Physics Lab Report

Electromagnetic Hyperloop

By :
● Natchaphak Korkiatphinyo (Non) No. 8
● Intaj Suwannaporn (Ing) No. 20
● Panupong Ussayakun (Yun) No. 23
● Pawin Pothasuthon (Win) No. 13

Mr. Gopinath Subramanian

Content of table
1. Introduction 3-6
2. Objective 7
3. Hypothesis 8
4. Physic Concept 9-16
5. Material 17-18
6. Procedures 19-22
7. Experiment 23
8. Raw data 24
9. Result 25
10. Error 26
11. Suggestion 27
12. Conclusion 28
13. Reference
29-30

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Introduction
In terms of the modern quantum theory, electromagnetic
radiation is the flow of energy (photons called light quanta) at
the universal speed of light through free space or through a
material medium in the form of the electric and magnetic fields
that make up electromagnetic waves such as radio waves,
visible light, and gamma rays. In such a wave, time-differing
electric and magnetic fields are mutually connected with one
another at right angles and perpendicular to the direction of
motion. An electromagnetic wave is characterized by its
intensity and the frequency (ν) of the time variation of the
electric and magnetic fields.

Our project was about utilizing the properties of

electromagnetic force to move the projectile through a copper
coil. We used electromagnetic wave to charge up a cylinder-
shaped spiral copper coil. We then inserted a metallic projectile
inside the copper coil. When we charged up the copper coil
with electromagnetic waves, the metallic projectile will
accelerate forward depending on the intensity of the
electromagnetic wave. The metallic projectile will travel
through the copper coil back and forth. This will be a model
explaining the concept of electromagnetic hyperloop.

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 Photons are packets of energy (hν) that always move with
the universal speed of light. The symbol h is Planck’s constant,
while the value of ν is the same as that of the frequency of the
electromagnetic wave of classical theory. Photons having the
same energy hν are all alike, and their number density
corresponds to the intensity of the radiation. Electromagnetic
radiation exhibits a multitude of phenomena as it interacts with
charged particles in atoms, molecules, and larger objects of
matter. These phenomena as well as the ways in which
electromagnetic radiation is created and observed, the manner
in which such radiation occurs in nature, and its technological
uses depend on its frequency (ν). The spectrum of frequencies
of electromagnetic radiation extends from very low values over
the range of radio waves, television waves, and microwaves to
visible light and beyond to the substantially higher values of
ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays.

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Objective
● Prove that electromagnetism can create a large
force.
● To clearly understand about projectile motion.
● Prove that electricity can create magnetic force.
● To do a further education from mechanism and
magnetics.
● To prove Newton’s third law.

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Hypothesis
We hypothesize that if we charge electricity through the
copper coil, it will generate electromagnetic field within the
copper coil. Then we will use the physical property of
electromagnetism to launch the projectile. Our projectile will
be a metallic object in order for it to interact with the
electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field will accelerate
the projectile through the copper coil at a high velocity. The
metallic projectile will travel and launch and created the
hyperloop .

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 Physic Concept
For our project, there are many physic concepts that are
included within this experiment. These concepts include
electromagnetism, electromagnetic radiation, electricity,
Newton’s laws of motion, and projectile motion.

Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is an investigation of charge and
electric fields. Electricity and magnetism are two parts of
electromagnetism.

Electricity and magnetism were long thought to be

separate forces. Later in 1905, Albert Einstein’s special theory
of relativity proved that both electricity and magnetism are
aspects of one common phenomenon. However, electric and
magnetic forces behave quite differently and are described by
different equations. Electric forces are produced by electric
charges either at rest or in motion. Magnetic forces, on the other
hand, are produced only by moving charges and act solely on
charges in motion.

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 Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the
study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical
interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles.
The electromagnetic force is carried by electromagnetic fields
composed of electric fields and magnetic fields.

In the event that you've at any point gone swimming in the

sea, you are as of now acquainted with waves. Waves are just
unsettling influences in a specific physical medium or a field,
bringing about a vibration or swaying. The swell of a wave in
the sea, and the resulting plunge that pursues, is essentially a
vibration or swaying of the water at the sea's surface.
Electromagnetic waves are comparable, yet they are
additionally unmistakable in that they really comprise of 2
waves swaying opposite to each other. One of the waves is a
swaying attractive field; the other is a wavering electric field.

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Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is one of the many ways that
energy travels through space. For example, the heat from a
burning fire, the light from the sun, the X-rays used by medical
doctors, and the energy used to cook food in a microwave are
all forms of electromagnetic radiation. These forms of energy
may seem different from one another, but they are all related
due to their wavelike properties.

Waves are simply disturbances in a particular physical

field, resulting in a vibration or oscillation. Electromagnetic
radiation only consist of 2 waves oscillating perpendicular to
one another. One of the waves is an oscillating magnetic field,
and the other is an oscillating electric field.

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 In terms of the modern quantum theory, electromagnetic
radiation is the flow of energy (photons called light quanta) at
the universal speed of light through free space or through a
material medium in the form of the electric and magnetic fields
that make up electromagnetic waves such as radio waves,
visible light, and gamma rays. In such a wave, time-differing
electric and magnetic fields are mutually connected with one
another at right angles and perpendicular to the direction of
motion. An electromagnetic wave is characterized by its
intensity and the frequency (ν) of the time variation of the
electric and magnetic fields.

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Electricity
For our project we used electricity to generate
electromagnetic field which served as thrust for the projectile.
Without electricity our project will not work through the circuit
process.

Electricity is a physical phenomena related with the

nearness and movement of matter that has a property of electric
charge. The presence of electric charges that are either positive
or negative will produce an electrical field. The movement of
electric charges produce an electrical current and generate a
magnetic field.

At the point when a charge is set in an area with a non-

zero electric field, a force will act on it. The size and the
strength of this force is given by Coulomb's law. Consequently,
if that charge were to move, the electric field would affect the
electric charge. We can talk about electric potential at one point
in space, which is equivalent to the work done by an external
factor in carrying a unit of positive charges from a random
reference point to the point with no acceleration and is
commonly estimated in volts.

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Newton’s laws of motion
Newton’s laws of motion also involve in our project.
Mostly the second law and the third law. Our project uses the
law of action and reaction to launch the projectile forward.
Although, the acceleration will occur after the force acting on
it (F = MA).

Newton's First Law expresses that an object will remain at

rest or stay in a constant motion unless some forces act on it. It
might be viewed as an announcement about suspended motion,
that objects will remain in their stage of motion until a force
demonstrations to change the movement. Any adjustment in
movement will result in applying the Newton's Second Law.
The First Law could be seen as only an uncommon instance of
the Second Law for which the net force is zero, yet that conveys
a few assumptions about the edge of reference where the
movement is being seen. The announcements of both the
Second Law and the First Law here are assuming that the
estimations are being made in a reference outline which isn't
itself quickly. Such an edge is frequently attractive to as an
"inertial casing". The announcement of these laws must be
summed up on the off chance that you are managing a turning
reference outline or any casing which is quickening.

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 Newton's First Law contains suggestions about the
essential symmetry of the universe in that a condition of
movement in a straight line must be similarly as "normal" as
being very still. On the off chance that an object is very still in
one casing of reference, it will give off an impression of
moving in a straight line to an onlooker in a reference outline
which is moving by the object. There is no real way to state
which reference outline is "extraordinary", so all constant speed
reference outlines must be proportionate.

Newton's Second Law as expressed underneath applies to

a wide scope of physical phenomena, yet it's anything but a
basic guideline like the Conservation Laws. It is appropriate
just if the power is the net outside force. It doesn't make a
difference legitimately to circumstances where the mass is
changing, either from misfortune or increase of material, or on
the grounds that the item is venturing out near the speed of light
where relativistic impacts must be incorporated. It doesn't
matter on the exceptionally little size of the iota where quantum
mechanics must be utilized.

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 Newton's Third Law stated that all forces known to
mankind happen in an equal and opposite reaction. There are
no segregated forces; for each forces that follow up on an
object, there will be a force of equivalent extent and an opposite
reaction which acts back on the object which applied that
outside forces. On the account of inner forces, a force on one
piece of a framework will be countered by a reaction force on
another piece of the framework with the goal that a confined
framework can't use any and all means to apply a net force on
the framework all in all. A framework can't "bootstrap" itself
into motion with absolutely inner forces to achieve the net force
and acceleration, it must interface with an object outside of
itself.

Without determining the nature or root of the force on the

two masses, Newton's third law expresses that on the off chance
that they emerge from the two masses themselves, they should
be equivalent in intensity but opposite in order for the net force
to not be created from simply inner forces.

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 Newton's Third Law is one of the key symmetry standards
of the universe. Since we have no instances of it being abused
in nature, it is a valuable instrument for breaking down
circumstances which are to some degree irrational. For
instance, when a little truck impacts head-on with an enormous
truck, your instinct may disclose to you that the power on the
little truck is bigger.

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Projectile motion
Projectile motion is the movement of an article tossed or
anticipated into the air, subject to just the speeding up of
gravity. The article is known as a shot, and it's way is called its
direction. The movement of falling articles, as canvassed in
Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics, is a
basic one-dimensional kind of shot movement in which there is
no flat development. In this area, we consider two-dimensional
shot movement, for example, that of a football or other article
for which air opposition is immaterial.

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Materials

- Copper wire

- Rail

- Disposable Camera Circuit ( Used as a discharge

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 circuit )

Procedures

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1. Check the electricity conducted by the copper wire

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2. Disassemble the disposable camera and remove the main
circuit

3. Wrap the copper wire around the rail

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4. Attach two alligator clips to both end of the copper wire
and the positive and negative to the capacitor of the
disposable camera

5. Assemble the AAA battery to the circuit

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6. Charge the circuit

7. Trigger the flash in the circuit manually

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Experiment

In the experimental process we planned to do the

experiment for 2-3 trial to measure the distance and speed of
the projectile form the start to the destination by using the
electromagnetic force. We will increase the turns of the copper
wires to create a larger electromagnetic force.

Raw data

23
Charge Time ( in seconds ) Distance Note
2 10 cm
3 11 cm

4 14 cm

5 12 cm

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Result

For the result of this project, the outcome is that the

strength of the electromagnetic force can be affected by the
turns of the copper wire that wrap over the tube or a pipe.
Moreover, The stronger electromagnetic force that we had it
can increase and accelerate the speed of the projectile.

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Error

- Lack of equipment and material cause the working process

didn’t go at that good performance.

- The circuit structure was a complicated and confusing. It

require a lot of time to fix it and also need to carefully take
out each wires.

- The coil wire is too thin that it couldn’t make the

electricity to run through the wire. Although, that there is
no electricity run through the wire so it doesn’t create the
electromagnetic field to launch the projectile .

- The power source not reliable, it not provide enough

voltage to run the circuit through our product. It ruined the
circuit and also affected the electromagnetic field.

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Suggestion

- Crucial to prepare the materials as fast as possible to

prevent the time pressure.

- Circuit should be completed first on computer software

since it will not be complicated while connecting circuit.

- In order to have a perfect coil, we need to buy a good coil

and make sure they didn’t get damaged while brining it.

- Make sure that the power source is new since it require a

consistent current to make the coil run effectively.

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Conclusion

In the nutshell, our project result come in the way that we

hope. Form the experiment that we working on, after many
trials we can prove that our hypothesis is right. By the reason
that we measure the amount of turns of the coppers wire and
when the turns increase then it also caused the speed of the
projectile to increase. This can notice us that our project is
working because the electromagnetic force are stronger due to
our copper wire turns.

This project give us a knowledge of the electromagnetic

wave and radiation. We could adapt and used it in our future
and may be some situation might require electromagnetic to
solve it. We learned how the electromagnetic field emit from
the source and create the magnetic wave to the coil that will
Launch the projectile to it destination. still hoped that other
researcher and students could use our project for their further
study

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References

Phillips, M., & Fritzsche, H. (2017, October 18).

Electromagnetic radiation. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/electromagnetic-
radiation/

(n.d.).Retrievedfrom
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-electricity/all

OpenStax.(n.d.)Physics. Retrieved from.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/3-4-
projectile-motion/

Newton's First Law. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Newt.html

Kashy, E., McGrayne, S. B., & Robinson, F. N. (2018,

July 26). Electromagnetism. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/electromagnetism

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Light: Electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic
spectrum and photons. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-
waves/introduction-to-light-waves/a/light-and-the-
electromagnetic-spectrum

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