PEOPLE BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ATOMS AND PERIODIC TABLE
JOHN DALTON- ATOMIC THEORY
DMITRI MENDELEEV- PERIODIC TABLE
JOHN NEWLANDS- LAW OF OCTAVES
J.J THOMSON- PLUM PUDDING MODEL
JOHANN DOBEREINER- LAW OF TRIADS
THALES- thought that water is the “primal matter”
ANAXIMENES- air as the primal matter
HERACLITUS- fire as the primal matter
ARISTOTLE- all substances are composed of 4
elements fire, air, water and earth
Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space
Atom- the particulate nature of matter
- Smallest unit of matter
Molecule- atoms that are chemically joined together
Element- only one type of atom is present in the
molecule
Compound- substance formed when 2 or more
elements are chemically bonded together
Substance- a form of matter which has definite
composition
Mixture- combination of 2 or more substances
2 types of mixture
1. homogeneous- has a uniform composition
2. heterogeneous- substances having different
composition throughout its mass
Phase changes in matter
4 types if matter
1. solid- has definite shape
2. liquid- can take the shape of a container and
has volume
3. gas- volume quantity of gas is dependent on its
temperature
4. plasma- identified by Sir William Crookes
2 types of properties of matter
1. physical property- can be observed
and measured without altering the
definite composition of the substance
2. chemical properties- involve the
ability of the substances to form a new
substance with completely different
properties
2 changes in matter
1. physical change- one that involves no
change in the definite composition of a
substance
2. chemical change- it alternates the
identities of the properties
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
ELECTRON-carries a negative charge
-discovered by J.J Thomson
- are small and very light
PROTON- carries a positive charge
-Rutherford
- are much larger and heavier
than electrons
NEUTRON- carries no charge
-discovered by James
Chadwick
- are large and heavy like
protons
Mass Number- no. of protons and number
of neutrons
Number of protons- number of electrons
Number of neutron- mass number –
number proton
Periodic table- arranged in the order of
increasing atomic mass
Period/series- rows in the periodic table
Groups- vertical columns in the periodic table
Ionic bond-metal and non-metal
Covalent bond- 2 non metals
Metallic bond- 2 metals
Ions- electrically charged particles formed when
atoms loose or gain electrons
Cation- ion has a positive charge if an atom or
atoms loose electrons or gain protons
non metal and in between are metalloids or
semi metal.
Ionization energy- is the energy required to
remove the outer electron from an isolated
atom.
Electron affinity- is the energy released when
a neutral atom gains an extra electron to form a
negatively charged ion.

-ions with net positive charge Electronegativity- is the electron attracting

Anion- ions with net negative charge
Periodic trends
A periodic trend is a property that changes as
you move across a period or down a group of
the periodic table.
ability of an atom.
Atomis radius- the size of an individual atom is
hard to measure since the electron cloud
surrounding the nucleus has no definite
boundary

Note: review you learners module also..

1. Atomic radius increases as you move

down a group and decreases as you
move across.
2. Ionization energy is the energy needed
to remove an electron to form a positive
ion.
3. Electron affinity is the energy change
that occurs when an atom gains an
electron to form a negative ion.
4. An element’s electronegativity reflects
its attraction for electrons in a chemical
bond.

Elements on the left side of the periodic table

tend to be solid or metallic. The right side are