GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

MUTTOM

LABORATORY MANUAL
SURVEY PRACTICAL-II

Name:
Class: Branch:
Roll No: Year:
 List of experiment
SL . NO NAME OF EXPERIMENT DATE PAGE REMARKS
NO
1
STUDY OF THEODOLITE

2
MEASUREMENT OF
HORZONTAL ANGLE BY
REPETITION METHOD

3
MEASUREMENT OF
HORZONTAL ANGLE BY
REITERATION METHOD

4
DETERMINATION OF
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE
BETWEEN TWO
INACCESSIBLE POINT

5
HEIGHT AND DISTANCE

6
TO FIND THE REDUCED
LEVEL OF BASE
INACCESSIBLE POINT

7
TRAVERSE SURVEY
 Date:

1. STUDY OF THEODOLITE
1.1 THEODOLITE

Theodolite is an important instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical

angle in surveying. This instrument can be used for a number of surveying operations such as
prolonging a line, measuring distances when the points are inaccessible and also for leveling.

Theodolites may be classified as

i. Transit theodolite
ii. Non- transit theodolite

A transit theodolite is one in which the line of sight can be reversed by revolving the
telescope through 180o in the vertical plane. The non- transit theodolites are either plane
theodolites or y theodolites in which the telescope can not be transited.

1.2 VARIOUS PARTS OF TRANSIT THEODOLITE

i. Telescope

It is an integral part and is mounted on the spindle known as horizontal axis or trunnion axis.
Telescope is either internal or external focusing type

ii .The vertical circle

the vertical circle is a circular graduated arc attached to the truunion axis of the telescope

iii . The index frame

the index frame is a T shaped frame consisting of a vertical leg known as clipping arm and
horizontal bar known as vernier arm or index arm. At two extremities of the arm are fitted to
verniers to read the vertical circle

iv . The standards

Two uprights called standards or A frame stand upon the vernier plate to support the
horizontal axis.

v . The leveling head

The leveling head usually consist of two parallel triangular plates known as tribranch plates
the upper tribranch has three arms each carrying a leveling screws. The lower tribranch plate
or footplate has a circular hole through which a plumb bob may be suspended.
vi . The spindles or axes

The inner spindle is also called the upper axis since it carries the vernier or upper plate. The
outer soindle carries the scale or lower plate and is therefore also known as lower axis.

vii . The lower plate or scale plate

The lower plate is attached to the outer spindles. The lower plate carries a horizontal circle at
its beveled edge and is therefore also known as the scale plate. The lower plate carries a
lower clamp screw and a corresponding tangent screw with the help of which it can be fixed
accurately in any desired position.

viii . The upper plate or vernier plate

The upper plate is attached to the inner axis and carries two verniers with magnifiers at two
extremities diametrically opposite. The upper plate supports the standards. It carries an upper
clamp screw and corresponding tangent screw for purpose accurately fixing it to lower plate.

ix . Tripod

When in use the theodolite is supported on a tripod which consist of three solids or framed
legs. At the lower end the legs are provided with pointed steel shoes. The tripod head carries
at its upper surface an external screw to which the foot plate of the leveling head can be
screwed.

To centre the instrument exactly over a station mark , as plumb bob is suspended from the
hook fitted to the bottom of the central vertical axis.
VARIOUS PARTS OF TRANSIT THEODALITE
 1.3 THE BASIC DEFINITIONS

i. Centering

It is the operation by which the vertical axis of the theodolite represented by a plumb line is
made to pass through the mark of instrument station on the ground.

ii . Vertical axis

The vertical axis at the theodolite is the axis about which the instruments rotates in the
horizontal plane. It is also known as azimuth axis. It is the line passing through the centre of
the inner spindle.

iii . Horizontal axis

It is also known as trunnion axis. It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in
vertical plane

iv . Transiting

It is the operation of turning the telescope about the horizontal axis in the vertical plane
through 180o . This is also known as reversing or plunging

v . Swinging the telescope

It is the process of turning the telescope in horizontal plane. If the telescope is rotated in
clock wise direction, it is known as right swing. If telescope is roteted in the anti clock wise
direction, it is known as left swing.

vi . The face left observation

If the face of the vertical circle is to the left of the observer, the observation of the angle is
known as the face left observation.

vii . Face right observation

If the face of the vertical circle is to the right of the observer, the observation is known as
face right observation.
1.4. TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A THEODOLITE

i . Centering

This involves setting the theodolite exactly over the station mark or on the station peg. It is
done by the following steps

a) The plumb bob is suspended from a small hook attached to the vertical axis of the
theodolite.
b) The instrument is placed over the station mark with the telescope at a convenient
height and with the tripod legs set well apart.
c) Two legs of tripod are set firmly into the ground and the third leg is moved radially to
bring the plumb bob exactly over the station mark. Then the third leg is also pushed
into the ground.
d) If the instrument has a shifting head, the instrument is roughly centered over the
station mark and then by means of the shifting head, the plumb bob is brought exactly
over the station mark.

ii . Levelling

The instrument is accurately leveled with reference to the plate level by means of leveling or
foot screws so that the vertical axis is made truly vertical.

a) Loosen all the clamps and turn the instrument about either of its axis until the longer
plate level is parallel to the pair of foot screws, the other plate level will then be
parallel to the line joining the third screw and the mid point of the line joining the first
pair.
b) Bring the long bubble to the centre of its run by turning both screws equally either
inwards or outwards.
c) Similarly bring to the other bubble to the centre of its run by turning third leveling
screw or the other pair of leveling screws.
d) Repeat the process until finally both bubbles are exactly centered.

iii. Focusing
This is done in two steps.
a. Focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs at diaphragm .
b. Focusing the object glass for bringing the centre of the object on the plane of the
diaphragm.

1) Focusing the eyepiece:

Point the telescope towards the sky or hold a sheet of white paper in front of
the object glass and move the eyepiece in and out until the crosshairs are seen
quite distinctly and clearly (appear sharp and clear)
2) Focusing the object glass:
There will be an apparent movement of the image relatively to the cross hairs
when the observer move his eyes. To eliminate direct the telescope towards the
object and turn the focusing screw until the image appears clear and sharp.
 Observation and calculations

FACE LEFT SWING FACE RIGHT SWING LEFT

RIGHT
ins Sig A B mean No. Hori. A B mean n Hori. Avg.
tru. ht of angle o. angle horizo
at to repe of ntal
titio re
n pe
at

o ‘ “ ‘ “ o ‘ “ o ‘ “ o ‘ “ ‘ “ o ‘ “ o ‘ “ o ‘ “
 Date:

2. MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES BY REPETITION

METHOD
2.1 AIM

To measure the horizontal angle by repetition method

2.2 INSTRUMENT USED

Theodalite with tripod, Ranging rods, Peg

THEORY

The method of repetition is used to measure a horizontal angle to a finer degree of accuracy.
By this method, an angle is measured two or more times by allowing the vernier to remain
clamped each time at the end of each measurement instead of setting it back at zero when
sighting at the previous station. Thus an angle reading is mechanically added several times
depending upon the number of repetitions. The average horizontal angle is then obtained by
dividing the final reading by the number of repetitions. For every accurate work the method
of repetition is used.

2.4 PROCEDURE

1. Select a station point O.

2. Set the theodolite at O and do the temporary adjustments. The telescope is adjusted
for left face right swing.
3. Set the vernier A to zero using upper clamp. Loosen the lower clamp, direct the
telescope to the station point P and bisect P exactly by sing lower clamp and lower
tangent screw.
4. Note the vernier readings (A&B).
5. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise until the point Q is exactly
bisected.
6. Note the vernier readings (A&B).
7. The mean of the two vernier reading gives the value of <POQ
8. Loosen the lower clamp and turn the telescope to station point P and bisected P by
using the lower clamp and lower tangent screw.
9. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise until the point Q is exactly
bisected. Now the vernier reading is twice the value of the angle.
10. Repeat the process for the required number of times (usually three).
11. The correct value of the angle POQ is obtained by dividing the final reading by the
number of repetition.
12. Adjust the telescope for right face right swing.
13. Repeat the whole process by turning the telescope in anti clock wise direction.
14. Take the average of face left and face right observations to give the horizontal angle
POQ.

2.6 RESULT
OBSERVATION
 Date:

3. MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLE BY REITERATION

METHOD
3.1 AIM

To determine the horizontal angle by reiteration method.

3.2 APPARATUS USED

Theodalite with tripod, ranging rods, peg

3.3 THEORY

Reiteration is a method of measuring horizontal angles with high precision. It is less

tedious and is generally preferred when there are several angles to be measured at a
station. Several angles are measured successively and finally the horizon is closed.
Closing the horizon is the process of measuring the angles around a point to obtain a
check on their sum which should be equal to 360º.

3.4 PROCEDURE

1. Theodolite is set over an instrument station (O) exactly and all the temporary
adjustments are done. Vertical circle is placed left to the observer (face left
observation).
2. Vernier A is set to zero with the help of upper clamp screw and tangent screws.
Readings of vernier A & B are noted.
CALCULATION
 3. Upper clamp is clamped. Lower clamp is loosening and the telescope is turned toward
“A”. Lower clamp is clamped and the point “A” is bisected exactly using tangent
screws.
4. Upper clamp is loosened and the telescope is turned clockwise to bisect B. lower
clamp is clamped and B is bisected exactly using tangent screws. Both the verniers
are read and noted.
5. The same procedure is repeated for all other points
6. The face is changed and all the above steps are repeated. (face right observation)
7. Reading from C is subtracted by reading B to get include angle BOC. Reading from C
is subtracted by reading D to get included angle COD.
8. The same procedure is followed to get readings of all other included angles.

3.6 RESULT
OBSERVATION
 Date:

4. DETERMINATION OF HOROZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO

INACCESSIBLE POINTS

4.1 AIM

To determine the horizontal distance between two inaccessible points with theodalite

4.2APPARATUS

Theodalite with tripod, ranging rods, peg,tape

4.3 PROCEDURE

1. Select a base line O1 O2 =……..m approximate parallel to PQ.

2. Set up the instrument over the station O1 and do all temporary adjustments.
3. Set up the zero of vernier A by using upper clamp by releasing the lower clamping
screw, turn the telescope toward P. Exact bisection done by using its tangent
screw.
4. Release the upper clamping screw and turn the telescope toward Q. Exact
bisection is done by using its tangent screw.
5. Read both verniers. The mean of two reading gives the angles PO1Q.
6. Unclamping upper plate and bisect station O2 and read both vernier and which
give the angle P O1 O2.
7. Change the face and then also take the angle PO1Q and PO1O2 by method of
repetition.
8. The average values of angle get from both face given the actual value of PO1Q,
PO1O2.
9. Similarly set up the instrument over O2 and take value of angle O1O2P and O1O2Q
10. Consider triangle O1O2P and O1QO2. Apply the sin rule and determine the
distance O1P and O1Q .
11. Applying cosine rule to triangle O1PQ and calculate the inaccessible distance PQ.
CALCULATION
RESULT

The length of line =

OBSERVATION
 Date:…………

5. HEIGHT AND DISTANCES

5.1 AIM

To find the height and distance of the building base is accessible.

5.2 INSTRUMENTS USED

Theodolite with tripod, peg, leveling staff, ranging rod, tape

5.3 PROCEDURE

1. Set up theodolite at a convenient distance from the object and measure the horizontal
distance between them accurately by using steel or invar tape. Let this distance D
meters. Then set up and center the instrument over O an level it accurately with
reference to the altitude bubble.
2. Set the zero of the vertical vernier exactly by the vertical circle clamp and tangent
screw.
3. Loosen the vertical circle clamp and bisect the telescope towards the top of the object.
When it is sighted approximately clamp the vertical circle. Bisect the object exactly
by turing the tangent screw.
4. Read both verniers. The mean of two readings give the value of required angle αl.
5. Now loosen the vertical clamp and bisect the bottom of given object exactly by using
vertical tangent screw. The mean of two readings give the value of required angle α2.
6. Change the face of the instrument and repeat it.
5.4 CALCULATION

H=h1+h2

D=…………m

h1= Dtan α1

h2=Dtan α2

H= Dtan α1+ Dtan α2

RESULT
OBSERVATION
 Date:

6. TO FIND THE REDUCED LEVEL OF BASE INACCESSIBLE POINT

6.1 AIM

To determine the reduced level of an object when base is inaccessible by single plane
method.

6.2 INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

Theodalite, tape, levelling staff, ranging rod

6.3 PROCEDURE

1. Set up the theodolite over station P level it accurately with respect to altitude bubble
2. Direct telescope towards top of the object Q. Bisect Q accurately and clamp both the
plates. Read both the vernier C and D. Determine vertical angle QAQ.
3. Transit the telescope, mark the second station R on the ground in line so that R, P and
Q are in same vertical plane. Measure the distance b between R and P accurately with
tape.
4. Determine the angle QAQ with the other face.
5. Find the mean value of angle QAQ =ꭤ1
6. Take the staff reading when instrument is at the position P and staff is placed on BM
that is SI
7. Shift the theodolite to station R and level it accurately, direct the telescope towards top
of object Q. Bisect Q accurately and clamp both vernier C and D. Find the vertical
angle QBQ.
8. Find the angle QBQ with other face and take the mean value QBQ=ꭤ2
6.4 CALCULATION

S=(s1-s2)=

D=

h 1=

R.L of Q = B.M+S1+h 1
9.Take the staff reading when instrument is at the position R and staff is placed on B.M that
is S2

10.Reduced level of point Q is found as R.L of Q=B.M+S1+h 1

6.5 RESULT

The R.L of top of the object (Q) when its base is inaccessible is found to be .......m.
OBSERVATION
 Date:

7. TRAVERSE SURVEY
7.1 AIM

To prepare Gales traverse table of a closed traverse ABCDE

7.2 INSTRUMENTS USED

Theodolite with tripod, three ranging rods, peg, tape

7.3 PROCEDURE

1. Set up the instrument over the station point A and bearing of the line AB is observed
2. The angle EAB is then measured by taking back sight on preceding station E and
forward station B
3. The mean of two vernier reading gives the angle EAB
4. The theodolite is then moved to successive station and included angles are measured
and line AB , BC etc are measured by tape.
5. Sum up all included angle according to the interior or exterior angle is measured. It is
compared with(2 n-4)90.where n is the number of sides of traverse
6. If not, apply necessary correction to the angles so that the sum of corrected angle will
exactly equal to (2n-4)90
7. Calculate whole circle bearing , deduce the bearing of the line and determine the
quadrant in which the line lies.
CALCULATION
 8. Apply necessary correction to the latitude and departure so that the sum of northing
equals that of southing and sum of easting equals of westing
9. From the corrected consequtive constants, obtain the independent co ordinates of the
line so that they are all positiv , the whole of the traverse thus lying in the first
quadrant.

RESULT

Gales traverse table is prepared