Chapteer 2 Bolted Connection

DESIGN
The term design means the selections of dimensions of elements of structure to resist the forces and
moments, so that the resulting structure is safe and economic
The objective of structural design is to design a structure in such a way that it fulfills its intended
purpose during its intended life time and should be adequately safe and serviceable
In addition the structure should be economically viable, aesthetically pleasing and environmentally
friendly
Limit state method
Acceptable limit safety and serviceability requirement of a structure before failure occurs is called limit
state . Limit state is a state of impending failure , beyond which a structure either collapse or becomes
unserviceable.
Aim of design to achieve acceptable probability that the structure will not become unfit for the use for
which it is intended ie It will not reach the limit state.
As per IS 800-2007, during design all limit states should be considered to ensure adequate degree of
safety and serviceability. So that the structure s should be designed for most critical limit state and
checked for other limit states.
1- Limit state of collapse (critical) includes flexure , compression, shear, bond, tension, torsion.
2- Limit state of serviceability (checked) includes deflection, fire resistance, , vibration.
Characteristic strength- It is the strength of the material which has 95% probability not to be exceeded
during the life period of structure. For steel yield stress (fy)is accepted as characteristic strength
Design strength(fd)-It is the stress to which the structure is allowed during design
𝑓
𝑓𝑑 = 𝛾 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑑 = 𝑓𝑢 /𝛾𝑚1
𝑚𝑜
fd= fy/𝛾m,o or fd=fu/𝛾m1 Where 𝛾m,o and 𝛾m1 are Partial safety factors of material strength. Values of
partial safety for material strength is given in IS 800-2007 are given below.
Table 5 Partial Safety Factor for Materials, 𝛾m (Clause 5.4. 1)

i) Resistance, governed by yielding, 𝛾mo =1.10
ii) Resistance of member to buckling, 𝛾mo =1.10
iii) Resistance, governed by ultimate stress, 𝛾 m1 = 1.25
iv) Resistance of connection: Shop Fabrications Field Fabrications
a) Bolts-Friction Type, 𝛾 mf 1.25 1.25
b) Bolts-Bearing Type, 𝛾mb 1.25 1.25
c) Rivets, 𝛾mr, 1.25 1.25
d) Welds, 𝛾mw 1.25 1.50
characteristic Load (wc)-Load on a structure which has 95% probability not to be exceeded through
out it’s life time is called characteristic load
Design Load—Load for which the structures are designed is known as design load. In Limit state method
design load (wd)=wc X үf , Where үf partial safety factor for materials given inIS 800-2007
Table 4 Partial Safety Factors for Loads, yf, for Limit States
(Clauses 3.5.1 and 5.3.3)
Combination Limit State of Strength Limit State of Serviceability
DL LL” WL/EL AL DL LL” WL/EL
Leading Accompanying Leading Accompanying
(1) (2) (3) ( 4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (l0)
DL+LL+CL 1.5 1.5 1.05 — — 1.0 1.0 1.0 —
DL+LL+CL+ 1.2 1.2 1.05 0.6 — 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
WLJEL 1.2 1.2 0.53 1.2
DL+WL+EL 1.5(0.9)1’— — 1.5 — 1.0 — — 1.0
DL+ER 1.2 — — —— — — —
(0.9)2
DL+LL+AL 1.0 0.35 0.35 — 1.0 — — — —
1‘)When action of different live loads is simultaneously considered, the leading live load shall
be considered to be the one causing the higher load effects in the member/section.
2‘)This value is to be considered when the dead load contributes to stability against overturning
is critical or the dead load causes reduction in stress due to other loads.
Abbreviations:
DL= Dead load, LL= Imposed load (Live loads), WL = Wind load, CL = Crane load
(Vertical Horizontal), AL = Accidental load, ER =Erection load, EL= Earthquake load.
NOTE— The effects of actions (loads) in terms of stresses or stress resultants may be obtained
from an appropriate method of analysis.
BOLTED CONNECTION
Connection / Joint -It is a location of structure where two or more members are joined together by bolt,
rivet , weld or pin. Bolts, rivets, weld and pins are called connector or fastener.
According to the fasteners used the connections/ joint are following type
(a ) Bolted connection
(b ) welded connection
(c ) Riveted connection
(d) Pin connection
BOLTED CONNECTION
It a type of connection in which nuts and bolts are used as fastener
Bolt-Like rivet bolt is a round piece of steel having enlarged end called head and rest of the part is called
body or shank. Outer end of shank is treaded to receive the nuts .Shape of the head of the bolt is
hexagonal , or octagonal. Nuts are also short piece of steel hexagonal or octagonal in shape having a
central hole. Wall of central hole is treaded to accommodate the bolt. In many cases washers are also
used. Washers are thin circular steel plates. Having central hole as nuts to accommodate the bolt.
Washers are used between nut and member to be connected to distributes the force well to a larger
area.
BOLTING OPERATION
1 - Hole of required diameter is made on the members those are to be joined together
2 – bolt is introduced in the hole
3 – Washer is then introduced if any
4 – The nut is then introduced through thread by wrench and tightened
HOLE
Bolt hole is made by (a) drilling or by (b ) punching or By(c ) both punching followed by drilling
1- Punching is simple , time shaving, cost effective but ductility and toughness is reduced making
the brittle fracture around the hole after loading.
2- IS:800 has restricted the punching for steel yielding stress < 300Mpaand thickness of the
member < 5600/fy mm
3- Drilled holes are better and should be recommended .
4- For large sized holes , it may be punched 2 mm less than the diameter of the hole and then it is
drilled to required diameter.
CLASSIFICATION OF BOLT
Bolts are classified as follows
Broadly classified as
(a ) Bearing type bolt - carries the load by bearing and shearing action
1-Unfinished bolt/ ordinary bolt/ black bolt / C grade bolt/ ( Bolt in clearance hole ) (IS:1363-2002)
2-Turned bolt / Close tolerance bolt (a) precision bolt (B class bolt) (b ) Semi precession bolt
3-Ribbed bolt.
(b ) Friction type bolt -carries the load due to the friction between the connection between the
connected members .
4-High strength bolt / High strength friction grip ( HSFG ) bolt (IS :3757-1985and IS:4000-1992)
1-Unfinished bolt/ ordinary bolt/ black bolt / C grade bolt/ ( Bolt in clearance hole ) (IS:1363-2002)
1- Made off mild steel with square , hexagonal or octagonal heads and nuts.
2- Designated as M16, M20, M22 ------M36 etc . M indicate the ordinary black bolt and sufficed
number indicate the nominal diameter of the bolt.. Diameter from 16 mm to 36 mm are
generally used in structural purpose.
3- Used in place where the structures are subjected to static loads without any vibration.
4- Those are least expensive bolt
ADVANTAGES OF BOLTED CONNECTION
1-The erection of the structure is faster and noise less
2-Less skilled laborers and simple tools are required.
3- It carries the full loads as soon as the bolting operation is over.
4-Cost of bolt is high but overall cost is lower then the riveted connection.
5 –Can be opened easily , members can be carried any other place and can be re-fabricated there.
DISADVANTAGES
1-Cost of bolt is high about twice that of rivet
2-Trnsile strength is lesser than that of a rivet of same diameter because presence of threads reduces
the c/s area of the bolt.
3- Under vibration and shock nuts get loosened .
Terms
Nominal diameter of the bolt (d )-It is the diameter of un threaded part of the body or shank of the bolt
Nominal cross sectional area (Asb)-It is the c/s area of un threaded part of the body or shank of the bolt.
Asb = π d2/4
Effective diameter of the bolt (proof diameter)– It is the diameter of the body or shank of the bolt at
the root of the threads
Net (effective) c/s area of the bolt (Anb) -- It is the c/s area of threaded part of the body or shank of the
bolt at its root of the threads . (Anb= 0.78 Asb) .Also known as stress area or Proof area .
Edge distance – It is the distance from the center of the bolt hole to nearest edge parallel to the
direction of the force.
End distance-– It is the distance from the center of the bolt hole to nearest end edge of the plate
normal to the direction of the force.
Property class or grade of the bolt- it classify the bolts according to the strength of bolt material
1-Property class are defined according to ultimate and corresponding yield strength of bolt material. As
given in table. Property class or grade of the bolts is written on head of the bolt.
2- For example in property class 4.6 , 4 indicates 1/100 th of nominal ultimate strength and 0.6
indicates yield stress is 0.6 times the ultimate strength. Table gives details of various property classes.
3- Black bolts are belonging to various property class depending on strength. Bolt of property class 4.6
are very common in use.
Specifications of grade of bolts IS:1367 (part-3)
Grade/ property class Yield stress in Mpa Ultimate stress in Mpa Elongation %
3.6 180 330 25
4.6 240 400 22
4.8 320 420 14
5.6 300 500 20
5.8 400 520 10
6.8 480 600 8
8.8 (d<16 mm) 640 800 12
8.8 (d>16 mm) 660 830 12
9.8 720 900 10
10.9 940 1040 9
12.9 1100 1220 8
TYPES OF JIONT
1- Lap joint
(a ) single bolted lap joint
(b )Double bolted lap joint
(c ) Chain bolted lap joint
(d ) Zig Zag bolted lap joint
2- Butt joint
a ) single bolted butt joint
(b )Double bolted butt joint.
(c ) Chain bolted butt joint.
(d ) Zig Zag bolted butt joint.
TERMS
Bolt line/ Rivet line - Imaginary line along which bolts /rivets are placed is called bolt/rivet line . It may
be vertical or horizontal.
Pitch( p) – Center to center distance between distance between two adjacent bolt /rivet along a bolt
/rivet line measured parallel to the direction of the force is called pitch.
Gauge ( g) – Center to center distance between distance between two adjacent bolt /rivet along a bolt
/rivet line measured perpendicular to the direction of the force is called pitch.
Staggered Pitch( s) – Center to center distance between distance between two adjacent bolt /rivet in
two adjacent bolt /rivet line in case of zig zag bolting /riveting , measured parallel to the direction of
the force is called staggered pitch.
LAP JOINT (SINGLE BOLTED)
T
LAP JOINT ( DOUBLE BOLTED)
P P
g
P
P g
LAP JOINT ( CHAIN BOLTED) p p
s p
P P
LAP JOINT (ZIG ZAG BOLTED)

BUTT JOINT ( SINGLE BOLTED)
P
P
P P
BUTT JOINT ( DOUBLE BOLTED)
P P
BUTT JOINT ( CHAIN BOLTED)

p
P g P
s BUTT JOINT ( ZIG ZAG BOLTED)

P P
BUTT JOINT ( DIMOND BOLTED)
P
P
P P
SINGLE COVER BUTT JOINT ( DOUBLE BOLTED)
MODES OF FAILURE OF BOLTED JIONT ( ORDINARY BLACK BOLT)
1-Shear failure of the bolt (a) Single shear failure (b) Double shear failure
2-Bearing failure of bolt

P
3-Tearing failure of plate P
4-Shearing failure of plate
5-Spliting failure of the plate P P

6-Bearing failure of the plate
P
P
SINGLE SHEAR FAILURE
P P
P P
DOUBLE SHEAR FAILURE
SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLT

BEARING FAILURE OF BOLT
t
P P
t
b
b P
P
TEARING FAILURE OF PLATES
p 6 1
6 2
P 7
g P
3
8 4
s 9 5
Failure path-I 1-2-3-4-5 Failure path-II 1-2-3-8-9

Failure path -III 6-7-3-4-5 Failure path IV 6-7-3-8-9
P P
P
BEARING FAILURE OF THE PLATE

SPLING FAILURE OF THE PLATE
P P
SHEAR FAILURE OF THE PLATE

Sl Nominal size of Size of hole=Nominal diameter of bolt +Clearance in mm
No fastener d in mm Standard clearance in Over size clearance in Clearance in length of the
diameter and width of slot diameter slot
Short slot Long slot
1 12-14 1.0 3.0 4.0 2.5d
2 16-22 2.0 4.0 6.0 2.5d
3 24 2.0 6.0 8.0 2.5d
4 >24 3.0 8.0 10.0 2.5d
SPECIFICITIONS IN IS:800-2007
Diameter of fastener Holes Cl 10.2.1 (Table -19 p73)
Minimum spacing (Minimum pitch) Cl10.2.2 pp73
The distance between center if fasteners shall not be less than 2.5 times the nominal diameter or the
fastener
Maximum spacing Cl 10.2.3 pp74
1-Distance between center of any two adjacent fastener(pitch) shall not exceed 32 tor 300 mm which
ever is less where t is the thickness of the thinner plate.
2- Distance between center of any two adjacent fastener(pitch) in a line in the direction of stress shall
not exceed 16 tor 200 mm which ever is less in tension member and 12 t or 200 mm which ever is less
in compression member where t is the thickness of the thinner plate .
3-In case of compression member forces are transferred through butting face this distance should not
exceed4.5 times the diameter of the fastener for a distance equal to 1.5 times the width of the
member from the butting face.
4- The distance between center of any two consecutive fastener in a line adjacent and parallel to an
edge of an out side plate shall not exceed 100 mm+4t or 200 mm which ever is less in compression and
tension member., Where t is thickness of the thinner out side plate.
5-In case fasteners are staggered at equal intervals , the gauge should not exceed 75 mm and the
spacing specified in 2,3 and 4 may be increased by 50 mm.
Edge and end distance Cl 10.2.4 pp74
The minimum edge and end distance from the center of any hole to the nearest edge of the plate should
not exceed 1.7 times the diameter of the hole in case of sheared and hand flame cut edge and
1.5times the diameter of the hole for rolled, machine cut , sawn and planed edge.
The maximum edge distance to the nearest line of fastener from an edge of any un-stiffened part
should not exceed 12 tε where ε =(250/fy)1/2 and t is the thickness of the thinner out side plate.
Where the members are exposed to corrosive influence maximum edge distance shall not exceed 40
mm+4t where t is thickness of thinner connected plate .
Tacking fastener Cl 10.2.5 pp74
1-.Spacing of tacking fastener should not exceed 32 tor 300 mm whichever is less in both tension as well
as compression member.
2-If the plates are exposed to weather it should not exceed 16 t of 200 mm which is smaller where t is
thickness of thinner out side plate.
3- Tension member composed of two flats , angles, channels or tees in contacts back to back by a
distance not exceeding aggregate thickness of connected plates it should not exceed 1000mm.
STRENGTH OF BOLTED CONNECTION ( BEARING TYPE BOLT) IS:800-2007 ( cl-10.3 pp75)
1-Shear capacity of bolt Cl10.3.3 pp75

𝑓𝑢
Design strength of the bolt in shear =𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = 𝛾 (𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑏 + 𝑛𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑏 )𝛽𝑙𝑗 𝛽𝑙𝑔 𝛽𝑝𝑘
𝑚𝑏 √3
nn=Number of shear plane passing through treads
ns = Number of shear plane passing through shank or body
fu=Ultimate strength of bolt.
Asb =Nominal shank area of bolt
Anb =Net c/s area of bolt through threads = 0.78 to 0.8 x( π/ 4)d2
d= Nominal diameter of Bolt
βlj=Factor for long joint ,
βlj=1 for lj = Length of joint ≤ 15d
lj = Length of joint if lj > 15d ( Joint is called long joint)
βlj =1.074- lj/200d =1.074- 0.005(lj/d ) but 0.75 ≤ βlj≤1.0 ( Cl 10.3.3.1 pp 75)
βlg =A factor for long grip joint
βlg =1 for lg = Grip length of joint= total thickness of the plate gripped by bolt ≤5d
If lg >5d ( Called long grip joint)
βlg =8d/(3d+lg) But βlg ≤ βlj and lg ≤8d (Cl 10.3.3.2 pp75)
βpk = A factor for packing plate if any packing thick tpk ≥ 6mm
βpk =1 If packing plate thickness tpk< 6mm
βpk = (1-0.0125 tpk) If packing plate thickness tpk > 6mm (Cl 10.3.3.3 pp75)
2- Bearing capacity of the bolt (Cl 10.3.4 pp75)

2.5𝑘𝑏 𝑑𝑡𝑓𝑢
Design strength of one bolt in bearing =𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = 𝛾𝑚𝑏
Kb is smaller of e/3do, ( p/3do)-0.25, fub/fu and 1
e and p are end distance and pitch along bearing direction respectively
do = Diameter of bolt hole
fub and fu are ultimate tensile stress of bolt and plate respectively.
d= Diameter of bolt and t= Summation of thickness of plate experiencing bearing stress,
For counter sunk bolt t = thickness of plate – ½ depth of counter sunk
Note- Bearing resistance for slotted and over sized bolt should be reduced by multiplying the factors
given as follows
1-Over sized and short slotted holes ----0.7 2-Long slotted holes ----0.5
3-Tension capacity bolt (Cl 10.3.5 pp76)
Design tension strength of a bolt Tdb=( 0.9 fub Anb)/γmb < fyb Asb(γmb/ γmo)
γmb =Partial safety factor of bolt , Anb =Net c/s area of bolt through thread =0.78 t0 0.8 x( π/ 4)d2
fub = Ultimate stress of bolt material.
fyb =Yield stress of bolt material
Asb= Nominal c/s area of shank of the bolt
γmo= Partial safety factor corresponding to yield
Strength of joint in tearing of plate (Cl 6.3.1 pp32)

Design strength of plate or member in net rupture Tdg = 0.9 Anfu/γm1 < Ag fy/ γmo
fu= Ultimate strength of plate
γm1= Partial safety factor at ultimate strength of plate =1.25
γmo= Partial safety factor at yield strength of plate =1.1
Ag = Gross c/s area of plate
𝐴𝑛 = Net c/s area of plate or member normal to the force. 𝐴𝑛 for plate =(b-n do) t
Where b = width of the plate , n = numbers of bolt along any section having maximum nos of bolt.
do and t are diameter of bolt hole and thickness of the plate respectively
For any member 𝐴𝑛 = Ag - n dot , =Gross c/s area –area reduced by bolt hole along the section.
𝑓𝑢 =Ultimate strength of the plate or member= 410 N/mm2
4- Bolt subjected to combined shear and tension. (Cl10.3.6 pp76)
Bolt subjected shear as well as tension should satisfy following equation
(Vsb/Vdb) 2+(Tb/Tdb)2 ≤ 1
Vsb=Factored shear force acting on the bolt
Vdb=Design capacity of the bolt
Tb=Factored tension acting on the bolt
Tdb=Design capacity of the bolt
Bolt value- Minimum of shearing , bearing of bolt and tearing of plate is known as Bolt value or
strength of the bolt
Strength of the joint
(a )In shearing = N x Vdsb
(b) In bearing = N x Vdpb
(c )In tearing of the plate =Tdn
Net Strength of joint
= Minimum of strength in shearing (Vdsb), bearing of bolt(Vdpb )and tearing of plate( Tdn)
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Efficiency of the joint = × 100
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
Strength of solid plate in tearing = Ag fy/ γmo

FRICTION TYPE BOLT
1-Slip resistance
Slip resistance Vnsf=μfneKhFo/γmf
μf=Coefficient of friction called slip factor (=0.55) , given in table
ne=Nos of inter face offering resistance to slip
Kh=1 for fastener in clearance holes, 0.85 for over sized and short slotted holes and long slotted holes
loaded transverse to slot and 0.75 for long slotted holes loaded parallel to holes
Fo =Proof load in tension Anb. fo
γmf = Partial safety factor 1.1 for design at service load and 1.25 for design at ultimate load
Anb. = Net c/s area of the bolt through thread=0.78 t0 0.8 x( π/ 4)d2
fo= Proof stress = 0.7 fub, where fub = Ultimate stress of bolt
Sl No Treatment of the surface Coefficient ( μf )

1 Surface not treated 0.2
2 Surface blast with short or grit with any loose rust removed , no pitting 0.5
3 Surface blast with short or grit and hot dip galvanized 0.1
4 Surface blast with short or grit and spray metalized with zinc(50-70μm) 0.25
5 Surface blast with short or grit and painted with ethylzinc silicate coat 30-60 μm 0.3
6 Sand blasted surface after light rusting 0.52
7 Surface blast with short or grit and painted with ethylzinc silicate coat 60-80 μm 0.3
8 Surface blast with short or grit and painted with alcalizinc silicate coat 60-80 μm 0.3
9 Surface blast with short or grit and spray metalized with aluminium > 50 μm 0.5
10 Clean mill scale 0.33
11 Sand blasted surface 0.48
12 Red lead painted surface 0.1
2-Long joint
For long joint s with HSFG bolt βlj as given for bearing type bolt should be multiplied with above
equation to get slip resistance Vnsf.
3-Capacity after slipping
When friction types of bolts are designed not to slip only under service load, the design capacity at
Ultimate load may be calculated as bearing type bolt.
NUMERICALS
NO-1-Asteel water tank is made with 10 mm thick plates and are joined by single bolted lap joint using
20 mm diameter ordinary bolt at a pitch of 55 mm. Find the strength and efficiency of the joint.
ANSWER
Given data
Diameter of bolt (d) =20mm Diameter of bolt hole (do)=20 +2= 22 mm
Pitch (p) =55 mm Thickness of plate (t)= 10 mm
For ordinary bolt, grade is 4.6, Ultimate stress ( fu) =400 N/mm2 and Yield stress( fy )=240 N/mm2
Joint is shown in fig-
Considering one pitch width and since it is lap joint, it experiences single shear
Shear capacity ( Assuming shear lay through threads and joint is short)
𝑓𝑢
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = (𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑏 + 𝑛𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑏 )𝛽𝑙𝑗 𝛽𝑙𝑔 𝛽𝑝𝑘
𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3
400 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = ( 202 × 0.78 + 0) 1 × 1 × 1𝑥10−3 = 45.27 𝐾𝑁
1.25√3 4
Since nn=1, An = 0.78 x( π/4 x d2 and βlj = βlg= βpk=1

Bearing Capacity of bolt𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = 𝛾𝑚𝑏
Let end distance (e) =1.7 do= 1.7 x22=37.4mm Let (e) = 40 mm, Pitch(p) = 55mm
kb =e/3d0 =40/3x22 =0.606, or e=p/3d0-0.25 =55/3x22-0.25 =0.583, or f ub/fu =400/410=0.975
kb = 0.583 least of above
2.5 × 0.583 × 20 × 10 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 93.25 𝐾𝑁
1.25
Tearing capacity of plate/ pitch
Tdn =0.9 x (p-d0) x t x fu/γmo = 0.9 x (55-22) x 10 x 410x 10-3/1.25 = 97.415 KN
Bolt value =45.27 KN (Minimum of Vdsb, Vdpb and Tdn) = strength of joint (Ans)
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
45.27 x 103 45.27 x 103

= pxtxf × 100 = 55 x 10 x 250/1.1 × 100 = 36.21% (Ans)
y /γmo
NO-2 A single bolted double cover butt joint is used to connect two plates of10 mm thick and with 4 nos
of 20 mm diameter bolt of 4.6 grade in a row normal to the direction of force . Find the strength and
efficiency of the of joint if each cover plate thickness is 8 mm and pitch 50 mm.
Also determine the efficiency , if bolts are placed in two rows normal to the direction of force ( Double
bolted connection)
ANSWER
Given data
Pitch (p) =50 mm Thickness of plate (t)= 10 mm each, Thickness of cover plate =8mm each
For ordinary bolt, grade is 4.6, Ultimate stress ( fu) =400 N/mm2 and Yield stress( fyb )=240 N/mm2
Considering one pitch width and since it is double cover butt joint, it experiences double shear
Shear capacity ( Assuming one shear plane lay through threads and joint is short)
𝑓𝑢
𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3
400 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = ( 202 × 0.78 + 202 ) 1 × 1 × 1𝑥10−3 = 103.314 𝐾𝑁
1.25√3 4 4
Since nn=1, Anb = 0.78 x( π/4 x d2 ),ns =1 , Asb =( π/4 x d2 )and βlj = βlg= βpk=1

2.5 × 0.5075 × 20 × 10 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 81.2 𝐾𝑁
1.25
Bolt value 81.2 KN (Minimum of Vdsb, Vdpb and Tdn) = strength of joint (Ans)
81.2 x 103 81.2 x 103

= pxtxf × 100 = 50 x 10 x 250/1.1 × 100 = 71.453% (Ans)
y /γmo
If bolts are provided in two rows normal to the force direction
Nos of bolt / pitch =2
Shear capacity Vdsb =2 x 103.314 =206.628 KN
Bearing capacity Vdpb = 2 x 81.2 = 162.4 KN
Tearing capacity Tdn =82.656 KN
Strength of the joint=82.656 KN
82.656 x 103 82.656 x 103

= pxtxf × 100 = 50 x 10 x 250/1.1 × 100 = 72.73% (Ans)
y /γmo
NO-3
Two plates of boiler cell, thickness 10mm and 12 mm are connected through lap joint by 20 mm
diameter bolt of 4.6 grade. Bolts placed in two rows in zig -zag manner with a pitch of 100mm
.Determine the strength and efficiency of the joint.
ANSWER
Given data
Pitch (p) =100 mm , Let staggered pitch = 100/2=50 mm Thickness of plate (t)= 10 mm and 12 mm
For ordinary bolt, grade is 4.6, Ultimate stress ( fu) =400 N/mm2 and Yield stress( fy )=240 N/mm2
Considering one pitch width and since it is lap joint with zig –zag arrangement, it experiences single
shear. Nos of bolt / pitch =2
𝑓𝑢
𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3
400 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = ( 202 × 0.78 + 0) 1 × 1 × 1𝑥10−3 = 45.27 𝐾𝑁
1.25√3 4
Strength/ pitch = 2x 45.27 =90.54 KN

Bearing Capacity of bolt 𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = 𝛾𝑚𝑏
kb = 0.606 least of above , t= 10 mm smaller of two plate thickness
2.5 × 0.606 × 20 × 10 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 96.8 𝐾𝑁
1.25
Strength / pitch 2x 96.8 =193.6 KN
Tearing capacity of plate/ pitch (Zig-zag bolting)
Tdn =0.9 x [p-nd0 +∑(ps/4g]x t x fu/γmo
= 0.9 x [100-2 x 22+2 x502/(4x100)] x 10 x 410x 10-3/1.25 = 183.82 KN
Bolt value =90.54 KN (Minimum of Vdsb, Vdpb and Tdn) = strength of joint (Ans)
90.54 x 103 90.54x 103

= pxtxf × 100 = 100 x 10 x 250/1.1 × 100 = 39.83% (Ans)
y /γmo
NO-4 Design a bolted joint for connecting two plates of size 220 x 8 mm each by 22 mm diameter 4.6
grade bolt in a lap joint. Factored load (Tension ) to be transmitted by the joint is 260 KN. Determine
suitable pitch.
ANSWER
Given data
Diameter of bolt (d) =22mm Diameter of bolt hole (do)=22 +2= 24 mm,
Factored force to be transmitted (Pu) = 260 KN , Pitch (p) =? Thickness of plate (t)= 8 mm each, Width
of plate =220 mm each,For ordinary bolt, grade is 4.6, Ultimate stress ( fu) =400 N/mm2 and Yield
stress( fy )=240 N/mm2
Since it is lap joint, it experiences single shear
𝑓𝑢
𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3
400 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = ( 222 × 0.78 + 0) 1 × 1 × 1𝑥10−3 = 54.779 𝐾𝑁
1.25√3 4

Let end distance (e) =1.7 do= 1.7 x24=40.8mm Let (e) = 45 mm, Pitch(p) 2.5 d= 55 mm lets take 60mm
2.5 × 0.583 × 22 × 10 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 82.086𝐾𝑁
1.25
Bolt value =54.779 KN (Minimum of Vdsb, and Vdpb )
Numbers of bolts required- Factored load to be transferred / Bolt value =260/54.779

Tdn =0.9 x (p-d0) x t x fu/γmo = 0.9 x (p-24) x 8 x 410x 10-3/1.25 = 54.779 KN (Bolt value)
P=71.19 mm .Lets provide pitch (p) =75 mm and Gauge = 130mm> 71.19 as shown in fig (Safe)
NO-5 Design a butt joint to connect two flats 200F10 to get maximum efficiency . The joint is to
transmit a factored load of 460 KN. Steel used for flat is Fe 410 grade and that of 20 mm diameter bolts
is Fe 400 grade. Determine also tensile strength of flat and cover plate. ANSWER
Given data
Pitch (p) =?,Thickness of plate (t)= 10 mm each, Thickness of cover plate =?, Width of flat=200 mm,
Factored load to be transmitted =460KN
Since it is double cover butt joint, it experiences double shear
𝑓𝑢
𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3
400 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = ( 202 × 0.78 + 202 ) 1 × 1 × 1𝑥10−3 = 103.314 𝐾𝑁
1.25√3 4 4
Since nn=1, Anb = 0.78 x( π/4 x d2 ),ns =1 , Asb =( π/4 x d2 )and βlj = βlg= βpk=1
Let end distance (e) =1.7 do= 1.7 x22=37.4mm Let (e) = 40 mm, Pitch(p) = 2.5 d =2.5 x 20 =50mm ,
Lets take 60 mm
2.5 × 0.606 × 20 × 10 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 96.96 𝐾𝑁
1.25
Bolt value = 96.96 KN ( minimum of shearing and bearing capacities of bolt)

Numbers of bolts required =460/96.96 =4.74 , Lets provide 5 nos of bolts and arrange those in diamond
pattern to get maximum efficiency as shown in figure.
Design of cover plate
Thickness of cover plate (tc) = 5/8 times main plate thickness (t) =5x 10/8 =6.25 mm , Lets provide cover
plates of thickness =8 mm
Tearing strength of two cover plates at outer most section = 0.9(b-do)tc x fu/γmo
=2 x0.9 (200-22) x 8 x410/(1.1x1000)=955.374 KN >460 KN (Safe)
Tension capacity of the main plate at outer most section (Tdn) =0.9(b-do)t xfu/γmo
=0.9 (200-22) x 10 x410/(1.1x1000)=597.1 KN >460 KN (Safe)
Bolt value 81.2 KN (Minimum of Vdsb, Vdpb and Tdn) = strength of joint (Ans)
81.2 x 103 81.2 x 103

= pxtxf × 100 = 50 x 10 x 250/1.1 × 100 = 71.453% (Ans)
y /γmo
If bolts are provided in two rows normal to the force direction
Nos of bolt / pitch =2
Shear capacity Vdsb =2 x 103.314 =206.628 KN
Bearing capacity Vdpb = 2 x 81.2 = 162.4 KN
Tearing capacity Tdn =82.656 KN
Strength of the joint=82.656 KN
82.656 x 103 82.656 x 103

= pxtxf × 100 = 50 x 10 x 250/1.1 × 100 = 72.73% (Ans)
y /γmo
NO6-Two flats 10 mm and 18 mm thick are to be joined by a double cover butt joint. Factored load that
is to be transferred is 700 KN .Use 20 mm diameter bolt of 4.6 grade and flat of Fe 410 grade. Thickness
of cover plates are 8 mm. Design the joint.
Given data
Pitch (p) =?,Thickness of plate (t)= 10 mm and 18 mm, Thickness of cover plate =8 mm, Width of flat=?
mm, Factored load to be transmitted =700KN
𝑓𝑢
𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3
Since plate thicknesses are different, packing plate is necessary
Thickness of packing plate (tpk) = 18-10 =8 mm >6 mm,
Packing plate constant βpk =(1-0.0125 tpk) =1- 0125 x8 =0.9,β ij =1,βlg =1 Since nn=1, Anb = 0.78 x(
π/4 x d2 ),ns =1 , Asb =( π/4 x d2 )
400 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = ( 202 × 0.78 + 202 ) 1 × 1 × 0.9 × 10−3 = 92.98 𝐾𝑁
1.25√3 4 4
2.5𝑘𝑏 𝑑𝑡𝑓𝑢𝑏
Bearing Capacity of bolt 𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 =
𝛾𝑚𝑏
Lets take 55 mm
2.5 × 0.5833 × 20 × 10 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 93.328 𝐾𝑁
1.25
Bolt value = 92.98KN ( minimum of shearing and bearing capacities of bolt)

Numbers of bolts required =700/92.98 =7.5 , Lets provide 9 nos of bolts and arrange those in diamond
pattern to get maximum efficiency as shown in figure.
=0.9 (b-22) x 10 x410/(1.1x1000)=700 KN, b=259.125 mm.
Lets provide plate width =260 mm
Tdn =0.9 x (p-d0) x t x fu/γmo = 0.9 x (p-22) x 10 x 410x 10-3/1.25 = 92.98 KN
P=53.49 mm < 55 mm provided (Safe)
NO7- 2 ISA150 x150 x15 are connected to both sides of a gusset plate of 16 mm thick. Determine the
service load that the joint can carry on the basis of bearing and shearing of the bolts. Bolts are24 mm
diameter , 4.6 grade and the angle consists of Fe410 grade. There are 8 nos of bolts arranged in two
rows parallel to the direction of applied force with a pitch of70 mm and edge distance of 40 mm as
shown in fig.
Given data
Pitch (p) =70 mm, Thickness of angles (t)= 15 mm , Thickness of gusset plate =16 mm, Factored load
to be transmitted =? ,Working load =?
Since angles are connected to both sides of gusset, it experiences double shear
𝑓𝑢
𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3
Packing plate constant βpk =1 ,β ij =1,βlg =1 Since nn=1, Anb = 0.78 x( π/4 x d2 ),ns =1 , Asb =( π/4 x d2 )
400 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = ( 242 × 0.78 + 242 ) 1 × 1 × 1 × 10−3 = 148.772 𝐾𝑁
1.25√3 4 4
Strength of the joint in shearing =N x148.772 =8 x 148.772 =1190.17 KN
End distance (e) = 40 mm, Pitch(p) =70mm ,
2.5 × 0.5128 × 24 × 16 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 157.53𝐾𝑁
1.25
Strength of the joint in bearing =N x157.53 =8 x 157.532 =1260.25 KN
Strength of joint = minimum of shearing and bearing strength = 1190.17 KN
Service load that can be carried by the joint = 1190.17/ 1.5 =793.446 KN (Ans)
No -8 Design the joints at a panel point B of a roof truss with 16 mm diameter bolts of 4.6 grade. Take
thickness of gusset =12 mm.
Given data
Thickness of angles (t)= 10 mm , Thickness of gusset plate =12 mm,
𝑓𝑢
𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3
Packing plate constant βpk =1 ,β ij =1,βlg =1 Since nn=1, Anb = 0.78 x( π/4 x d2 ),ns =1 , Asb =( π/4 x d2 )
For double shear
400 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = ( 162 × 0.78 + 162 ) 1 × 1 × 1 × 10−3 = 66.12𝐾𝑁
1.25√3 4 4
For single shear
400 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = ( 162 × 0.78 + 0) 1 × 1 × 1 × 10−3 = 28.97𝐾𝑁
1.25√3 4
Lets take p =45 mm
kb =e/3d0 =35/3x18 =0.648, p/3d0-0.25 =45/3x18-0.25 =0.583, or f ub/fu =400/410=0.975
for double angle t= thickness of gusset =12 mm
2.5 × 0.583 × 16 × 12 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 89.55𝐾𝑁
1.25
for single angle t= thickness of angle =8 mm
2.5 × 0.583 × 16 × 8 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 59.7𝐾𝑁
1.25
for single angle t= thickness of angle =6 mm
2.5 × 0.583 × 16 × 6 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 44.77𝐾𝑁
1.25
Member AB
Vdsb =66.12 KN and Vdpb =89.55 KN, Bolt value = 66.12 KN. Factored load = 1.5 x160 KN
Nos of bolt required = 1.5 x160.0/66.12=3.66 .
Lets provide 4 nos of bolt in one row parallel to direction of force
Member BC
Nos of bolt required = 1.5 x230/66.12=5.21 say 6 .
ALTERNATEVELY If Member ABC is continues
Net load =230-160 =70 KN
Member BD
Vdsb = 28.97 KN and Vdpb =59.7 KN, Bolt value = 28.97 KN. Factored load = 1.5 x80 KN
Member BE
Nos of bolt required = 1.5 x100.0/28.97=5.17 say 6 .
NO9
A bridge truss diagonal consists of 16 mm thick flat and is meant to transmit a pull of 850 kN . The
diagonal is to be connected to a gusset plate of 16 mm thick by a double cover butt joint . Design the an
economic joint using Fe 410 grade steel and 4.6 grade bolt. Also find width of the flat required and
thickness of cover plate required.
Given data
Pitch (p) =?,Thickness of plate (t)= 16 mm both main and gusset , Width of flat=? mm, Load on the joint
=600kN and Factored load to be transmitted =1.5 x 850 =1275 KN
Using Unwin’s formula diameter of the bolt =6.04√t = 6.04 x√16=24.16 mm Lets use diameter of bolt
=24mm, Diameter of bolt hole (do)=24 +2= 26mm
𝑓𝑢
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = 𝛾 (𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑏 + 𝑛𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑏 )𝛽𝑙𝑗 𝛽𝑙𝑔 𝛽𝑝𝑘
𝑚𝑏 √3
Assuming a short joint, short grip joint and there is not requirement of packing plate
𝛽𝑙𝑗 = 𝛽𝑙𝑔 = 𝛽𝑝𝑘 = 1
400 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = 1.25 ( 242 × 0.78 + 4 242 ) 1 × 1 × 1 × 10−3 = 148.772 𝐾𝑁
√3 4
Let end distance (e) =1.5 do= 1.5 x26=39mm Let (e) = 40 mm, Pitch(p) = 2.5 d =2.5 x 24 =60mm ,
2.5 × 0.519 × 24 × 16 × 400 × 10−3

𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = = 159.437 𝐾𝑁
1.25
Bolt value = 148.772KN ( minimum of shearing and bearing capacities of bolt)
Numbers of bolts required =1275 .0/148.772 =8.57 , Lets provide 9 nos of bolts and arrange those in
diamond pattern to get maximum efficiency as shown in figure.
=0.9 (b-26) x 16 x410/(1.25 x1000)=1275 KN, b=243.944mm.
Tdg = bxt fy/ϒmo = b x16x 250 /1.1= 1275x1000 Or b=350.65
Lets provide plate width =360 mm
Efficiency of the joint
Strength of the joint in shearing 9 x148.772=1338.948 kN
Strength of the joint in bearing 9 x159.437=1434.933 kN
Strength of the joint in tearing (Tdn)= (360-1x26)x16 x410/(1.25x1000) =1752.832 kN
Strength of the joint in tearing (Tdg) =360x16 x250/(1.1x1000) =1309.09 kN
Strength of the joint is least of above =1309.09Kn

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1309.09𝑥1000
Efficiency of the joint ɳ = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 100 = 360𝑥16𝑥250/1.1 × 100 = 100%
Thickness of cover plate( tc)
Width of cover plate (bc)=360mm
Tension in cover plate = tension in main plate
fu 410
= 1275 kN = 0.9(bc − d0 )x t c = 0.9(360 − 26)xt c x x10−3 , tc =13 mm
γm1 1.25
Or 1275 x1000 = bcxtc fy/1.1, =360 x tc 250/1.1= 15.58mm
Thickness of one cover plate =15.58/2 =7.79 mm, but tc ≥tx 5 /8= 16 x5/8 =10 mm
Let thickness of each cover plate =10 mm
No 10 – determine the strength and efficiency of the joint shown in figure with following data .
Bolt used is M20 and plate used of Fe 410 grade with edge distance=40 mm and pitch =60 mm. plates to
be joined are 16 mm each with cover plate thickness 10 mm each.

Chapteer 2 Bolted Connection

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Chapteer 2 Bolted Connection

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DESIGN

Limit state method

Table 5 Partial Safety Factor for Materials, 𝛾m (Clause 5.4. 1)

(d) Pin connection

It a type of connection in which nuts and bolts are used as fastener

Bolts are classified as follows

ADVANTAGES OF BOLTED CONNECTION

1-The erection of the structure is faster and noise less

2-Less skilled laborers and simple tools are required.

3- It carries the full loads as soon as the bolting operation is over.

1-Cost of bolt is high about twice that of rivet

3- Under vibration and shock nuts get loosened .

Specifications of grade of bolts IS:1367 (part-3)

LAP JOINT (SINGLE BOLTED)

LAP JOINT ( CHAIN BOLTED) p p

LAP JOINT (ZIG ZAG BOLTED)

BUTT JOINT ( DOUBLE BOLTED)

BUTT JOINT ( CHAIN BOLTED)

s BUTT JOINT ( ZIG ZAG BOLTED)

BUTT JOINT ( DIMOND BOLTED)

SINGLE COVER BUTT JOINT ( DOUBLE BOLTED)

MODES OF FAILURE OF BOLTED JIONT ( ORDINARY BLACK BOLT)

2-Bearing failure of bolt

4-Shearing failure of plate

5-Spliting failure of the plate P P

SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLT

TEARING FAILURE OF PLATES

Failure path-I 1-2-3-4-5 Failure path-II 1-2-3-8-9

BEARING FAILURE OF THE PLATE

SHEAR FAILURE OF THE PLATE

Diameter of fastener Holes Cl 10.2.1 (Table -19 p73)

Minimum spacing (Minimum pitch) Cl10.2.2 pp73

Maximum spacing Cl 10.2.3 pp74

Tacking fastener Cl 10.2.5 pp74

STRENGTH OF BOLTED CONNECTION ( BEARING TYPE BOLT) IS:800-2007 ( cl-10.3 pp75)

1-Shear capacity of bolt Cl10.3.3 pp75

nn=Number of shear plane passing through treads

ns = Number of shear plane passing through shank or body

fu=Ultimate strength of bolt.

Asb =Nominal shank area of bolt

d= Nominal diameter of Bolt

βlj=Factor for long joint ,

βlj=1 for lj = Length of joint ≤ 15d

lj = Length of joint if lj > 15d ( Joint is called long joint)

If lg >5d ( Called long grip joint)

βpk =1 If packing plate thickness tpk< 6mm

2- Bearing capacity of the bolt (Cl 10.3.4 pp75)

Kb is smaller of e/3do, ( p/3do)-0.25, fub/fu and 1

do = Diameter of bolt hole

d= Diameter of bolt and t= Summation of thickness of plate experiencing bearing stress,

For counter sunk bolt t = thickness of plate – ½ depth of counter sunk

3-Tension capacity bolt (Cl 10.3.5 pp76)

fub = Ultimate stress of bolt material.

fyb =Yield stress of bolt material

Asb= Nominal c/s area of shank of the bolt

γmo= Partial safety factor corresponding to yield

Strength of joint in tearing of plate (Cl 6.3.1 pp32)

fu= Ultimate strength of plate

γm1= Partial safety factor at ultimate strength of plate =1.25

γmo= Partial safety factor at yield strength of plate =1.1

Ag = Gross c/s area of plate

𝑓𝑢 =Ultimate strength of the plate or member= 410 N/mm2