Professional Documents
Culture Documents
http://www.tesdo.org/JournalDetail.aspx?Id=4
Abstract
Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas. Urbanization is serious worldwide
problems. Urbanization and environmental problems are the recent developmental issues in
Pakistan. The study was used Secondary data and information was collected from various
publications such as books, journals, magazines, published and unpublished dissertations,
newspapers, and internet as well as institutions related to urbanization and Environment.
These harms are very composite and their connections are hard to describe. The present
study would find out the urbanization effect on environment. Influences of urbanization on
our natural environment, that is, Air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise
pollution, deforestation, climate change etc. This study may help in the formulation of
appropriate strategies and policies related to environment and urbanization.
Keywords: Urbanization, Environment, Degradation
JEL Classifications: O18
I. Introduction
Urbanization is the expansion of urban regions as a consequence of global change. Urbanization is
movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth associated to urban
migration. The United Nations estimated that half of the world’s population would survive in
urban areas at the end of 2008. Urbanization is narrowly linked to transformation, industrialization,
and the sociological procedure of explanation. Urbanization can explain a detailed state at a set
time, that. The percentage of total population or region in cities, or the term can describe the
enhancement of this part over time. So it can stand for the time at which the urban proportion is
increasing (Bibi, [1]). The sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural
forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as
of danger and damage. Environmental issues are any such issues created due to human activities
and cause harm to the environment. Environmental pollution means any solid, liquid or gaseous
substance present in such concentration as may be, or tend to be, injurious to the environment (The
Free Dictionary [2]).
Corresponding Author Email: lucky.telenor@gmail.com
Online ISSN: 2310-9823. Publisher: The Economics and Social Development Organization
- 62 -
Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
ecosystem (strip mining, oil spills, ground water mining) several factors interact to determine the
impact of an urbanization in the resources of its country. These include the land and other natural
resources of available the size of population the amount of resources consumed by using resources.
The equation is often used as a short land way of stating these relationship I=P× A×T (Impact=
Population × Affluence × Damage due to technology) as the population of a country increase, it
pots a great demand on its resources some country have abundant natural resources such as good
agricultural land, energy resources or mineral resources other are resources poor. Thus some
countries can sustain high population while other cannot (Eldon and Bradley [3]) Urbanization and
environmental dangers and local managements in developing nations have no ability to decrease
the climate change caused dangers that those within their authority will handle. Many local
governments can decrease the risk care for water before it is spread, decrease breeding potential
for infection vectors, decrease physical threats through improved quality construction and
transportation, traffic organization and decrease exposure to unsafe chemicals through pollution
manage and occupational health and safety. But hazard decline from climate change in low- and
middle income nations depends on major changes in lifestyles and utilization patterns among
middle along with upper income groups, most of who live in high income nations. There is a vital
need to address edition in urban areas in low and middle-income states as these states have the
majority of the world’s urban population, most of the high threat urban sites and the largest lack in
adaptive ability. Urban areas in low- and middle-income state are also projected to residence
almost all of the world’s inhabitants enhance in the next two decades (United Nations, [4]).
The rate of urbanization and its assistant influence change in areas across the globe. Asia holds
almost half the world’s big cities and continues to urbanize quickly. Given its present annual
growth rate, Asia’s urban population is nearly to double in less than 20 years. Urbanizations reveal
- 63 -
Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
more than demographic change. It is both driven by and extremely influences the context and
development. It uses both direct and indirect compensation in the effort towards worldwide
sustainability and individual development. The start of much global environmental harm
associated to air and water pollution are located in urban areas (Alam [6]). Urban way of life is
aspect contributing to water contamination. Though, much of the sewage in urban region goes
unprocessed and is deserted into rivers and lakes. As outcome, surface water and ground water
have been more and more polluted due to industrial and household wastewater and also
agricultural overflow. In addition, pollution in urban extend to rural areas water effluence in urban
areas can have an effect on water quality in rural areas. Therefore, water pollution in urban cities is
harms in Pakistan (Zhang [7]). Joint worldwide land and ocean surface temperature for January
2010 on the normal was 0.60°C (1.08°F) above the 20th century average of 12.0°C (53.6°F) and
the average worldwide temperature for January 2010 at the exterior air was recorded 0.83°C
(1.49°F) above the 20th century average of 2.8°C (37.0°F). Global warming is partially resulting of
high nighttime temperature and somewhat due to fast urbanization. Other issue accumulation
towards global warming is the incessantly changing irrigation systems, desertification and
difference in the use of local ground. Global warming has been problem of great discuss in the last
and present century. Many international organizations and local institution are continually perusing
hard work to decrease the level of global warming and to defend humankind from the dangerous
effect of rising global temperature during the last some decades (National Climate data Center [8]).
Statement of Problem
The most rising problem are climate changes, freshwater scarcity, deforestation, and fresh water
pollution. These harms are very composite and their connections are hard to describe. It is very
significant to look at problems. Even the interconnections between environmental troubles are now
improved known, we still lack of knowledge on how the issues are connected, on what degree they
interrelate and what are the most effective actions. Urbanization and environmental problems are
the recent developmental issues in Pakistan. It is now becoming very essential to reduce
urbanization and environmental problems, for which heavy investment will be needed Improved
health, use of saved time and energy will in turn have direct positive effects in growing the
country’s productivity, and hence towards poverty alleviation. One problem is to put together land
and water use planning to provide food and water security.
Significant of Study
The present study would find out the urbanization effect on environment. The study is in a new
dimension as not many researches were conducted on the topic. There is many study bout
urbanization and environment but it is about to examine influence on million development goals.
This paper defines urbanization as a major driver of land use change, which causes environmental
problems. There is infinite information of urbanization induced environmental harms of many
levels and issues of air and water quality at the local level and the subject of global warming and
climate change at the global level. It focal point on the instant and obvious Influences of
urbanization on our natural environment, that is, air pollution, water pollution, land pollution,
noise pollution, deforestation, climate change etc. the study help to policy maker to take new step
to achieve MDGs and reduce environmental pollution. This study may help in the formulation of
appropriate strategies and policies related to environment and urbanization. It could also be useful
to researchers, students and persons interested in this sector. Through caring out this research
researcher will be able to give many recommendations for future studies of community
characteristics to other researchers working in this field. The research also presents and
summarizes a relatively large amount of literature on the subject. This study will also be a practical
implementation of the knowledge which researcher gained through the academic studies at the
university. It may also be a part of the university library and helpful in the future researches.
- 64 -
Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Objectives of Study
III. Methodology
III.I Research Design
For the present research qualitative design was used qualitative and also descriptive. It was
describing the relationship between urbanization and environment as well as its effects on
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
- 65 -
Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
are extensively produced in major cities of Pakistan within certain levels of concentration. Some of
the new surveys agreed outing the country using mobile unit expose the existence of very high
levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in major cities. For example, in Lahore,
Rawalpindi and Karachi found the high concentration levels of CO, NOx, and SO. It is an
extremely significant environment problem since every person has spent time at atmosphere. There
good air quality is essential for every human being (Qasim et al. [11]).
Nevertheless, this condition warrants constant monitoring because transport and energy sector
contributes nearly one-half of the NO, two-thirds of CO2 and about one-half of hydrocarbon
emissions as described by a WB (Qadir [12]). In reality, these gases are emitted due to burning of
fossil fuels, transportation and the power generation plants, which are necessary for the country’s
development. However, extraordinary attentions should be paid towards the sustainability of
ecological system and the rising pollution; if not these air pollutants would affect the public’s
health According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
information, “pollution in future become a prime cause of early death and killing a probable 3.6
million people a year by 2050. Urban air pollution is place to become the major environmental
cause of premature death in the coming decades, overtaking even such mass killers as poor
sanitation and a water borne” (Qadir [12]). Measurement of NO2 concentration in different cities of
Pakistan using Diffusion samplers (Karachi, Islamabad, Peshawar, Lahore and Quetta), Pak-
EPA/JICA
Note: Measurement of NO2 concentration in different cities of Pakistan using Diffusion samplers
(Karachi, Islamabad, Peshawar, Lahore and Quetta), April 2006, Pak-EPA/JICA
one pesticide frequently exceeded recognized water-quality guidelines. In urban areas, the wise
practice of pesticides is the key to reducing pesticide problems that are more and more occurring in
our drinking water. Pesticides must only be applied when essential and as recommended by the
product labels. Persons applying pesticides should avoid scattering the product onto pavements,
gutters, curbs, and storm drains (Howard [13]). The pressure on water resources of the country is
from several sources. Speedy urbanization increased industrial movement and dependence of the
agricultural zone on chemicals and fertilizers have escort to water pollution (Qasim et al. [14]). A
further human action that causes water pollution and strengthens economic development is
agriculture. The core causes of water pollution from agriculture are pesticides, chemical
fertilizers, rigorous farming in certain areas, and livestock compost which goes into
underground water or extra into rivers or surface water. This problem is severe in both
developed and developing countries, principally in the countries where the population is
noticeably increasing. There is an inclination to use vast amounts of chemical fertilizers, in
order to make sufficient food for the population. These chemical fertilizers have chemical
substances which are injurious to human body if found in sources of drinking water. The
higher fertilizer use might raise the level of water pollution. Moreover, fertilizer plants are
traditional “dirty” sector industries. Furthermore, upper fertilizer consumption might raise
the agricultural output that can increase the level of economic growth (Rogers [15]).
Freshwater resources have a serious risk of Pollution and waste because of industrial
exploitation and overpopulation (Amany [16]).
- 67 -
Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Industrialization, urbanization and modern civilization are the major sources of noise pollution in
Pakistan. The most important source of noise pollution is the vehicular traffic, mainly in the big
cities. Motors, buses, cars, motorbikes, trucks and rickshaws with their exhaust and horns produce
high intensity noise in the society. Yet a silent sounding train produces 120db noise which is
unbearable as human ears are sensitive to sounds in surplus to 85db. This high level noise not only
troubles the people on the roads but also agitates the neighboring communities Noise pollution
causes a number of health hazards. Doctors have accomplished that noise pollution is the prime
cause of numerous diseases. This can damage individual’s ear drums leading to listening problems.
It causes hypertension, high blood pressure, pain and stress. Though government and citizens
jointly, must take plan to control this problem. Unneeded use of loud horns must be banned. An
effort should be made to increase up roadside plantation on instant basis as trees are very helpful in
dropping the pollution because they are good quality absorber of noise. Therefore in such
conditions we need to take steps on individual basis and try to reduce it from our society.
- 68 -
Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
cover is valuable to plan development activities, such as major schemes for community
requirements and sustainable watershed management (IUCN, [19]).
- 69 -
Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
methane, halocarbons etc requires worldwide outlines that assurance international collaboration
with utmost promise.
Reference
[1]. Bibi, S. (2012). Human settlements, urbanization and its impacts. Pakistan News, retrieve
from http://www.columnpk.com/human-settlements-urbanization-and-its impacts/
[2]. The Free Dictionary, (2014). Farlex, Inc. v1051 County Line Road Suite 100, Huntingdon
Valley, PA, 19006, USA Retrieve from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/about.htm
[3]. Eldon D. E. and Bradley, F. S. (2008). Environmental sciences: A study of interrelationship.
eleventh edition, McGraw-Hill Companies USA, New York.
[4]. United Nations. (2006). World urbanization prospects. United Nations, Population
Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, CD-ROM Edition –Data in digital
form (POP/DB/WUP/Rev.2005), United Nations, New York.
[5]. Kugelman, M., (2013). Urbanization in Pakistan: causes and consequences. Norwegian
Peace Building Recourse Center, Norway.
[6]. Alam, S. (2010). Globalization, poverty and environmental degradation: Sustainable
development in Pakistan. Journal of Sustainable Development 3(3), 103-114.
[7]. Zhang, W., Vertinsky, I., Ursacki, T. and Nemetz, P. (1999). Can China be a clean tiger?
growth strategies and environmental realities. Pacific Affairs 72(1), 23-37.
[8]. National Climatic Data Center, (2010). State of the climate: Global analysis.
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2010/1.
[9]. Antharvedi, U. (2007). Urban environment-sustainable development.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=955789.
[10]. Manzoor, M. M., Rabia, E. and Raghib, N. (2010). Socio-economic status and modern
values with the impact of internal and international migration in a transitional economy
of Pakistan. Population Association of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
[11]. Qasim, M., Ghani, M. U., Anees, M. and Bashir, A. (2013). Indoor particulate pollutant
(biomass fuel) epidemiology and socio environmental impact and assessment of awareness
level among women. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science
13 (11), 1526-1532
[12]. Qadir, N. F. (2002). Air quality management in Pakistani cities: Trends and challenges.
Chief Executive Get & Joint Secretary Arup Islamabad, Pakistan. Better Air Quality in
Asian and Pacific Rim Cities (BAQ 2002) 16 Dec 2002 – 18 Dec 2002, Hong Kong
Convention and Exhibition Centre
[13]. Howard, P. (2013). The effects of urbanization on water quality: Pesticides. The Usages
Water Science School. Http://Ga.Water.Usgs.Gov/Edu/Urbanpest.Html
[14]. Qasim, M., Anees, M. M. and Bashir, A. (2014). Unhygienic water is the cause of water
borne disease among villagers: A case of Gujrat-Pakistan. World Applied Sciences
Journal 29(12), 1484-1491.
[15]. Rogers, S. (2000). Agriculture, water pollution and the regional dimension in French
public policy. Journal of European Area Studies 8 (1), 35-56.
[16]. Amany, M.H. and Daboor, S. M. (2009). The role of different macrophytes groups in water
quality, sediment chemistry and microbial flora of both irrigation and grainage canals.
World Applied Science Journal 6(9), 1221-1230.
[17]. Basavaraj M. K. and Basappa, I. K. (2013). Study on noise pollution of industrialized and
urbanized towns like Rabakavi And Banahatti Of Bagalkot District, Karnataka State, India.
I.J.S.N. 4(4), 668-672.
[18]. Farhan, A. (2012). Karachi climate change adaptation strategy the department of
architecture & planning. NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi,
Pakistan.
- 70 -
Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
[19]. IUCN, (2005). Rapid environmental appraisal of developments in and around Murree Hills.
IUCN, Pakistan.
[20]. Mahmood, Q. (2008). Pollution problems in Pakistan, pollution problems.
Http://Conservationpk.Wordpress.Com/2008/12/17/Pollution-Problems-in Pakistan/
[21]. Environment Protect on Department (2012). Environment issue.
http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/?q=solid_waste 11/11/2013.
- 71 -
Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.