2019-2018

:Commented [m1]
University of Bright Star :Commented [m2]

Petroleum Department

Applied reservoir engineering PE475

Paper Subject
[ Pore Space ]

Name : Mohammed Salem Ali

ID Number : 21152118

Teacher Name : Osama Ghaith El Sanossi

2018 – 2019

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 Introduction

Pore space or void space [ Porosity ] like we learned in previous

semesters, it is the most important property in Reservoir Properties
this is a small definition for it " Pore or gap ratio is a characteristic
in rocks and dust that describes the amount of pores relative to the
rest of the material, and is expressed by measuring the percentage
of gaps related to or unrelated to the total mass of the material. [1]
[2] [3] This ratio is denoted by a numerical value followed by
the. Φ. There are two porosity: porous cracks and gaps pores. Slots
are empty areas where the length of two dimensions is higher than
between the third dimension. Porosity cracks are linked to
mechanical or thermal " , and there are many types of pore and we
will talk about it and its relation and Laboratory determination of
porosity and Sorting Factors.

 This Definition of porosity was token from " Effective and Ineffective
Porosityor Total and Effective Porosity Explained at E&P Geology.com ‫نسخة‬
‫ محفوظة‬13 ‫ على موقع‬2012 ‫واي باك مشين مارس‬

 Pore Types

This Five types of pores have a different characteristics in Soil depending on

number and frequency of each type .

Macropore
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The pores that are too large to have any significant capillary force. Unless impeded, water will
drain from these pores, and they are generally air-filled at field capacity. Macropores can be
caused by cracking, division of peds and aggregates, as well as plant roots, and zoological
exploration. Size >75 μm

Mesopore
The largest pores filled with water at field capacity. Also known as storage pores because of
the ability to store water useful to plants. They do not have capillary forces too great so that the
water does not become limiting to the plants. The properties of mesopores are highly studied
by soil scientists because of their impact on agriculture and irrigation. Size 30 μm–75 μm

Micropore
These are "pores that are sufficiently small that water within these pores is considered
immobile, but available for plant extraction."[3] Because there is little movement of water in
these pores, solute movement is mainly by the process of diffusion. Size 5-30 μm.

Ultramicropore
These pores are suitable for habitation by microorganisms. Their distribution is determined by
soil texture and soil organic matter, and they are not greatly affected by compaction [4] Size 0.1-
30 μm.

Cryptopore
Pores that are too small to be penetrated by most microorganisms. Organic matter in these
pores is therefore protected from microbial decomposition. They are filled with water unless the
soil is very dry, but little of this water is available to plants, and water movement is very
slow.[4] Size <0.1 μm.

 These types were taken from " Chesworth, Ward (2008). Encyclopedia
of soil science. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
p. 694. ISBN 1402039948. Retrieved 2 July 2016 "

 Pore space relations

The pore space or void space have a relation with two important things such as
Hydraulic conductivity and Infiltration we will talk about it now in short abstract .

First of all !

1 - Hydraulic conductivity

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Hydraulic conductivity (K) is a property of soil that describes the ease with which water
can move through pore spaces. It depends on the permeability of the material (pores,
compaction) and on the degree of saturation. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ksat,
describes water movement through saturated media. Where hydraulic conductivity has
the capability to be measured at any state. It can be estimated by numerous kinds of
equipment. To calculate hydraulic conductivity, Darcy's law is used. The manipulation of
the law depends on the Soil saturation and instrument used.

2 - Infiltration

Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. The
water enters the soil through the pores by the forces of gravity and capillary action. The
largest cracks and pores offer a great reservoir for the initial flush of water. This allows a
rapid infiltration. The smaller pores take longer to fill and rely on capillary forces as well
as gravity. The smaller pores have a slower infiltration as the soil becomes
more saturated.

 These two relations were taken from " Malcolm E. Sumner (31 August
1999). Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press. p. A-232. ISBN 978-0-8493-
3136-7. "

 Laboratory determination

There are many methods to determine the porosity such as Sample preparation and
Laboratory analysis and Pore volume measurement and Grain volume measurement and
Bulk volume measurement I will talk about the Laboratory analysis Because it has a Table for
different methods to determine porosity and its advantages .

 Comparison of porosity determination methods

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 This Table was taken from this Reference "

http://wiki.aapg.org/Porosity#Laboratory_determination_of_porosity , M. Peter
Cone, David G. Kersey "

 Sorting Factors
The Sorting Factors it is important thing to know the shape of grains we have it in this
Reservoir , I will quote an explain for this important factor [ The porosity of a rock
depends on many factors with the most prominent one being how well sorted the
particles of the rock are. If a rock is made up of only one size of particles, it is
called well-sorted. However, if the rock has a bunch of differently sized particles, it is
poorly-sorted. A poorly sorted rock has a lower porosity than a well-sorted rock.
This is because the smaller particles will fall into the empty spaces filling them up.
For example, think about a jar full of giant jawbreakers. The jawbreakers are of
similar size and surrounded by a lot of space, making the jar well-sorted. Now let's
add some peanut M&M's to the jar and fill in the spaces between the jawbreakers.
There is less empty space in the jar so it's medium sorted. When we pour some mini
M&Ms into the jar, they'll fill up most of the empty space but not all of it. Now the jar is
poorly-sorted ] .

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 This explanation was taken from this Reference " Katie have taught college
geology and high school math. Katie has a Master's in Geosciences and
Education " .

 Abstract
In This Paper we took a lesson in Pore space and how it will affect in rocks and soils
in Reservoir and how we can determine Porosity in laboratory with many ways of
porosity determining and also we learn about sorting factors of grains in reservoir and
how we know about types of pore space that will help us in equations when we
calculate an initial gas, oil & water in place and other equations .

 References
1 - Malcolm E. Sumner (31 August 1999). Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press.
p. A-232. ISBN 978-0-8493-3136-7.

2 – " Effective and Ineffective Porosity or Total and Effective Porosity

Explained at E&P Geology.com ‫ نسخة محفوظة‬13 ‫ على موقع‬2012 ‫واي باك مشين مارس‬

3 – Chesworth, Ward (2008). Encyclopedia of soil science. Dordrecht, Netherlands:

Springer. p. 694. ISBN 1402039948. Retrieved 2 July 2016

4 – http://wiki.aapg.org/Porosity#Laboratory_determination_of_porosity

, M. Peter Cone, David G.

5 – Katie have taught college geology and high school math. Katie has a Master's in
Geosciences and Education