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ABSTRACT
The fundamental requirements of magnetic material for power transformers is the highest relative
permeability, the largest saturation flux density, the lowest core loss and the lowest remnant flux density.
Magnetic materials used as the core of power transformers keeps changing as the operating frequency changes
(increased/decreased). At the line frequency of 50/60 Hz, iron, low-silicon iron and silicon steel are the major
materials applicable for the design of cores of the power transformers. They have high saturation flux density,
thus they can handle high power transformation at low operating frequency also. When the operating
frequency of power transformer increased, the eddy current inside the magnetic cores becomes a critical
problem for the transformer designers. Although the laminated core materials have been used, the power loss
generated by the eddy currents still heat up the core and this hot spot generated inside magnetic core can
destroy whole power transformer. Nowadays, Ferrite used is ceramic materials dark gray or black colored in
appearance and very hard composite. General magnetic properties of the ferrite are as permeability of several
tens, very high resistivity, Low coercive force and better heat dissipation.
KEYWORDS: Ferrite,Permeability,efficiency,ceramic,coercive
1. INTRODUCTION
As the operating frequency is increased more and more magnetic materials have been introduced for high
frequency power transformer applications. Table I shows the major properties of magnetic materials commonly
used.
Table I: shows the properties of Soft Magnetic Material
Used in nowadays, Ferrite is ceramic materials, dark gray or black in appearance and very hard. General
magnetic properties of the ferrite are as follows:
a. Permeability of several tens.
b. A very high resistivity expressed as 108 Ohm-meter.
c. Saturation magnetization is appreciable, but significantly smaller than the ferromagnetic materials.
d. Low coercive force.
e. Curie point varies from 1000C to several degrees C.
f. Smaller physical size.
g. Better Heat dissipation.
h. Frequency range is 10 kHz to 100 MHz.
The Characteristics of High Frequency Transformer Windings When the operating frequency increases, the total
number of turns decreases significantly. Therefore the total length of the copper winding is also decreased
dramatically.
The power loss due to DC resistance almost becomes zero suddenly. It is very good for the power transformer
design. However, with the disappearing of the DC resistance, the ac resistance increases enormously. The power
loss due to this resistance is large than the one generated from DC component.
At high frequencies, the major loss within windings is due to eddy currents produced by the skin and proximity
2
effects. These effects can cause the windings losses to be significantly greater than the I R DC loss calculated
using the DC resistance of the copper winding.
In order to design and select a high frequency transformer, following points have to be considered:
2. DESIGN OF TRANSFORMER
The front dc-dc converter involves an input low-pass filter, a switching bridge, a ferrite core transformer. The
following criteria were followed.
2.1. DESIGN SPECIFICATION :
Justification: Here for half bridge converter two MOSFETs are required.
1
A p = Po2 [ 2 ]
4K w JB m fs
Where,
Output power Po2 = 1013.75 Watt
Efficiency = 90.2
Winding factor Kw = 0.4
6 2
Current density J = 3x10 A/m
Max. Flux density Bm = 0.2
Frequency fs = 300 kHz
Justification: Choose a suitable core which has a greater Area than the value of Area Product Ap calculated
above.
Where,
Np = 5 turns
Ns = 55 turns
3. CONCLUSION
Through this design and selection of core and number of turns the mathematical calculation and practical
implementation of high frequency transformer would become easier and simple to understand the concept behind
the theory. Nowadays, Ferrite used is ceramic materials dark gray or black colored in appearance and very hard
composite. General magnetic properties of the ferrite are as permeability of several tens, very high resistivity,
Low coercive force and better heat dissipation.
References
[1] Power electronics by M. D. Singh and K. B. Khanchandani
[2] Juichi Tanaka and Itsuo Yuzurihara, "The High Frequency Drive of A New Multi-Stage Recti_er Circuit", IEEE
transaction on Power Electronics Specialist Con-ference, Japan, Vol- 2/29, pp 1031-1037, April 1988.
[3] An Isolated DC/DC Converter Using High-Frequency Unregulated LLC Resonant Converter for Fuel Cell
Applications Jun-Young Lee, Yu-Seok Jeong, and Byung-Moon Han
[4] T. Kjellqvist, S. Norrga, and S. Ostlund, “Design considerations for a medium frequency transformer in a line side
power conversion system,” in IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (2004), pp. 704–710
[5] G. Bertotti, “General properties of power losses in soft ferromagnetic materials,” IEEE Trans. Magn. 24, 621–630
(1988).
[6] D. C. Jiles and D. L. Atherton, “Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis,” J. Magn. Mater. 61, 48–60 (1986).
AUTHOR
Ms.HINAL G.SURATI received the B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and M.E.
degrees in Electrical Engineering (specialization:power electronics and electrical drives)from M.E.F.G.I
Institute of Technology, Rajkot in 2013 respectively. She is now working as assistant professor in
Electrical Department at Chhotubhai Gopalbhai Patel Institute of Technology and Engineering, UKA
TARSADIA UNIVERSITY, Maliba Campus,Bardoli. Dist. Surat, State-Gujarat. Her area of interest
includes Hybrid power generation, artificial intelligence ,Renewable energy and Machine design.