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T. Toyokura
Syounan Industry UniversitY, Japan
head range[2]. . .
In calculating the efficiency of a p.
surface of outlet tank )
pressure in runner chamber
n d
IAt f
lllel t,
Itillt ¥ ,,
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U]i, Il
B
Turbine A Turbine Tur b i n-e D
Pig. I Experimcntal Apparatus
6'
height from the free surface of the
4
outlet tank to the runncr center is .--. L--*
"(r:f e' Cuide
/
same and 1120mm for all turbines testc,d.
'l
f "''bc ,aAc
,
'l
The draft tubes of thc turbines A ' Io : e
,
,. ,b,
l
160 e
mental resultsC4] to havc optimum per- t,ttt :
cifclc !
formances at Q./Q-=5%. In this air of f9aRcf!
,rl!.
Nozzl e
the runner chamber is equal- to the
height of thc runner bottom, and this
condition is knovn to have good per- Rt7O
formance for the case of middlc head
rangc. The shape of the draft tube in Rlta. a
Runncf ne
the optimum one, and chamber valls are
inclined so that tfic vater enters into Fig. 2 D e t a i l'e d
Dimensions of
the draft tube smoothly. Turbines A, B
The guide vane installed in thc
nozzle passage., vhich can rotatc and
control the flovrate, is kept full open
E'
f '
is measured from thc strain gauge typc Q. .d
SfSn
aO・−a
thewaterleve1、oftheoutlet tank OL”‘l ol.n”“
isロsuallyロsed’ nthedetermination 0。8
a runner efficiency. Tぬe flo暫一 rate
seen to de.crease a little 暫ith
0.7
increaseintherotationalspeed.
In t恥e follo響ings, the cha織ge
in
t轟e performances at the maxim匙2m
cffi−
0.6
ciency point is describcd by changing 0 4 8 12 16
an opcrating condition. To begin
with, H!d
a’clear dctermination of thc ” effective Fiε,.4 Kfffciencies based on several
駐ead噌is very important, because
tねe definitio縮s of the effective ぬead
tロrbineefficie醜cy is largely dependent
on the difinition as sho響n in Fig.4,
in
》hich the efficiencis of thc runner−and Nozzlo oxi皇 l
−nozzle in the turbinc D is sho皆n
for CO魯IC‘ 9 『O昌OC『 co81cr
the different definitibns of the
effcc− i り
tive head。 Four kinds of the effective i 属
!’一マー”\、
head are compared, they arc the heights /。 ! 、
2 、
at the nozzle exit cehter,the
runner ’ 1 も
りし ロ ロ ほ ロ り ヨ りゆりじ
center ( conventional net head ),
t翫e 冠!ザ ノ
・、∫1 9ノ
runneT exit, and the bottom of the 、. .!
rUnner. ”ere, 鱒the nOZZle eXit
center99 、→・一響
2
is the center’of the nozzユe exit
Cぬan−
Slr¢amHacl
neユ・ at the runner periphery, and
the
i『墾旦脅o『 oxi竃
鱒runnerexit薩 is determined by
simply
aSSum三ng a representatiVe stream
line Fig. 5 Definitionof『effective head
passing through the nozzle center
as
sho■n in Fig.5under theassu叩tion
of
!腎
aa infinite number of runner vanes,
no 0
slip condition and straight stream
line Rロ踊Cf A
i“side the r““ner〔5〕. Φc8盈le『ll川:1‘“山1
0。9
From Fig.5it isclearly recognized 0C“1“ol”IB屡
that the efficiency based on the
effec− ●Cg““lll““1“““
tive head of the ”runner exit”
change s 0.8 OLa1“oll”“1
1ittユe over the 耀hole net・head
range.
器o胃ever, the effic三ency based on
the
”r纏nner center” or the ”nozzle
exit 0。7
center” changes largely in the loΨ
head
range. This isbecauseFtheflo響
gives 0.6
energy to the runner vanes notonly
in
0 4 8 12
H/d
the entrance half but also in the
exit
half,and tわe effec・tiveぬeightof
the Fig.・6
Efficieacies based on several
runner eXit iS taken into
account defi!1itions of the effective head
onlyinthecaseof”r観n臓erexit齢.。
From t為e above−mentioned
resロユts,
the 齢runaer exit”・height shoロ1d
be
adopted for the definition of the
ef−
TUfbioc B 丁懸rblocD
fective head instead of tbe conveηtion− Wnぬo讐l d r a f l l u b c
ヤal net head, asitdependslittle
on 67.1 74 5
ごhe installation condition(轟eight
of Wi星』 d r a臼 1讐b c
61.1
the 額et head)ワ 70.2
Theaboveadopted definition of the Table 1 Comparison of efficiencies
effective head is further examined
to calculated fro皿 effective head
confir皿 the validity and the
ef一
ficie“cies are co耐pared三nFig.6 響hen
the nozzle instanationangleand the difinition of tbe ”runner exit陶 is used.
runner diameter are cbanged. As is
This might becausedby thechangein
sho響nin Fig。・6,theefficiencyis also free s“rface configuration inside.the
seen to be almost cohstant for the runner chamber, as the Froude Ωumber
variation of the net head 響hen the cぬangesd腿etoaverylo冒.velocity.
effective head based on thc ” runner
exit貿 is used、Here。inFigs.5and 6 (2) lnflu●nco of 『unn6『 di.am●t●r on亀h●
.theefficiency curve changesa 1ittle ●fficioncy
inavery lo冒 headrangc,evenif
t新c
The efficiency of a 。runner。and一
369
nozzle is illustrated in Tablc l, in
vhich that of the turbinc B is 67. IX O. l
Runncr B
for the case of II./d=5.8. This value is :3
:s
7.4X Iover than that or the turbine D
O
・hich has a smaller runner diamctcr.
This is mainly .caused by a leakage loss
at the - clearance betveen the runner o 0= 1 80'
e e=230'
1
side vall and the casing, as the clear- -O.
O
O
l
ance in both sides is 1..5mm and 1.0alm O.s
in the turbine B, vhile in the turbine x/b
D it is 0.75mm and 0.25mm, respectively'.
The aspect ratio of the runner in the 0.1
turbine B is smaller than that in the :a
:
Ruonef D
turbine D, and therefore the loss per
O
unit flovrate becomes larger. According
to StepanoffC6], the efficiency di ffer-
ence betveen both turbines amounts to o 6= 1 8 O'
about 3X. e 0=230'
1
-O
1
To clarify the cause of the effici- 'O Q. S .O
ency difference, the transverse veloc- x/b
ity distributions vere measured by a
Pitot probe inserted at O. 03d dofn- F'ig. 7 Energy distribution at the runner
stream of the runner exit. The energy outlet
distribution are compered for' the tur-
bines B and D in Fig.7, in vhich Ma, is
the product of angular moment u and
o
l.
angular veiocity a, , and x is the
distance from the side vall. It is
1'
¥,,
recognized that the flov leaves th_e
o
O.
1
e
secondary flov near ・the vall betomes ¥
O.
Sjx
to a small aspect ratio, and because
e.
1'
ar. ¥,
4
O.
draft tube 2
O.
c
outlet tank as is usually used. The
,
! e':
!
¥¥ i ../
above equat'ioh become necessarily vorse
i
. *.-
B
a nozzle and leaves out of the runner ¥. Turbine
at the runner exit, as shovn in Fig. 9. o.Q3
About a half part of the runner is
filled vith air, but near the tip
region of vanes betveen the air and the o.Q2
vater the vater is involved and forms a Tufbinc D
tater layer as shovn・ in the. figure, O. O]
because the pressure in the runner H=2. 97m
chamber is a little higher than that in
o
the air region inside the runner. Nov
putting the thickness of vater layer as -llO -'o -70 -SO-30 e-lO
d e g.
c, as shovn in Fig. g, the folloving
equation of momentum balance is deduced Fig. lO yater layer Thickness as a
considering the pressure, the centri- function of O
fugal force,' and the vane vork, and
assuming that c((d:
d6?i c2
2 _ Ap
a cu2(_ tan,e
ua) -d )cde (2)
',f:r ¥ ・ F!=1:'
a,
I "
"
r
''
p
l'
llerc. O : angle mcasured from thc upper
edge of thc runncr. Ap : prcssure
differcnce betwcen thc watcr layer and 5 .
- ' !"!L"';:._:1(;.'
the vater layer thickncss c. Undcr the . . " ' - /1 i..., .". '{!r;:#;c"/:/,L.._
sao]e net head condition the rotational ,.. .
speed is smaller, and the thickness L ; ' ..' 't( ( a.$ _ i:c t;
becomes largcr in thc turbipe B than in l
the turbinc D, and hcnce the re-enterd
vater volumc is larger in thc turbine D. *
: "
. .::1J