. Q1 = [1 + cos θ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Q 2 = [1 − cos θ] (θ is with plate)
𝑉 2 2
∞𝑣 𝑣 N√Q N√P
17. 𝜃 = ∫0 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦 43. Ns = , Ns =
𝑉 𝑉 H3/4 H5/4
∞𝑣 𝑣2 𝑄2 𝐴3
18. 𝛿𝐸 = ∫0 (1 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 44. =
𝑉 𝑉 𝑔 𝑇
𝛿 5 𝑣
19. Blassius boundary layer thickness = 45. 𝐹 = 𝐴
𝑥 √𝑅𝑒𝑥 √𝑔.
𝑇
𝛿∗ 1.729
20. Displacement thickness = 2𝑦12 𝑦22 𝑦12 +𝑦1 𝑦2 +𝑦22
𝑥 √𝑅𝑒𝑥 46. 𝑦𝑐3 = and 𝐸 =
𝑦1 +𝑦2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
𝜃 0.664
21. Momentum thickness = 47.
𝑑𝑦
=
𝑠𝑜 −𝑠𝑓
𝑥 √𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑄2 𝑇
𝑑𝑥 1− 3
0.664 𝜌𝑉 2 𝑔𝐴
22. 𝑐𝑑,𝑥 = and 𝜏𝑥 = 𝑐𝑑,𝑥
√𝑅𝑒𝑥 2 48. 𝑃1+𝑀1 = 𝑃2 + 𝑀2 (specific force=pressure force+momentum per
𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 𝐹 𝜌𝑉 2 1.328 sec)
23. Drag force= 𝐶𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝜏0 = 𝐶𝑑 , 𝐶𝑑 =
2 𝐴 2 √𝑅𝑒 𝐿 𝑦2 𝑦 2𝑞 2
′ 11.6 𝜗 11.6𝜗 49. [1 + 2 ] = (sequent depths for rectangular channel)
24. 𝛿 = = (Laminar sub layer) 𝑦1 𝑦1 𝑔𝑦13
√𝜏𝑜 /𝜌 𝑣∗
(𝑦2 −𝑦1 )3
IG 𝐼𝐺 50. 𝐸 = (Energy loss in jump)
25. ℎ̅ = x̅ + and ℎ̅ = 𝑥̅ + . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 4𝑦1 𝑦2
Ax
̅ 𝐴𝑥̅
 Irrigation Engineering
𝑦 𝑄
1. 𝑡 = log 𝑒 ( ) 30. 𝐶 = 19 √
𝐷
[
𝑑+𝐷
], 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 =
𝑓 𝑄−𝑓𝐴
𝑏′ 𝑏
𝑄
2. 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡.
𝑓
𝑁𝑎+ 𝐻 1 1+√1+𝛼 2 𝑏
3. 𝑆𝐴𝑅 = 31. 𝐺𝐸 = ,𝜆= and 𝛼 =
++ ++ 𝑑 𝜋√𝜆 2 𝑑
√𝐶𝑎 +𝑀𝑔
2 1 𝜆−2 1 𝜆−1
𝐵 32. ∅𝐷 = cos −1 ( ) and ∅𝐸 = cos−1 ( )
4. ∆= 8.64 𝜋 𝜆 𝜋 𝜆
𝐷 1 −1 𝜆2 +1 1 𝜆
33. ∅𝐶 = cos ( ) , ∅𝐷 = cos −1 ( 2 ) and ∅𝐸 =
5. 𝐴 = 𝑄𝐷 𝜋 𝜆1 𝜋 𝜆1
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 1 𝜆2 −1 √1+𝛼12 +√1+𝛼22 √1+𝛼12 −√1+𝛼22
6. 𝜂𝑐 = cos −1 ( ) , 𝜆1 = and 𝜆2 =
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝜋 𝜆1 2 2
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏1 𝑏2
7. 𝜂𝑎 = , 𝛼1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼2 =
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒
8. 𝜂𝑠 = 34. Non-modular modules: Drowned pipe outlet, masonry
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑑 sluice and wooden shoots.
9. 𝜂𝑑 = 1 − , 𝐷 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑠 and
𝐷 35. Semi modules or flexible modules: Pipe outlet, venturi
𝑑 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
flume or Kennedy’, open flume and orifice semi module.
10. 𝐶𝐼𝑅 = 𝐶𝑢 − 𝑅𝑒
36. Rigid modules: Gibb’s module, Kanna’s rigid module and
11. 𝑁𝐼𝑅 = 𝐶𝐼𝑅 + 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑘𝑝 foote module.
12. 𝐶𝑢 = (1.8𝑡 + 32) 𝑑𝑞/𝑞 𝑚 𝑦
40 37. Flexibility 𝐹 = = . , 𝑞 =discharge in outlet and
𝛾𝑑 𝑑𝑄/𝑄 𝑛 𝐻
13. 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 𝑑(𝐹 − 𝑂𝑀𝐶)
𝛾𝑤 𝑄 = discharge in channel, 𝑚 =outlet index and
14. 𝜏𝑜 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑅𝑆 𝑛 =channel index. 𝐻 =working head of outlet and 𝑦 =
1
1
15. 𝑛 = 𝑑 6 , 𝑑 is in meters depth of water in channel.
24
𝑚 𝐻
16. 𝑣0 = 0.55 𝑚 𝑦 0.64 38. Proportionality: 𝐹 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝑛 𝑦
1 0.00155
+(23+ ) 𝐻
17. 𝑣 = [ 𝑛 𝑆
0.00155 𝑛 ] √𝑅𝑆 39. Setting =
1+(23+ ) 𝑦
𝑆 √𝑅
𝑚 𝐻
1 40. > , hyper proportional outlet.
𝑄𝑓2 6 𝑛 𝑦
18. 𝑣 = ( ) 𝑚 𝐻
140
41. < , sub proportional outlet.
5 𝑣2 𝑛 𝑦
19. 𝑅 = ( ) 𝑑𝑞/𝑞 𝑑𝑞/𝑞
2 𝑓 42. Sensitivity, 𝑆 = =𝑛 =𝑛𝐹
𝑑𝑦/𝑦 𝑑𝑄/𝑄
20. 𝑃 = 4.75√𝑄
5 43. Aqueduct: Canal over drainage with clear gap.
𝑓3
21. 𝑆 = 1
44. Syphon Aqueduct: Canal over drainage with syphonic
3340𝑄6
1
action.
𝑞2 3 45. Super passage: Drain over canal with clear gap.
22. 𝐷𝑠 = 1.35 ( )
𝑓
2 1 46. Canal Syphon: Drain over canal with syphonic action.
23. 𝑣 = 10.8𝑅 𝑆 3 3
47. Principal stress in dam
24. 𝐴 = 𝑦 2 (𝜃 + cot 𝜃), 𝑃 = 2𝑦(𝜃 + cot 𝜃) for Lined 𝜎 = 𝑝𝑣 sec 2 𝛼 − 𝑝′ tan2 𝛼
Triangular section. where 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 and 𝑝′ = water
25. 𝐴 = 𝐵𝑦 + 𝑦 2 (𝜃 + cot 𝜃), 𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2𝑦(𝜃 + cot 𝜃) for Lined pressure of tail water and
Trapezoidal section. 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
26. Launching apron scour depth, 48. 𝐵 =
𝐻
1 √𝑆𝑐 −𝐶
𝑄 3
𝐷 = 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑑, 𝑅 = 0.47 ( )
𝑓
𝑓 𝑓
27. Length of launching apron = √5 𝐷 49. 𝐻 = and 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝛾𝑤 (𝑆𝑐 −𝐶+1) 𝛾𝑤 (𝑆𝑐 +1)
ℎ′
28. 𝑡 = , where
𝐺
ℎ′ = 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐺𝐿 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 50. 𝑥1.85 = 2 𝐻𝑑0.85 𝑦
ℎ
29. 𝑡 = , where
𝐺−1
ℎ = 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐺𝐿 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟
 Environmental Engineering

1. 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 + 𝑛𝑥̅ , where 𝑥̅ =average of population 23. PH range for alum: 6.5 to 8.3.
increase (Arithmetic increase method) 24. 𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙 is most destructive disinfectant.
𝑛 1
2. 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 (1 +
𝑟
) , where 𝑟 = (𝑟1 𝑟2 … 𝑟𝑡 ) 𝑡 (Geometric increase 25. Quick lime required in softening =Carbonate hardness in 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 as
100 56 56
method) 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 × 56/100 + 𝑀𝑔++ × +𝐶𝑂2 ×
24 44

3. 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 + 𝑛𝑥̅ +
𝑛(𝑛+1)
𝑦̅ , where 𝑦̅ =average of incremental 26. Soda required in softening =Non-carbonate hardness in 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 as
2
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 × 106/100
increase
27. 𝑌𝑡 = 𝐿(1 − 10−𝑘𝐷𝑡 )
4. Carbonate hardness=Total hardness or Alkalinity whichever is
28. 𝑘𝐷,𝑇 = 𝑘𝐷,20 × (1.047)𝑇−20
lesser.
29. 𝑆 = 1 − (0.794)𝑡20 and 𝑆 = 1 − (0.630)𝑡37
5. Non-carbonate hardness = Total hardness – carbonate hardness 100
50 50
30. 𝜂% =
1+0.0044√u
6. Total hardness = 𝐶𝑎++ in mg/l × +𝑀𝑔++ in mg/l × +𝐴𝑙3+ in
20 12 where 𝑢 =organic loading kg/ha-m/day
50
mg/l × 100 1+R⁄I
9 31. 𝜂% = where 𝐹 =
50 50 1+0.0044√u/F (1+0.1R⁄I)2
7. Akalinity = 𝐶𝑂3−− in mg/l × + 𝐻𝐶𝑂3− in mg/l × + 𝑂𝐻 in−
V volume of Aeration tank
30 61 32. HRT = =
50 Q Rate of sewage flow.
mg/l ×
17 33. Volumetric BOD loading = organic loading =
8. Ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen is called Kjedahl nitrogen. Mass of BOD applied per day to Aeration tank QY0
=
9. Colour: 5 Hazen units (max), PH: 6.5-8.5, Turbidity: 1 NTU (max), volume of aeration tank. V
F Q Yo
TDS: 500 mg/l (max), Chloride: 250 mg/l (max), Sulphate: 200 mg/l 34. =
M V Xt
(max), Nitrate: 45 mg/l (max), fluoride : 1mg/l (max), Total 35. 𝑀𝐶𝑅𝑇 =
V.Xt
=
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
Qw.XR +(Q−Qw )XE . 𝐵𝑖𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
alkalinity: 200 mg/l (max), Total hardness: 200 mg/l (max),
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 30 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
Magnesium: 30 mg/l (max), Calcium: 75 mg/l (max), Zinc: 5 mg/l 36. Sludge volume index (SVI) =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
(max), Iron: 0.3 mg/l (max), Free residual chlorine: 0.2 mg/l (min). QR Xt X
37. = = 106 t
Q XR−Xt −Xt
10. Toxic substances: Cadmium, Cyanide, lead, Mercury, Nickel, SvI
Vs Qs + VR QR
Arsenic, chromium. 38. C =
Qs + QR
11. E-coli shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample of drinking 𝐿0 𝑓−1 𝐷
39. ( ) = {1 − (𝑓 − 1) 0 } 𝑓
water. 𝐷𝑐 𝑓 𝐿0
1 𝐷
12. Standard sample of MPN: 10ml, 1 ml and 0.1 ml 40. 𝑡𝑐 = . 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [{1 − (𝑓 − 1) 0 } 𝑓]
𝑘𝑟 −𝑘𝑑 𝐿0
13. MPN/100 ml, by Thomas 𝐿0
100× 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
41. 𝐷𝑡 = (10−𝑘𝐷𝑡 − 10−𝑘𝑅 𝑡 ) + 𝐷0 10−𝑘𝑅 𝑡
𝑓−1
=
√𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠×𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 42. Primary pollutants: CO, 𝑆𝑂2 , 𝑁𝑜𝑥 , hydrocarbons and particulate
𝑔 𝑑2
14. 𝑣𝑠 = (𝐺 − 1) matter are primary air pollutants.
18 𝜗
15. Percentage particle removal:
𝑣𝑠
× 100 (If 𝑣𝑠 < 𝑣0 ) 43. Secondary pollutants: Ozone, PAN (Peroxy acetyl nitrate),
𝑣0
photochemical 𝑆mog, Aerosols and mists.
16. Chemical used in coagulation: Alum (Aluminium sulphate),
44. 𝐸𝐿𝑅 < 𝐴𝐿𝑅 : Sub adiabatic and stable.
Copperas (Ferrous sulphate), Chlorinated copperas, Sodium
45. 𝐸𝐿𝑅 > 𝐴𝐿𝑅 : Super adiabatic and unstable
aluminates. 𝑃𝑟𝑚𝑠
46. 𝐿𝑝 =20 log10 where 𝑃𝑜 = 20 𝜇𝑃𝑎
17. Al2 (SO4 )3 18H2 O + 3 Ca(HCO3 )2 → 𝑃𝑜
𝐿𝑖
3CaSO4 +2Al(OH)3+6CO2 +18H2 O 47. 𝐿𝑒𝑞 =10log ∑𝑛𝑖=1 10 × 𝑡𝑖 10
300
18. Alkalinity requirement = 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 as 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 per 1𝑚𝑔/𝑙 of Alum 48. Addition of sound levels:
666
408 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿𝑛
19. Permanent hardness due to alum = 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 as 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 per 𝐿𝑝 = 10 log10 [1010 + 1010 + ⋯ + 1010 ]
666
1𝑚𝑔/𝑙 of Alum 49. Averaging of Sound Pressure Levels:
156
20. Sludge production = 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 as 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 per 1𝑚𝑔/𝑙 of Alum ̅̅̅ 1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿𝑛
666 𝐿𝑝 = 20 log10 { (1020 + 1020 + ⋯ + 10 20 )}
264 𝑚𝑔 𝑛
21. 𝐶𝑂2 release = as 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 per 1𝑚𝑔/𝑙 of Alum 𝑟
666 𝑙 50. 𝐿2 = 𝐿1 – 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( 2 )
1 𝑟1
𝑃 2
22. 𝐺 ′ = ( ) where P is in Watts
𝜇𝑉
 Transportation Engineering
2𝑥 2 𝑧
1. 𝑦= (parabolic camber) 37. 𝐸𝑆𝑊𝐿: interpolate load for depth from line joining (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃, log )
𝑛𝑊 2
𝑣2 and (𝑙𝑜𝑔2𝑃, log 2𝑠).
2. 𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 𝑣𝑡 + , 𝐼𝑆𝐷 = 2 × 𝑆𝑆𝐷
2𝑔(𝑓±𝑛) 1
𝐸ℎ 3 4
3. 𝑂𝑆𝐷 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3 , 𝑑1 = 𝑣𝑏 𝑡, 𝑑2 = 2𝑠 + 𝑣𝑏 𝑇 , 𝑑3 = 𝑣𝑇 , 38. Radius of relative stiffness 𝑙 = [ ]
12𝑘(1−𝜇2 )
𝑇 = √4𝑠/𝑎 𝑝(
𝑘𝑔
)
𝑐𝑚2
𝑣2 𝑛𝑙 2 𝑉 39. 𝑘 = (modulus of subgrade reaction)
4. =𝑒+𝑓 , 𝑊𝑒 = + 0.125 𝑐𝑚
𝑅𝑔 2𝑅 9.5√𝑅 𝐸
𝑣3
40. 𝑘 = (𝑎 is rigid plate radius)
1.18 𝑎
5. 𝐿𝑠 = (comfort condition) 𝐸
𝐶𝑅 41. 𝑘 = (𝑎 is flexible plate radius)
6. 𝐿𝑠 = 𝑒𝑁(𝑊 + 𝑊𝑒 ) (rotated about inner edge) 1.5 𝑎

𝑉2 𝑉2
42. 𝑘1 𝑎1 = 𝑘2 𝑎2
7. 𝐿𝑠 = 2.7 for plain and rolling terrain, 𝐿𝑠 = for steep and 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑅 𝑅 43. 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (below 7 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 contact
𝑡𝑦𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
mountainous terrain.
pressure is more)
8. IRC recommends Spiral as transition curve. 𝛿
𝐿2𝑠 44. 𝐿𝛼𝑡 = (expansion joint)
9. 𝑆= 2
24𝑅 𝐿𝑐
𝜃 45. 𝑏ℎ𝛾𝑐 𝑓 = 𝑆𝑐 𝑏ℎ
2
10. 𝑚 = 𝑅 (1 − cos ), 𝜃 = 𝑆/𝑅 (single lane, 𝐿 > 𝑆)
2 46. 𝑏ℎ𝛾𝑐 𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑠 (tie bar area of steel per meter)
𝜃 𝑆−𝐿 𝜃 𝐿
11. 𝑚 = 𝑅 (1 − cos ) + sin , 𝜃 = (Single lane, 𝐿 < 𝑆) 𝐿 𝜋∅2
2 2 2 𝑅 47. 𝜋∅𝜏𝑏𝑑 = 𝑆𝑠 (length of tie bar)
2 4
12. Curve resistance = 𝑇(1 − cos 𝛼) (𝜆𝑡)𝑥 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
30+𝑅 75 48. 𝑃(𝑥) = (Poisson distribution)
13. Grade compensation = or whichever is less 𝑥!
𝑅 𝑅
𝑁𝑠 2
49. 𝑃(ℎ ≥ 𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
14. 𝐿 = 2 when 𝐿 > 𝑠 (Summit curve for SSD), ℎ = 𝑣 𝑘
(√2ℎ+√2𝐻) 50. 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑗 (1 − ) and 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 (1 − )
𝑣𝑓 𝑘𝑗
0.15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 = 1.2 1000
(√2ℎ+√2𝐻)
2 51. 𝑞 = 𝑘𝑣 and 𝑘 =
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
15. 𝐿 = 2𝑠 − when 𝐿 < 𝑠 (Summit curve for SSD), 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 30𝑡ℎ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑁
52. 𝑃𝐻𝐹 = or 𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
ℎ = 0.15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 = 1.2 4 ×𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇
𝑣1 +𝑣2 +⋯+𝑣𝑛
𝑁𝑠 2 53. 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
16. 𝐿 = 2 when 𝐿 > 𝑠 (Summit curve for OSD), 𝐻 = 1.2 𝑛
(√2𝐻+√2𝐻) 𝑑
2 54. 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑡1 +𝑡2 +⋯+𝑡𝑛
(√2𝐻+√2𝐻)
17. 𝐿 = 2𝑠 − , 𝐿 < 𝑠 (Summit curve for OSD), 𝐻 = 1.2 𝑛𝑎 +𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑦
𝑛
𝑁
𝑁𝑠 2 55. 𝑞 = , 𝑡̅ = 𝑡𝑤 −
𝑡𝑎 +𝑡𝑤 𝑞
18. 𝐿 = when 𝐿 > 𝑠 (valley curve), ℎ = 0.75 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 1°
2ℎ+2𝑠 tan 𝛼
2ℎ+2𝑠 tan 𝛼
56. Safe speed limit is 85th percentile speed
19. 𝐿 = 2𝑠 − , 𝐿 < 𝑠 (valley curve), ℎ = 0.75 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 1° 57. Geometric design is based on 98th percentile speed.
𝑁
1
𝑁𝑣 3 2 58. Road side facilities are based on 30th highest hourly volume.
20. 𝐿 = 2 ( ) (valley curve comfort condition) 1.5𝐿+5
𝐶
80
59. 𝐶0 =
1−𝑌0
21. 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑝
75+𝑉 (1+ )(1− )
𝑤 3
22. 𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 60. 𝑄 = 280𝑤 𝑤
(1+ )
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 0.6 𝑑𝑚 𝑙
× 100 𝑇𝑚 −𝑇𝑎
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 61. 𝑇𝑟 = 𝑇𝑎 +
3
23. 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 62. 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 7 % 𝑓𝑜𝑟 300 𝑚
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1.8 𝑑𝑚
× 100 63. 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡, 𝑇𝑠 = 15 −
6.5
ℎ
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
1000
𝑊
100( 𝐺 ) 64. Temperature correction = 1% 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1℃ 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑇𝑠
24. Angularity number= 67 − , C is weight water in the
𝐶
65. Gradient correction = 20% 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡.
cylinder, W is weight of aggregate packed in the cylinder.
𝑉2
25. Penetration test unit is 1/10th mm. Weight used 100 grams. 66. 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑅 =
125𝑓
Temperature 25℃. 0.388𝑊 2 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
67. 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑅 = 𝑇 where 𝑠 = 6 +
𝑊1 +𝑊2 +𝑊3 𝑊𝑎 +𝑊𝑏 −𝑆 2
26. 𝐺𝑎 = 𝑊1 𝑊 𝑊 and 𝐺𝑡 = 𝑊𝑎 𝑊
2

𝐺1
+ 𝐺 2+ 𝐺 3 +𝐺𝑏 68. Turning radius for subsonic aircraft is 120 m and for supersonic it
2 3 𝐺𝑎 𝑏
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 is 180 m
27. 𝐺𝑚 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑
𝐺𝑡 −𝐺𝑚 𝑊 𝐺𝑚 69. Grade compensation for BG is 0.04%, for MG is 0.03% and for NG
28. 𝑣𝑎 = , 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑏 × and 𝑉𝑀𝐴 = 𝑣𝑎 + 𝑣𝑏
𝐺 𝑡 𝑊 𝑚 𝐺𝑏 is 0.02% per degree of curve.
𝑣𝑏 1720
29. 𝑉𝐹𝐵 = 70. 𝐷 =
𝑉𝑀𝐴 𝑅
th
30. Flow value units 1/4 mm 𝑐2
(1+𝑟)𝑛 −1
71. 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 =
𝑥 8𝑅
31. 𝑁 = 365𝐴 [ ] 𝑉𝐷𝐹 × 𝐿𝐷𝐹 and 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟) 𝑉2
𝑛
72. 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 = ×𝐺
32. 𝐿𝐷𝐹 = 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 (single 127𝑅
73. Theoretical cant = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
carriageway)
13(𝐵+𝐿)2
33. LDF=0.75 for two lanes and 0.60 for three lane and 0.45 for four 74. Widening of gauge in cm, 𝑑 = where B is wheel base in
𝑅
lane (dual carriageway) m, lap of flange in m, 𝐿 = 0.02√ℎ2 +
𝐷ℎ , h is depth of wheel
𝑃 4 flange below rail top level, D dia of wheel in cm.
34. 𝑉𝐷𝐹 = ( ) , where P is in kN
80
𝑣3
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔 75. 𝐿𝑠 = 3.28 (Transition curve)
35. 𝐶𝐵𝑅 𝑎𝑡 2.5 𝑚𝑚 = = 𝑅
70 1370
𝑥3
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔 76. 𝑦 = (Transition curve)
36. 𝐶𝐵𝑅 𝑎𝑡 5 𝑚𝑚 = = 6𝐿𝑅
105 2055
77. Usually adopted transition curve for railways is cubic parabola.