1 The term means land owner in Persian.

Typically hereditary, zamindarsheld enormous

tracts of land and control over their peasants, from whom they reserved the right to collect
tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes

The system of landholding and tax collection by zamindars. (in British India) the office or
territory held or administered by a zamindar. (in Mogul India) the system of collecting
farm revenue, a fixed sum based on the assigned district

Ans 2= When the british were ruling then the peasants were forced to grow a particular
crop and give some part of it to the east india company and because they were getting loss
and also they were not able to grow their desired crop.like the indigo cultivation,in this they
were forced to grow indigo and give the half of the production to the british .there was a
problem also that the indigo plantation reduces the fertility of the land on which it is grown
and makes it unfertile.during that time they were also forced to sign any kind of treaty.the
systems which were made were also not good.

Ans 3 The British view tended to portray British rule as a charitable exercise - they
suffered India's environment (eg climate, diseases) in order to bring to India good
government and economic development (eg railways, irrigation, medicine). Modern
admirers of British rule also note these benefits

Ans 4.
 Ans 5
The Green Revolution in India refers to a period when
Indian agriculture was converted into an industrial system due to the
adoption of modern methods and technology such as the use of high
yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and
fertilizers. It was mainly found by M.S. Swaminathan

"Advantages of Green revolution:

It solved the food crisis of India by making the farmers to grow crops with high
yielding varieties.
To provide sufficient nourishment and nutrients to the crop, high quality of fertilizers
were provided to the framers.
In order to protect the plant from the attack of pests and insects, pesticides and
insecticides were used.
The areas with irrigation facilities were made to grow more crops; and by doing all
these measures, it leads to high crop yield and in turn food scarcity problem was
eradicated in India.
Disadvantages of Green revolution:
The usage of a high quantity of pesticides and insecticides incorporated toxicity in the
plants. In order to protect crops from different types of disease caused by pest as well
as the damages caused by insects, the farmers used pesticides and insecticides at a
high amount.
The production of different varieties of one single crop was affected. It is because the
green revolution programme concentrated mainly on crop with varieties which were
very naturally high yielding and did not considerlow yielding crop varieties.
As the water and soil from framing land are ruined either due to rain or flood, all the
toxic content of pesticides and other chemicals present in the soil gets mixed with the
nearby water source and it leads to the death of aquatic organisms mostly fish.
 1. A Higher Growth Rate:
The overall rate of growth stands at 4.8 per cent for the whole planning period (1950-2007)
Compared with India’s own past (1900- 1920) when she was caught in a low level equilibrium trap,
growth acceleration during the last 60 years has been impressive indeed.

2. Growth of Economic Infrastructure:

India has now more than 3 million km of road network, making it one of the largest in the world.

Railway route length increased from 53,596 kms in 1951 to nearly 63,500 kms in 2005- 06. Today, the
Indian railway system is the largest in Asia and the fourth largest in the world.

3. Development of Basic and Capital Goods Industries:

With the adoption of the Mahalanobis Strategy of development during the Second Plan period, some
basic and capital goods industries like iron and steel witnessed spectacular growth.

4. Higher Growth of Agriculture:

due to the impact of bio-chemical revolution in Indian agriculture, food crisis seems to be a thing of
the past. She has attained self-sufficiency in food grains.

5. Savings and Investment:

India’s record in gross domestic capital formation rose from 20.3 p.c. in 1980-81 to 22.8 p.c. of GDP
in 2001- 02. But it rose to 36 p.c. in 2006-07.

What are Navratan

The Government of India in the year 1997, gave the status of Navrtana to 9 CPSEs, as to give them more power
and autonomy to compete in the global market so as to “support [them] in their drive to become global giants”.
The status enables the company to invest up to certain limits without prior permission from the government.
Presently there are 16 CPSEs having the Navratna status. The following are the conditions to get Navratna PSU
status:

1. The company must have the status of Miniratna Category – 1.

2. It should have four independent directors in its board of directors.
3. The company must obtain the score of 60 or above on various parameters like net profit, net worth, total
manpower cost, a total cost of production, cost of services, capital employed, profit before interest and taxes to
turnover, inter-sectoral performance and earnings per share etc.