'/,$02%3%.4!4)/.

)NTRODUCTION

4HEUSEOFGOLDANDGOLDCOMPOUNDSASWELLASTHEIRPOTENTIAL

.ANOGOLD THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS IN ANCIENT AND CONTEMPORARY

MEDICINE HAS BEEN REVIEWED PERIODICALLY OVER THE YEARS

PHARMACEUTICS ; =!TPRESENTTHEMOSTACTIVEAREAINDEVELOPINGGOLD

BASEDPHARMACEUTICALSISTHEIRINVESTIGATIONASPOTENTIALANTI
TUMOURAGENTS;=4HUSBOTHGOLD) ;=ANDGOLD))) ;
I 4HEUSEOFCOLLOIDALGOLDTO =COMPOUNDSAREBEINGACTIVELYSTUDIEDINTHISREGARD'OLD
COMPOUNDSHAVEALSOBEENINVESTIGATEDFORANTI ()6ACTIVITY
TREATEXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ; =ASANTI MALARIALAGENTS;=ANDEVENFORTHETREATMENT
OFBRONCHIALASTHMAIN*APAN; =(OWEVERTHEPRINCIPAL
ARTHRITISINRATMODELS CONTEMPORARY USE OF GOLD IN MEDICINE CHRYSOTHERAPY STILL
REMAINSFORTREATINGARTHRITISTHE½RSTFOCUSOFTHISREPORT
II #HARACTERIZATIONOFTHE 'OLD DRUGS COMPRISE A CLASS OF DISTINCTIVE ANTI ARTHRITIC
AGENTS $ISEASE -ODIFYING !NTI RHEUMATIC $RUGS THE
GOLDIN3WARNABHASMA $-!2$3 USEDWHENNON STEROIDALANTI IN¾AMMATORYDRUGS
AMICROPARTICULATEUSEDIN .3!)$3 SUCH AS !DVIL‡ IBUPROFEN  .APROSYN‡ NAPROXEN 
AND 6OLTAREN‡ DICLOFENAC SODIUM ARE INSUF½CIENT TO TREAT
TRADITIONAL)NDIANMEDICINE SEVERE CASES OF RHEUMATOID OR PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS 4HEY ARE
OFTEN USED AS A LAST RESORT IN TREATING PATIENTS 4HE TWO
MOSTCOMMONLYUSEDGOLDDRUGSARETHEPOLYMERICCHARGED
#HRISTOPHER,"ROWN'ILLIAN"USHELL SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE ) -YOCROSIN‡ AND THE MORE
-ICHAEL77HITEHOUSE$3!GRAWAL RECENTLY AVAILABLE MONOMERIC NEUTRAL AURANO½N 2IDAURA‡
3'4UPE+-0AKNIKAR )) ALSO KNOWN AS !URANO½N‡  3CHEME ) )NITIALLY ) WAS
AND%DWARD244IEKINK INTRODUCEDFORTHETREATMENTOFINFECTIOUSDISEASESSUCHAS
TUBERCULOSISANDTHENSUBSEQUENTLYUSEDFORTHEAMELIORATION

&ACULTYOF3CIENCE'RIF½TH5NIVERSITY.ATHAN OFRHEUMATOIDARTHRITIS2! THATAF¾ICTSBETWEEN¯OF
1UEENSLAND!USTRALIA#ORRESPONDENCE% MAIL THE POPULATION IN INDUSTRIALISED NATIONS "OTH A THE SIDE
WHITEHOUSEMD SPINNETAU EFFECTS OF CHRYSOTHERAPY EG DERMATITIS NAUSEA BONE

-ICROBIAL3CIENCES$IVISION!GHARKAR2ESEARCH MARROWDAMAGEETCINCONVENIENCEOFADMINISTRATIONEG
)NSTITUTE0UNE)NDIA #ORRESPONDENCE INTRAMUSCULARINJECTIONFOR) ANDB LACKOFDRUGCOMPANY
% MAILPAKNIKAR VSNLCOM SUPPORTHAVELEDTOEVERDIMINISHINGOFGOLDUSETODAY¯THIS

$EPARTMENTOF#HEMISTRY4HE5NIVERSITYOF4EXASAT DESPITETHEFACTTHEREAREVERYFEWOTHERTHERAPIESWHICHCAN
3AN!NTONIO/NE543!#IRCLE3AN!NTONIO EMULATEGOLDFORINDUCINGARTHRITISREMISSION0HARMACEUTICAL
4EXAS 53!#ORRESPONDENCE COMPANIESMAYNOTNECESSARILYBEPREJUDICEDAGAINST±GOLD²
% MAIL%DWARD4IEKINK UTSAEDU BUTCERTAINLYTHEYDONOTPROMOTEGOLDTHERAPIES INFACT
MANYFORMERSUPPLIERSHAVECEASEDTOMANUFACTUREGOLDDRUGS
2EASONSARENOTHARDTO½NDSUCHASI NOBLOCKBUSTERMARKET
!BSTRACT TOJUSTIFYHIGHPROMOTIONALCOSTSANDII NOSTRONGPATENTABLE
.ANOSIZEDGOLDPARTICLES NM HAVEBEEN BASETOMINIMIZECOMPETITION4HENEW³ALTERNATIVES´TOGOLD
PROVENTOBEEFFECTIVEINAMELIORATINGTHESYMPTOMS PARTICULARLY THE BIOLOGICAL $-!2$S DO A LOT OF THINGS THAT
OFMYCOBACTERIAL COLLAGEN ANDPRISTANE INDUCED THEGOLDDRUGSDON´TPROMOTEINFECTIOUSDISEASES4"()6 
ARTHRITISINRATMODELS4HISCONTRASTSWITHTHEDRUG ALLOWLYMPHOMADEVELOPMENTANDEXCLUDETHELESSWEALTHY
SODIUMAUROTHIOMALATETHATWASONLYEFFECTIVE POPULATION FROM BENE½TS OF THERAPY TO NAME THE MORE
AGAINSTMYCOBACTERIAL INDUCEDARTHRITISBUTNOTTO OBVIOUS;=-ANYREPORTSARENOWBECOMINGAVAILABLETHAT
THESAMEEXTENTAS!U'OLDINTHETRADITIONAL)NDIAN INDICATE THESE PHARMACEUTICALS ARE NO MORE THAN PALLIATIVE
!YURVEDICMEDICINE3WARNABHASMAGOLDASH HAS EG MINIMISING RESPONSES TO TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR 4.&
BEENCHARACTERIZEDASGLOBULARPARTICLESOFGOLDWITH BUT NOT UNDERCUTTING WHAT CAUSES TOO MUCH 4.& TO BE
ANAVERAGESIZEOF NM PRODUCEDINTHE½RSTPLACE4HISCONTRASTSWITHGOLDTHERAPY
WHERE REPORTED REMISSIONS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS SEEM TO
BEOFTHEORDEROFPERCENTPERHAPSEVENGREATERINSOME
+EYWORDS VERYTRADITIONAL%UROPEANCLINICS;=
'OLDNANOPARTICLEEXPERIMENTALARTHRITISAYURVEDICMEDICINE 7HILE THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF GOLD DRUGS IS
AUROTHIOMALATE NOTKNOWNITISQUITECLEARTHATTHEGOLDCONTENTISPIVOTALFOR
THERAPEUTICBENE½TINDICATINGTHAT) AND)) AREPRO DRUGS

'OLD"ULLETIN„ 
4ABLE
#OMPARINGANTI ARTHRITICEFFECTSOFPARENTERALSODIUMAUROTHIOMALATE) AND4YNDALL´SPURPLE!U INTHREETYPESOFEXPERIMENTALPOLYARTHRITIS
INTWOSTRAINSOFRATS

!RTHRITISINDUCED 2ATSTRAIN -EANARTHRITISSCORES

WITH -EASUREDONDAY

WITH .OTREATMENT !4- !U€

-YCOBACTERIUM 7ISTAR    
4UBERCULOSIS $ARK!GOUTI    
#OLLAGEN4YPE )) 7ISTAR    
$ARK!GOUTI    
0RISTANE 7ISTAR    
$ARK!GOUTI  ND  

3CORESCOMPILEDFOREACHANIMALONASCALE  AFTERMEASURINGREARPAWANDTAILSWELLINGANDASSESSINGFOREPAWIN¾AMMATIONANDGENERALWELL BEING

MOBILITYGROOMINGBEHAVIOURETC 
;4WOINDEPENDENTOBSERVERSMADETHESEASSESSMENTS=

$AYOFASSESSMENT
NDNOTDETERMINED

IETHEADMINISTEREDSPECIESBEINGTRANSFORMEDMETABOLIZED TWENTYDIFFERENTMETHODSFORPREPARING 3WARNABHASMAARE

TORELEASEGOLDINVIVO DESCRIBED IN VARIOUS !YURVEDIC TEXTS BASED ON INCINERATION
3OME OF THE SIDE EFFECTS OF CHRYSOTHERAPY MAY RELATE WITH MERCURY MERCURY SULPHIDE SULPHUR ORPIMENT !S3 
TO THE GENERATION OF GOLD)))  -ONOVALENT GOLD)  AS IN ) REALGAR !S3  CHALCOPYRITE ETC 4HE PREPARATION BASED ON
AND)) DISMUTATESTOGOLD))) IONSANDMETALLICGOLD!U  INCINERATIONWITHMERCURYISCONSIDEREDTOPROVIDETHEBEST
'OLD)))  LIKE OTHER HEAVY METALS DENATURES PROTEINS AND QUALITY 4HEREFORE A STUDY WAS INITIATED FOR STANDARDIZING A
NUCLEICACIDSANDMAYBERESPONSIBLEFORMUCHOFTHETOXICITY 3WARNABHASMA PREPARATION INCINERATION WITH MERCURY  ITS
OF ADMINISTERED GOLD) DRUGS ; = /N THE OTHER HAND PHYSICOCHEMICALCHARACTERIZATIONANDCLINICALEVALUATION4HE
METALLIC GOLD HAS BEEN GENERALLY REGARDED AS BIOLOGICALLY CHARACTERIZATIONSOF3WARNABHASMAANDOFTHEGOLDPARTICLES
INERTTHOUGHITMAYCONSTITUTETHEELECTRON DENSEMATERIAL THEREINAREREPORTEDHERE
ACCUMULATINGINLYSOSOMES³AUROSOMES´ AFTERTHEINJECTION
OFGOLD) PREPARATIONS
)N ORDER TO MINIMIZE DELETERIOUS SIDE EFFECT WHILE %XPERIMENTAL
RETAINING EF½CACY OF GOLD THERAPY WE HAVE EXPLORED THE
PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF NANO SIZED GOLD PARTICLES IN ! STANDARDISED COLLOIDAL GOLD PREPARATION 4YNDALL´S PURPLE
RATS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ARTHRITIS /UR PRELIMINARY WASPREPAREDBYREDUCTIONOFCHLOROAURICACIDWITHSODIUM
½NDINGS OF THIS ON GOING INVESTIGATION ARE REPORTED HEREIN CITRATE AT €# ;= 4HE AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE OF THE GOLD
.ANOPARTICLES OF GOLD ARE ATTRACTING INCREASING ATTENTION NANOPARTICLES WAS    NM !BSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
IN NANOTECHNOLOGY BUT APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE ARE STILL NM INDICATEDNOCHANGEINCOMPOSITIONOVERSIXMONTHS
RELATIVELYUNEXPLORED;= WHENSUSPENSIONSWERESTOREDAT€#
'OLDPREPARATIONSHAVEBEENUSEDFORTHERAPEUTICBENE½T 4O EVALUATE GOLD DRUGS THREE FORMS OF EXPERIMENTAL
BY !RABIC #HINESE AND )NDIAN CULTURES AS FAR BACK AS  ARTHRITISWEREESTABLISHEDINRATSASFOLLOWS
"#;=7ITHINTHECONTEXTOFTRADITIONAL)NDIAN!YURVEDIC „ -YCOBACTERIAL INDUCED ARTHRITIS ;= WAS INITIATED BY
MEDICINE 3WARNA BHASMA GOLD ASH HAS BEEN USED AS A TAILBASE INJECTION OF  MG HEAT KILLED DELIPIDATED
THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR SEVERAL CLINICAL DISORDERS INCLUDING -YCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS ADMINISTERED IN  ML
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS DIABETES MELLITUS SQUALANE
NERVOUS DISEASES ETC ; = 3WARNA BHASMA IS GIVEN „ # OLLAGEN INDUCEDARTHRITIS;=WASINDUCEDWITHTAILBASE
ORALLY TO PATIENTS USUALLY MIXED WITH HONEY OR COW GHEE INJECTIONOF”GBOVINECARTILAGECOLLAGENEMULSI½ED
A PREPARATION MADE BY HEATING BUTTER  !YURVEDIC DOCTORS
INSIST THAT IN THIS WAY GOLD PARTICLES GET ABSORBED THROUGH
SUBLINGUALROUTEDIRECTLYINTOBLOODSTREAMLIKEAHOMEOPATHIC
DRUG(OWEVERTHEREISNOEXPERIMENTALPROOFAVAILABLE4HE
ANTIOXIDANTRESTORATIVE EFFECTS OF 3WARNA BHASMA AGAINST
GLOBAL AND FOCAL MODELS OF )SCHAEMIA STROKE HAVE BEEN
REPORTEDINMODERNTIMES;=6ERYLITTLEISKNOWNABOUTTHE
CHEMICALCOMPOSITIONOF 3WARNABHASMA;=LETALONETHE
SCIENTI½CBASISOFITSAPPLICATIONINVARIOUSDISEASES!TLEAST 3CHEME

'OLD"ULLETIN„ 
 WITH&REUND´SINCOMPLETEADJUVANTANDGIVENINSEVERAL 3PECIALPURI½CATION
DIVIDEDDOSES 3PECIAL PURI½CATION WAS ACHIEVED BY APPLYING A PASTE OF
„ 0 RISTANE INDUCED ARTHRITIS ;= WAS INITIATED BY TAILBASE HEMATITE AND ROCK SALT ON GOLD FOIL AND HEATING IT IN AN
INJECTION”LPRISTANE#( INDIVIDEDDOSES EARTHENCRUCIBLEFORHOVERSTRONGHEAT^€# 4HE
'OLD PREPARATIONS WERE ADMINISTERED SUBCUTANEOUSLY TO MATERIALWASALLOWEDTOCOOL
GROUPS OF SIX OR SEVEN RATS EVERY SECOND DAY BEGINNING ON
THE DAY WHEN THESE ARTHRITIGENS WERE INJECTED -YOCRISIN 0ROCESSOFINCINERATION
2HONE 0OULENC 2ORER  DISSOLVED IN ISOTONIC .A#L  M- 0URI½EDGOLDFOILSWERECLEANEDTHOROUGHLYANDCUTINTOVERY
WASGIVENATADOSEOFMGKGGOLD#OLLOIDAL!UDISPERSED SMALLPIECES4HESMALLPIECESAPPROXG WEREADDEDTO
INISOTONICSORBITOL- WASGIVENATADOSEOF”GKG GOFPUREMERCURYPLACEDINASTONEMORTARPESTLEAND
GOLD 3IGNS OF ARTHRITIS WERE ASSESSED FROM DAY  ONWARDS RUBBED 4HE AMALGAM FORMED WAS PLACED INTO AN EARTHEN
BYMEASUREMENTSOFTAILANDPAWSWELLINGANDASSIGNINGAN CRUCIBLEALONGWITHSULPHURINAPROPORTION4HECRUCIBLE
OVERALLARTHRITISSCORETOEACHANIMAL2ESULTSARESUMMARIZED WASCOVEREDBYPLACINGANOTHERINVERTEDEARTHENCRUCIBLEON
IN 4ABLE  !NIMALS CANNOT BE KEPT FOR MORE THAN  DAYS TOPOFITANDSEALEDBYTHREELAYERSOFCOTTONCLOTHANDWET
UNDERTHEPROTOCOLSOFTHE!NIMAL%THICS#OMMITTEEAT'5 CLAY4HEASSEMBLYWASHEATEDFORHINSIDECOWDUNGCAKES
WHICH MEANS ANIMALS CANNOT BE KEPT INDE½NITELY TO STUDY FOURGEACH INAPIT4HEMAXIMUMTEMPERATUREDURING
HOWLONGDRUGACTIONISDURABLE HEATING WAS ^O# !FTER COOLING THE INCINERATED MATTER
WASGROUNDANDTHESAMEPROCEDUREOFHEATINGWITHSULPHUR
0REPARATIONOF3WARNABHASMA  PROPORTION WAS REPEATED 4HE PROCEDURE OF GRINDING
4HEPROCEDUREFORPURI½CATIONWASASPER2ASRATNASAMUCCHAYA HEATING WITH SULPHUR AND COOLING WAS REPEATED  TIMES
;=ANDFORINCINERATIONTHEPROCEDUREFOLLOWEDWASFROM TO OBTAIN A HOMOGENOUS BROWN RED POWDER IE 3WARNA
3ARANGADHARA 3AMHITA;= BHASMA

'ENERALPURI½CATION 0HYSICOCHEMICALCHARACTERIZATIONOF3WARNABHASMA
0UREGOLDGK WASPRESSEDINTOAFOILOF¯”M !TOMIC !BSORPTION 3PECTROSCOPY !N !TOMIC !BSORPTION
THICKNESSWITHTHEAIDOFAFOIL MAKINGMACHINE0URI½CATION 3PECTROMETER 0ERKIN %LMER 53! WAS USED FOR QUANTITATIVE
3jMANYA 3HODHAN WAS CARRIED OUT BY DIPPING THE RED ANALYSISOFGOLDINTHE 3WARNABHASMA 3WARNABHASMA
HOT GOLD FOILS IN SESAME OIL 3ESAMUM INDICUM ,INN  THIS MG WASDIGESTEDINMLOF AQUAREGIAANDAFTERCOMPLETE
PROCESS BEING REPEATED SEVEN TIMES !FTER EACH DIPPING DIGESTIONTHEVOLUMEOFTHESOLUTIONWASMADEUPTOML
OF THE GOLD FOIL THE OIL WAS REPLACED BY A FRESH SAMPLE WITHDISTILLEDWATER!PPROPRIATEDILUTIONSWEREMADEANDTHE
4HE FOILS WERE THEN PROCESSED IN THE SAME MANNER CONCENTRATIONOFGOLDWASDETERMINEDBY¾AME!!3!STHE
SEQUENTIALLY USING BUTTER MILK COW´S URINE +ANJI SOUR 3WARNA BHASMA PREPARATION INVOLVED ADDITION OF MERCURY
GRUELPROCESSEDFROMRICE/RYZASATIVA ANDADECOCTIONOF THE SAMPLE WAS ALSO ANALYSED FOR MERCURY CONTENT BY THE
+ULATHA$OLICHOSBI¾ORUS,INN 4HEPROCESSWASREPEATED COLDVAPOURMETHODOF!!3
SEVEN TIMES IN EACH LIQUID &INALLY THE GOLD LEAVES WERE &4 )NFRARED 3PECTROSCOPY 3AMPLES WERE INVESTIGATED
DRIEDANDWEIGHED.OSIGNI½CANTCHANGESWEREOBSERVED AS +"R DISKS ON A 0ERKIN %LMER 3PECTRUM /NE &4)2
INWEIGHTORPHYSICALAPPEARANCEEXCEPTTHEMETALLICSHINE SPECTROPHOTOMETER
SEEMEDBRIGHTER 4RANSMISSION %LECTRON -ICROSCOPY 4RANSMISSION %LECTRON

100
10000

80 8000
Intensity (cps)

1640.2
60 6000
3339.7
%T

4000
40
2000
20 1136.9
0

0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
2 theta (deg)
cm-1

&IGURE &IGURE
4HEINFRAREDSPECTRUMOF3WARNABHASMA+"R$ISK 82$PATTERNRECORDEDFOR3WARNABHASMA

'OLD"ULLETIN„ 
-ICROSCOPE:EISS'ERMANY WASUSEDFORPARTICLESIZE
ESTIMATIONOF 3WARNABHASMA4HE 3WARNABHASMAMG
WASSUSPENDEDINDISTILLEDWATERML 4HESUSPENSIONWAS
DILUTEDTIMESANDADROPOFTHISSOLUTIONWASPUTOVERA
FORMAVAR COATED COPPER GRID 4HE GRID WAS DRIED AT €#
4HE SAMPLE WAS ANALYZED UNDER THE 4%- AT MAGNI½CATION
8ANDACCELERATINGVOLTAGEK6
!TOMIC&ORCEMICROSCOPY4HE3WARNABHASMAMG WAS
SUSPENDEDINDISTILLEDWATERANDAFTERAPPROPRIATEDILUTIONA
DROP^”L OFTHESOLUTIONWASPUTOVERACOVERSLIPAND
DRIED!&-IMAGINGWASPERFORMEDONA.ANONICS-ULTI6IEW
 !&- HEAD WITH % SCANNER .ANONICS )MAGING ,TD
*ERUSALEM)SRAEL 3CANNINGWASPERFORMEDINTAPPINGMODE
)MAGESWEREOBTAINEDWITHNMRADIUS!&-TIPSOBTAINED
FROM.ANONICS)MAGING4HECANTILEVERISOSCILLATEDATITSFREE
RESONANCE FREQUENCY TYPICALLY  K(Z  4HE EXACT POSITION &IGURE
OFTHETIPONTOTHESAMPLEWASCONTROLLEDUSINGANINVERTED 4%-IMAGEOF3WARNABHASMASHOWNATAMAGNI½CATIONOF8
MICROSCOPE /LYMPUS *APAN MOUNTED ABOVE THE !&- !LL
MEASUREMENTS WERE PERFORMED AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE COAGULATES IN THE PRESENCE OF GASTRIC JUICE ENTERIC SODIUM
€# IN AIR !&- IMAGES WERE CAPTURED PROCESSED AND CHLORIDE )T WAS FOUND TO BE IMPORTANT TO ADMINISTER !U
ANALYZED WITH 15!24: SOFTWARE VERSION  #AVENDISH SUBCUTANEOUSLYINALOW SALTBUTISOTONICSOLUTIONTOMINIMISE
)NSTRUMENTS,TD5+  PARTICLEAGGREGATION
8 2AY $IFFRACTION !NALYSIS 4HE 82$ POWDER DIFFRACTION #OLLOIDAL !U INHIBITED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALL THREE
PATTERN OF 3WARNA BHASMA WAS RECORDED ON 8 RAY FORMS OF EXPERIMENTAL ARTHRITIS IN CONTRAST TO SODIUM
DIFFRACTOMETER "RUKER !83 $ ADVANCE SERIES 'ERMANY AUROTHIOMALATE ) WHICH WAS ONLY EFFECTIVE AGAINST
USING#U+ARADIATIONQ`½LTEREDBYNICKELFOILOVER THE MYCOBACTERIAL ADJUVANT INDUCED ARTHRITIS %VEN IN
THERANGE¯€ THIS PARTICULAR MODEL ARTHRITIS THE EF½CACY OF SODIUM
AUROTHIOMALATE) MAYDEPENDONTHERATSTRAINUSED;=¯
INDICATINGSOMEGENETICFACTORSMAYCONTROLTHEEXPRESSION
2ESULTSANDDISCUSSION OFANTI ARTHRITICACTIVITY"YCONTRASTTHEANTI ARTHRITICACTIVITY
OF THE COLLOIDAL !U WAS FAR BROADER CONTROLLING DISEASE
!NTI ARTHRITICACTIVITIESOFCOLLOIDALGOLD DEVELOPMENT REGARDLESS OF WHICH ARTHRITIGEN WAS USED TO
4HESTANDARDIZEDPREPARATIONOF!UWASCONSIDERABLYMORE ESTABLISHTHEPOLYARTHRITIS&INALLYITISNOTEDTHATTHEANTI
POTENTBYAPPROXIMATELYTIMESTHANTHEREFERENCEDRUG ARTHRITICEFFECTSOFTHESEGOLDPREPARATIONSARELONG LASTING
EMPLOYEDINTHISSTUDYSODIUMAUROTHIOMALATE) WHENBOTH AFTER CEASING TREATMENT A RESULT IN CONTRAST TO VERY MANY
WERE ADMINISTERED SUBCUTANEOUSLY 4HE RESULTS OBTAINED IN DRUGS CURRENTLY USED FOR TREATING ARTHRITIS WHOSE EFFECTS
THISSTUDYARESUMMARIZEDIN4ABLE!TTHISVERYLOWLEVEL ARETRANSIENTORRELATIVELYSHORT LIVEDINTHESEEXPERIMENTAL
!U WAS INEFFECTIVE WHEN GIVEN ORALLY PROBABLY BECAUSE IT ARTHRITIDES

Height / nm
56.2

X: 6.0 μm Y: 6.0 μm

&IGURE
!TOMIC&ORCE-ICROSCOPYIMAGEFOR3WARNABHASMA

'OLD"ULLETIN„ 
#HARACTERIZATIONOF3WARNABHASMA #ONCLUSIONS
3WARNABHASMAWASPREPAREDFOLLOWINGLITERATUREPROCEDURES
SEE %XPERIMENTAL WAS SHOWN TO CONTAIN  GOLD BY #OLLOIDALMETALLICGOLDAVERAGEPARTICLESIZENM ISAFAR
!TOMIC !BSORPTION 3PECTROSCOPY (OWEVER MERCURY WAS MOREPOTENTANDEFFECTIVEANTI ARTHRITICAGENTINRATSTHANTHE
NOTDETECTEDINTHESAMPLEOF 3WARNABHASMA/FTENTHE SODIUMAUROTHIOMALATE) USEDTOTREATRHEUMATOIDARTHRITIS
ACCEPTABILITY OF !YURVEDIC MEDICINES IN 7ESTERN COUNTRIES 4HEREPORTEDDATASHOWTHAT!UADMINISTEREDSUBCUTANEOUSLY
ISLIMITEDDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFTOXICMETALSNOTABLYLEAD SC SUPPRESSED DEVELOPMENT OF THREE DIFFERENT FORMS
ARSENICANDMERCURY4HEABSENCEOFMERCURYINTHEPRESENT OF ARTHRITIS IN RATS "Y CONTRAST SC AUROTHIOMALATE  AT
3WARNA "HASMA PREPARATION INDICATES PROPER INCINERATION ALMOST  TIMES AS GOLD DOSE WAS EFFECTIVE ONLY AGAINST
YIELDING A HIGH QUALITY PRODUCT WITH BETTER POTENTIAL THE ARTHRITIS INDUCED WITH A MYCOBACTERIAL ADJUVANT 4HIS
ACCEPTABILITY IS THE MOST IN¾AMMATORY OF THESE THREE FORMS OF ARTHRITIS
4HE INFRA RED SPECTRUM OF 3WARNA BHASMA &IGURE  AND CHARACTERISED BY ACTIVE LEUKOCYTES GENERATING REACTIVE
SHOWED THAT IT CONTAINED NO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 4HE OXYGEN DERIVEDSPECIES EG(//#L #ONSEQUENTLYTHERE
OBSERVED ABSORPTIONS CORRESPOND TO INORGANIC METAL MAYBEMOREDRUGOXIDATION EG!U 32m!U 3/ 2THEREBY
HYDRATED METAL SALT OR OXIDE 4HE ABSENCE OF ORGANIC LIBERATING!U) FORDISMUTATIONTOMOREPHARMACO ACTIVEGOLD
MATTER IS FURTHER PROOF OF PROPER INCINERATION DURING THE SPECIESNAMELY!UAND!U))) 
PREPARATION OF 3WARNA BHASMA AND THE ABSENCE OF ANY 3WARNABHASMAASUSEDIN!YURVEDICMEDICINECOMPRISES
EXTERNAL ORGANIC CONTAMINATION 4HIS CONCLUSION ACCORDS GOLD CONTAINING PARTICLES THAT ARE GLOBULAR AND HAVE AN
WITHANEARLIERINFRA REDSTUDY;=ANDISFURTHERBORNEOUT AVERAGESIZEOF NM
BYTHE82$STUDY
4HE82$PATTERNOF 3WARNABHASMAISSHOWNIN&IGURE
4HEDIFFRACTIONPEAKSATQ€€€AND€ !CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AREIDENTICALWITHTHOSEREPORTEDFORTHESTANDARDGOLDMETAL
!U *#0$353! .OOTHERDIFFRACTIONPEAKSWEREOBSERVED 4HEANTI ARTHRITICTRIALSREPORTEDHEREINCOMMENCEDAT'RIF½TH
CON½RMING THAT THE DRUG 3WARNA BHASMA IS COMPOSED OF 5NIVERSITY AFTER THE AWARD OF A 3MART 2ETURNS &ELLOWSHIP TO
MAINLYGOLDNANOPARTICLES4HEHIGHINTENSITYOF82$LINESIN %244BY4HE1UEENSLAND'OVERNMENTTOWHICHTHEAUTHORS
THE82$PATTERNSUGGESTSTHATTHEDRUGISPRESENTINCRYSTALLINE EXPRESSTHEIRGRATITUDE+-0ISTHANKFULTO.ANO#UTTING%DGE
FORM 4HE SIZE OF GOLD CRYSTALLITES IN 3WARNA BHASMA WAS 4ECHNOLOGY0VT,TD-UMBAIFOR½NANCIALSUPPORT
CALCULATEDFROMTHE82$PATTERNUSINGTHE3CHERRERFORMULA
ANDDETERMINEDTOLIEINTHERANGE NM4HE3CHERRER
EQUATIONISNOTALWAYSARELIABLEMEASUREOFPARTICLESIZEIN 2EFERENCES
FACTSHARPPEAKSINDICATESLIGHTLYHIGHERSIZES(ENCEOTHER
FORMSOFCHARACTERISATIONWEREEXPLORED  !*,EWIS$47ALZ0ROG-ED#HEM
!NIMAGEFROMTHE4RANSMISSION%LECTRON-ICROSCOPICSTUDY  '*(IGBY'OLD"ULL
ISSHOWNIN&IGURE4HISINDICATEDTHEAVERAGEPARTICLESIZE  7&+EAN&&ORESTIER9+ASSAM77"UCHANAN0*2OONEY
OF 3WARNABHASMATOBENMWITHGLOBULARMORPHOLOGY 3EMIN!RTHRITIS2HEUM
4HE GLOBULAR NATURE OF 3WARNA BHASMA WAS CON½RMED BY  260ARISH3-#OTTRILL'OLD"ULL
!TOMIC&ORCE-ICROSCOPY&IGUREWITHANAVERAGEPARTICLE  $.I-/RLA0*3ADLER-ET#OMPLEXES#ANCER#HEMOTHER
SIZEOFNM 
4HE RESULTS OF MICROSCOPY AND 82$ CON½RMED OUR  %244IEKINK-77HITEHOUSEIN'"ERTHON%D (ANDBOOKOF
HYPOTHESIS THAT 3WARNA BHASMA PARTICLES MIGHT BE IN THE -ETAL ,IGAND)NTERACTIONSIN"IOLOGICAL&LUIDS6OL-ARCEL$EKKER
NANOMETERSIZEDOMAIN .EW9ORK 
$ANSCHER DEMONSTRATED THE IN VIVO LIBERATION OF GOLD  30&RICKER'OLD"ULL
IONS FROM GOLD IMPLANTS ;= )N ANOTHER RECENT STUDY  (:HAO9.ING'OLD"ULL
(ILLYER AND !LBRECHT ;= DEMONSTRATED THAT UPTAKE OF  %244IEKINK#RIT2EV/NCOL(EMATOL
GOLD NANOPARTICLES OCCURRED IN THE SMALL INTESTINE BY  2%ISLER)N¾AMM2ES
PERSORPTION THROUGH SINGLE DEGRADING ENTEROCYTES IN  %244IEKINK"IOINORG#HEM!PPLNS
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