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Published 08/18/2017
Copyright © 2017 SAE International
doi:10.4271/2017-01-9377

NOx Emission Reduction in Annona Biodiesel Engine

by Means of Antioxidant Additives
Senthil Ramalingam and Silambarasan Rajendran
University College of Engineering, Villupuram

ABSTRACT
Biodiesel as an alternative diesel fuel prepared from vegetable oils or animal fats has attracted more and more attention because of its
renewable and environmental friendly nature. Many recent studies shows that 20% proportion of biodiesel-diesel blend (B20) can
substantially reduce the hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions. However, there is a slight increase in NOx
emission for B20 than that of diesel and it was a barrier to market expansion. The addition of antioxidant additives was the most
effective method to mitigate the NOx emission. Hence, in this paper experimental investigation has been carried out to mitigate the
NOx emission in Annona biodiesel (A20) operated diesel by addition of antioxidant additives. The antioxidant additives such as
p-phenylenediamine, A-tocopherol acetate and L-ascorbic acid were used in the present investigation. In recent years Annona biodiesel
has been considered as potential novel renewable energy source in India. Therefore in this experimental investigation was conducted to
improve the A20 (7) (20% of annona methyl ester with 80% of diesel) with the help of antioxidant additives. It was evidently proved
from the experimental investigation that use of antioxidant additive was effective in controlling the NOx emission in diesel engine.
Result shows that 250mg concentration of p-phenylenediamine additive with A20 blend was optimum for NOx mitigation up to 25.7%
when compared to that of diesel without any major modification.

KEYWORDS: Annona methyl ester, NOx mitigation, Antioxidant additives, Emissions, Diesel Engine

CITATION: Rajendran, S., "NOx Emission Reduction in Annona Biodiesel Engine by Means of Antioxidant Additives," SAE Int. J. Fuels
Lubr. 10(3):2017, doi:10.4271/2017-01-9377.

INTRODUCTION
Alternative fuels have been widely used in the internal combustion
engines due to extensive research in finding alternative sources for
fossil based fuels. Vegetable oils, biodiesel, simple alcohols such as
methanol and ethanol and blended fuels are utilized in combustion
engines. The CO, HC and smoke emissions were reduced but NOx
emission was increased with vegetable oil blends than that of diesel
fuel. Further, the engine performance with vegetable oil blend or
biodiesel was similar to that of diesel fuel [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
EFFECT OF BIODIESEL DIESEL BLENDS
The A20 blend shows better performance and lower exhaust
emissions. Further, the CO, HC, and smoke emissions were reduced
considerably. However, the NOx emission was slightly increased for
the various proportions of Annona methyl ester (AME) [7]. The brake
specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for Ceibapentandra biodiesel
blends (CPB10) was higher than that of diesel and CO, HC and
smoke emissions were reduced for all biodiesel blends. Further, the
NOx and CO2 emission were increased for CPB10 when compared to
that of diesel [8]. The brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) of
rice bran oil was higher than that of all blends at all loads and
viscosity, better combustion and lesser emission than that of other
blends of rice bran oil [9]. The Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of
652
Jatropha biodiesel blends was lower and there is a slight increase in
BSFC of Jatropha biodiesel blends than that of diesel. Further the
HC, CO and smoke emissions were lower for Jatropha biodiesel
blends than that of diesel but at the expense of increase in NOx[10].
NOx Mechanism
As the use of biodiesel has increased tremendously the rise in NOx
emission can became a significant barrier to market expansion. For
pure 100% biodiesel increase the NOx emission by 13% than that of
diesel. During combustion, the NOx is generated by three mechanism
such as thermal, prompt and fuel. High combustion temperature
(1700K) breaks the strong triple bond of nitrogen molecules and form
high less reactive atomic nitrogen, then it reacts with the oxygen and
generates thermal NOx. Further the formation of free radicals in the
flame front of the HC flames leads to the rapid production of prompt
NOx. The fuel NOx is formed by the reaction of nitrogen bond in the
fuel with the oxygen during combustion process. Among these three
mechanisms, thermal and prompt NOx are the dominant mechanisms
in biodiesel operated diesel engine since biodiesel does not contain
fuel bond nitrogen. The thermal mechanism is unaffected by fuel
chemistry, whereas the prompt mechanism is sensitive to free radical
in the reaction zone. Numerous reasons have been proposed for
biodiesel NOx effect; however the exact cause is still unclear. The
development of improved NOx reduction technologies is therefore
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critical to the global environment. Hence the antioxidants are very
effective in controlling the NOx emission and it has potential
antioxidant properties to supress the free radical formation. [11, 12,
13, 18, 19]
Effect of Antioxidant Additives
The L-ascorbic acid antioxidant additive was mixed in various
proportions such as 100-400 mg with methyl ester of cottonseed oil
(MECSO). The NOx and HC emissions for LA300 with MECSO
were reduced by 9.31% and 23.62% respectively. Further, the CO and
smoke emissions were higher to all the mixtures of antioxidant
additive with MECSO when compared to that of neat biodiesel [11].
The various antioxidant additives such as L-ascorbic acid, α-
tocopherol acetate, butylatedhydroxytoluene, p-phenylenediamine
and ethylenediamine were used. The NOx emission for 0.025%-m
concentration of p-phenylenediamine was reduced by 43.55% when
compared to other antioxidants additives at 0.025%-m concentration.
Further, the HC and CO emissions were slightly increased with the
addition of antioxidant additives [12]. The antioxidant additives, N,
N′-diphenyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine (DPPD) and N-phenyl-1,
4-phenylenediamine (NPPD) were tested in a diesel engine. The
maximum NO reduction for DPPD and NPPD additives were 9.35%
and 4.06% respectively when compared to that of B20 at 75% load.
Further, the aromatic amine antioxidants were reduced the NO
emission below the level of conventional diesel engine [13]. The four
synthetic antioxidants such as butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA),
butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)
and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) were tested on a Land Rover
turbocharged DI diesel engine. The highest NOx emission reduction
was found at EHN followed by BHT and BHA. The lowest NOx
emission was observed for TBHQ [14]. The oxidation stability
increases with the increase of antioxidant additive proportion and the
NOx emission of BHT100 with MENO is reduced by 19.99% at full
load condition when compared to that of neat biodiesel. However, the
HC, CO and smoke emissions for all antioxidant mixture were
increased slightly. Further, there is no variation in BTE with the
addition of antioxidant additive in the biodiesel [15].
The EHN is a promising antioxidant additive for controlling the NOx
emission at the expense of increasing the CO and HC emissions.
Further, the BHA is also capable of decreasing the NOx and HC
emission by 2.73% and 39.12% respectively at 1000 ppm
concentration when compared to that of canola oil methyl ester (B20)
without additive [16]. The NOx emission for BHA and BHT
antioxidants were reduced by 9.8-12.6% when compared to that of
palm methyl ester (B20). However, the CO and HC emissions were
reduced for both antioxidants additives with B20 by 8.6-12.3% and
9.1-12.0%, respectively when compared to that of B20[17]. The NOx
emission for MENO + P200 was reduced by 35% when compared to
that of neat diesel. Further, the HC emission for MENO+P200 is
reduced by 31% at full load when compared to that of neat diesel, but
CO2, CO and smoke emissions for all concentrations were found to
be increased [18]. The NOx emission for MENO + AT100 was
reduced by 25.95% at full load when compared to that of neat
biodiesel. Further, the HC, CO and smoke emissions increases with
increasing antioxidant concentration whereas there is no significant
variation in BTE and BSFC [19]. The addition of BHT and MBEBP
antioxidants to callophyllum inophyllum (CB30) resulted reduction
653
in BSFC by 0.43% and 0.57%, respectively and increase in BTE by
0.36% and 0.45% respectively when compared to that of neat
biodiesel. Further, the NOx emission for both BHT and MBEBP
blends were reduced by 5.91% and 5.27% respectively, but there was
a significant increase of HC, smoke and CO emissions [20]. The
antioxidant was effectively controlling the NOx emission. Further, the
addition of 0.15%-m DPPD additive in JB5, JB10, JB15 and JB20
showed NOx emission reduction of 8.03%, 3.503%, 13.65% and
16.54% respectively, when compared to that of biodiesel blends
without antioxidant additive [21]. The addition of
butylatedhydroxyanisole was effectively controlling the NOx
emission, but the other antioxidants were not reducing the NOx
emission [22]. The performance characteristics for soybean biodiesel
operated diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of
antioxidants. Further the addition antioxidant additives with soybean
biodiesel was reduced the NOx emission efficiently decreased more
than that of biodiesel fuel without antioxidant additive [23].
Chemistry of Antioxidant
Addition of small amounts of antioxidants into the biodiesel suppress
the free radical formation of the hydrogen is released from the weak
OH (phenols,hydrouinones) and NH (aromatic amines, diamines)
blends of antioxidant [13]. Lipid oxidation reaction, such as these in
biodiesel, are intitated by the formation of peroxides. A requirement
for this reaction is free radicals, which is formed from oxygen present
in the atmosphere. The most effective way to inhibit the oxidation of
biodiesel is to limit its exposure to oxygen by adding antioxidants to
the FAME that can dispose of the formed oxygen radicals. The
hydroxyl (-OH) group of the antioxidant is active so that hydrogen is
abstracted from -OH by donating a hydrogen to hydroxyl. This
condition leads to a quirere live structure of the antioxidant, which a
significantly more stable than the radicals [20].
Reaction: OH+ROO. - R-O. +ROOH [17]
Table 1 depicts the effect of biodiesel-diesel blends on engine
performance such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific
fuel consumption (BSFC), exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and
exhaust emissions such as hydro carbon (HC), carbon monoxide
(CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and smoke
Table 1. Effect of biodiesel-diesel blends on engine performance and
exhaust emissions.
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Table 2 depicts the effect of antioxidant additives on NOx, HC, CO OVERVIEW

smoke, BTE and BSFC.
As discussed in the above mentioned literature review, although there
have been a number of studies on biodiesel performance, emissions
Table 2. Effect of additives on engine performance and emissions
and their highlighted problem was higher NOx in the exhaust It has
been seen from the literature review that while using 20% biodiesel
that there was a decreases in performance and increase in the NOx
emission. Hence, most of the researchers have attempted to find the
various methods for reducing the NOx emission. The addition of
antioxidant additives in biodiesel will be effective for reducing the
NOx emission. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of
annona biodiesel in India and suggest an appropriate solution of the
future of biodiesel. Therefore, in the present investigation antioxidant
additives has been used along with A20 blend for effectively
controlling the NOx emission.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Test Fuel
The AME was used as test fuel in this study. The chemical
composition of AME was C - 76.38%, H-11.26%, O - 12.39% and
C/H- 6.16%. The custard apple seeds obtained were subjected to hot
press at 85°C to produce raw oil. The little brown colour custard
apple oil was filtered and the biodiesel was obtained through
transesterification process using methanol as alcohol and NaOH as
catalyzer. EN14214 standard test methods were taken as reference in
measuring the obtained values. The properties of A20 with diesel
were tested as per the ASTM standards and compared to diesel as
given shown in Table.3. The AME contains 49.6% saturated
methyl ester and 50.1% unsaturated methyl ester. The free fatty
acid (FFA) compositions (%w/w) of AME contains such as lauric
- 0.40%; mystric-0.18%; Palmtic -17.57%, stearic-16.60%;
oleic-45.83%; and lindic-17.79%. The rancimat method was to
determine of the oxidant stability of A20 with antioxidant
additives. The lower percentage of saturated fatty acids in AME
correlated with lower NOx and good oxidant stability.

Table 3. Properties of A20 and diesel [7]

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PREPARATION OF BIODIESEL BLEND Gaseous emissions data including measures of CO, CO2, NOx and
AND ANTIOXIDANT ADDITIVE HC were measured at wet sample conditions according to SAE J816B
specifications and procedures. Statistical analyses were also adopted
The P-phenylendiamine (PPDA), α-tocopherolaceate (AT) and
and measures of performance were corrected to standard atmospheric
L-ascorbic acid (LA) were selected for this present investigation
conditions (SAE J816B). Gaseous emission data included non-
because of its properties, oxidation stability, availability, cost and rate
dispersive infrared (NDIR) analysis of carbon monoxide (CO),
of suppression of NOx emission. These antioxidants were effectively
carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) and chemiluminescent
controlling the free radical formation, since it determines the reaction
measurements of NOx and oxygen (O2). The emissions measurements
rate and prompt NOx formation in the engine. The properties of the
were done according to specifications and procedures described on
antioxidants such as PPDA, AT and LA were given in Table 4. All
SAE Engine Test Code J816b.
additives were accurately weighed for using high precision electronic
balance and added to the measured quantity of annona methyl ester.
All engine performance data were corrected to the standard
To make 50mg of antioxidant mixture 0.005%-m of antioxidant
atmospheric conditions given below.
was added to 1 kg of biodiesel. A speed mixer was used to prepare a
homogenous mixture of test fuel. The same procedure was followed
The power correction factor used was (according to Turkish
for all other test mixtures of annona methyl ester with 50 mg, 150
Standards, TS 1231).
mg, 250 mg, 350 mg and 450 mg concentrations.
Table 4. Properties of antioxidants additives[12]

where

fa =

fm=0.036qc - 1.14

qc=

Ta is ambient temperature (K), Pa is ambient pressure (kPa), q is fuel

delivery rate (mg/cycle) and is compressor pressure ratio (for
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS naturally aspirated engines, r=1).

Experimental Setup
The experiments were conducted on single cylinder direct injection
diesel engine which mounted rigidly on the floor as shown in Fig 1.
One end of the engine was connected with eddy current dynamometer
to apply load. The specification of the test engine as shown in Table
5. Initially, diesel fuel was filled in the tank and was supplied to the
engine through the burette. The biodiesel- diesel blend was mixed
separately kept in a small tank and supplied to the engine. The
temperature of different parts of the engine like intake, exhaust,
coolant temperature etc. were measured from the temperature sensors
on the measuring board. The U tube manometer was used to measure
the air level in the engine. The speed of the engine was measured
using the speed sensor which senses the speed of rotating crank shaft.
The smoke was measured using smoke meter. The carbon monoxide,
oxides of nitrogen and unburned hydrocarbon emissions were
measured using di-gas analyser. A computer was connected with the
engine using Data Acquisition System (a sensors interface) which
plots the graphs automatically according to the operation of the
engine. A number of tests were carried out at a constant speed of
1500 rpm and variable loads. The loads vary from no load to full
load, brake power was calculated using constant speed and the
corresponding torque. The A20 blend with various antioxidant
concentrations were used. The tests were repeated for three times and
was averaged to ensure the reproducibility of data. Uncertainty
analysis was done to prove the accuracy of experiments. The list of Figure 1. Schematic diagram of engine setup
instruments and its range, accuracy and percentage uncertainties
wereshown in Table 6.
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656 Rajendran / SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. / Volume 10, Issue 3 (November 2017)

Table 5. The specification of the test engine 1. The experiments were conducted with A20 blend with different
concentrations of P-Pheylenediamine antioxidant additive.
2. The experiments were conducted with A20 blend with different
concentrations of α-tocopherol acetate antioxidant additive.
3. The experiments were conducted with A20 blend with different
concentrations of L-ascorbic acid antioxidant additive.
4. The experiments were conducted A20 blend with various
antioxidant additives of 250mg.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Oxides of Nitrogen Emission (NOx)
In this section, the experimental investigation on NOx emission of
diesel engine using A20 blend at different concentrations of additives
such as 50 mg, 150 mg, 250 mg, 350 mg and 450 mg of
P-Phenylendiamine, α-tocopherol acetate and L-ascorbic acid has
been carried out in a diesel engine. The NOx emission graphs were
Table 6. List of instruments and its range, accuracy and percentage uncertainties.
plotted against the brake power. The reason for reduction in NOx
emission was discussed elaborately in the following section.

P-Phenylenediamine (PPDA)
Figure 2a shows the variation of NOx emission with brake power for
A20 blend with different concentrations of PPDA additive. The
addition of PPDA antioxidant decreases the NOx emission at all
loads. Among different concentrations, 250mg shows lower NOx
emission by 25.7% when compared to that of A20 blend at maximum
load. This is due to reduction in formation of free radicals by the
PPDA addition in the fuel. Further, the antioxidant additive PPDA has
potential antioxidant properties that trap the free radicals effectively
in the combustion chamber at all loads and hence the NOx emission
was significantly reduced. The reduction in NOx emissions increase
with the increase of concentration up to certain limit at lower
loadings and starts to decrease beyond it at higher loadings. The
possible reason for the inverse relationship between treatment
and amount of NOx reduction is that the PPDA antioxidant
contain nitrogen in its chemical structure and at higher loading,
the excess antioxidant reacts with oxygen and forms additional
NOx.[12,18]

TEST PROTOCAL
The A20 blend was selected for this present investigation and
conducted experiments to evaluate the performance and emission
characteristics of diesel engine. The antioxidant additives such as
P-Phenylendiamine, α-tocopherol acetate and L-ascorbic acid in
Figure 2a. Variation of NOx emission with brake power for A20 blend with
different concentrations of 50 mg, 150 mg, 250 mg, 350 mg and 450
different concentrations of PPDA
mg were added with A20 blend to suppress the NOx emission. The
experiments were conducted in the following manner.
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Tocopherel Acetate (AT)
Figure 2b shows the variation of NOx emission with brake power for
A20 blend with different concentrations of AT additive. The NOx
emission for 250 mg was decreased by 22% than that of A20 blend at
maximum load. The AT was chain breaking antioxidant and its
antioxidant activity was mainly due to their ability to donate its
phenolic hydrogen to free radicals and reduces the NOx emission
considerably. Further, this is also due to presence of nitrogen content
in the antioxidant additive [19].
Figure 2b. Variation of NOx emission with brake power for A20blend with
different concentrations of AT
L-Ascorbic Acid (LA)
Figure 2c shows the variation of NOx emission with brake power for
A20 blend with different concentrations of LA additive. The NOx
emission increases with the increasing brake power for all antioxidant
concentrations at all loads. Further, the NOx emission decreases with
the increasing percentage of antioxidant additive in the A20 blend.
Among the different concentrations, 250 mg shows better reduction
of NOx and it was decreased by 23.38% when compared to that of
A20blend at full load. This is due to the reduction in the formation of
free radicals by antioxidant present in the fuel. Further, the
temperature in combustion chamber was reduced in the presence of
additive and thereby reduces the NOx formation [11].
Figure 2c. Variation of NOx emission with brake power for A20 blend with
different concentrations of LA
657
Different Antioxidant Additives Concentration of 250
mg with A20
It was seen from the preceding sections that 250 mg of antioxidant
additive concentration along with A20 proved that the NOx emission
for all the three antioxidant additives at 250mg was considerably
reduced than that of A20blend. Hence, in the present work,
performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using A20
blend with 250mg of three antioxidant additives such as PPDA, AT
and LA were carried out. The performance and emission graphs were
plotted against brake power. The reasons for reduction of NOx
emission and other emissions were also discussed elaborately.
Comparison of Oxides of Nitrogen Emission (NOx)
Figure 3 shows the variation of NOx emission with brake power of
A20 blend mixed with 250 mg of different antioxidant additives. It
was observed that the NOx emission decreases with increasing BP for
different antioxidant additives at all loads. It was also found that the
NOx emission was lower for all antioxidant additives than that of
A20. Among the different antioxidant additives, PPDA has lower NOx
emission than that of other antioxidant additives concentrations. This
is due to reduction in the formation of free radicals by antioxidant
additives. The PPDA has potential antioxidant properties which can
trap the free radicals effectively and thereby reduces the NOx
emission considerably. The reason for decrease in NOx emission for
PPDA is donating of an electron or hydrogen atom to a radical
derivate [11-12, 18-19].
Figure 3. Variation of NOx emission with brake for A20blend with different
antioxidants (250mg)
Comparison of Hydrocarbon Emission (HC)
Figure 4 shows the variation of HC emission with brake of A20blend
mixed with 250 mg of different antioxidant additives. It was seen
from the Figure 4 that the HC emission increases with BP for
different antioxidant additives at all loads. All antioxidants showed
slight decrease of the HC emission at all loads when compared to that
of A20. Among the different antioxidants, PPDA has lower HC
emission than that of other antioxidant additives. This is due to PPDA
was a reducing agent and leads to reduction in functional group
present in the A20 fuel and hence decreases the HC
emission[11-12,18-19].
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658 Rajendran / SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. / Volume 10, Issue 3 (November 2017)
Figure 4. Variation of HC emission with brake power for A20 blend with
different antioxidants (250mg)
Comparison of Carbon Monoxide Emission (CO)
Figure 5 shows the variation of CO emission with brake power of A20
blend mixed with 250 mg of different antioxidant additives. It was
found that the CO emission decreases with BP for different antioxidant
additives at all loads. It was also found that the CO emission for all
antioxidant additives was lower than that of A20. Among the different
antioxidant additives, PPDA 250 mg has lower CO emission than that
of other antioxidants. This is due to reduction in carbon oxidation by
scavenging of the OH radicals and more amount of OH radicals
involved in the combustion reaction [11-12, 18-19].
Figure 5. Variation of CO emission with brake power for A20 blend with
different antioxidants (250mg)
Comparison of Smoke Emission
Figure 6 shows the variation of smoke emission with brake power of
A20 blend mixed with 250 mg of different antioxidant additives.
It was observed that the smoke emission increases with increasing BP
for different antioxidant additives at all loads. It was also found that the
smoke emission was lower for all antioxidant additives than that of
A20. The smoke emission for PPDA was lower when compared to that
of other antioxidant additives. This is due to complete combustion
which results from the antioxidant addition [11-12,18-19].
Figure 6. Variation of smoke emission with brake power for A20 blend with
different antioxidants (250mg)
Comparison of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)
Figure 7 shows the variation of BTE with brake power for A20 blend
with 250mg of different antioxidant additives. The BTE increases
with BP for all antioxidant additives at all loads. There is a slight
variation in BTE for antioxidants when compared to that of A20 at all
loads. Among the different antioxidant additives, PPDA 250mg has
higher BTE than that of other antioxidant additives.
Figure 7. Variation of BTE with brake power for A20 blend with different
antioxidants (250mg)
The reason for decrease in BTE for antioxidant additives when
compared to that of A20 is due to incomplete and improper
combustion and reduction in cylinder pressure which results from the
addition of antioxidant additive in the biodiesel.
Comparison of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)
Figure 8 shows the variation of BSFC with brake power of A20blend
mixed with 250 mg of different antioxidant additives. It was observed
from the graph that the BSFC decreases with BP for different
antioxidant additives at all loads. Among the different antioxidants,
PPDA shows lower BSFC than that of other antioxidants. This is due
to the reduction in friction properties of the PPDA additive. The
increase in BSFC for AT and LA is due to excess fuel supplied to the
engine and to compensate the slight power loss which results from
incomplete and improper combustion [11-12,18-19].
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Figure 8. Variation of BSFC with brake power for A20 blend with different
antioxidants (250mg)
Comparison of Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
Figure 9 shows the variation of EGT with brake power of A20 blend
mixed with 250 mg of different antioxidant additives. It was observed
that the EGT increases with BP for different antioxidant additives at
all loads. Among the different antioxidants, PPDA 250 mg has lower
EGT than that of other antioxidants. Although biodiesel-diesel blends
having higher cetane number, poor atomization resulting from the
higher viscosity causes unburnt fuel in the premixed combustion
phase and continue to burn in the diffusion combustion phase and
leads to increase in EGT. Antioxidant biodiesel blends shows
reduction in EGT due to the additive hindered the fuel conversion
slightly [11-12,18-19]
Figure 9. Variation of EGT with brake power for A20 blend with different
antioxidants (250mg)
CONCLUSION
Experiments were conducted in a single cylinder DI diesel engine
using A20 blend with different concentrations of antioxidant additives
such as P-Phenylendiamine, α-tocopherel aceate and L-ascorbic acid.
The following conclusion were drawn based on the analysis of result
and discussion.
a. The addition of antioxidant additives showed no variation in the
engine performance.
b. The NOx emission was reduced with all antioxidant additives.
659
c. Among the different concentrations of antioxidant additive,
250 mg concentration of antioxidant additive shows drastic
reduction in NOx emission.
d. Among the different antioxidant additive, P-Phenylendiamine
shows identical performance to that of A20 and maximum
reduction of NOx emission and considerable reduction of other
emissions such as HC, CO and smoke.
Hence, based on the experimental investigation, PPDA can be
selected as optimum antioxidant additive, which can be added in the
A20 biodiesel blend to suppress the NOx emission significantly. It is
a simple and cost effective method without change in any engine
modification. The percentage of antioxidant addition is very small
(0.01-0.04%). Therefore, I did not go for any further
investigation. In future more experimental research are request
to clarify the effects of antioxidants of emissions, effectiveness and
nozzle choking and in a wide range of operating conditions.
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1: THE ERROR BAR CALCULATION OF DIFFERENT ANTIOXIDANT ADDITIVES
CONCENTRATION OF 250MG WITH A20
BTE

BSFC

EGT
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CO

HC

NOx
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Smoke

APPENDIX 2
The variation of NOx for different concentration of antioxidant additive with respect to A20 blend at higher load

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