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MUTTOM
LABORATORY MANUAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Name:
Class: Branch:
Roll No: Year:
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INDEX
SL Experiment Page no Date Remarks
NO
1 Alkalinity
2 Acidity
3 Hardness
4 Chlorine
5 Residual chlorine
3
4
Date:
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Students shall produce this manual to the practical classes and is to be used as
observation book.
2. Discussions after each experiment should be based on the following points.
a. Limits prescribed for that constituent in drinking water standards/
effluent standards for waste water.
b. The suitability of sample for drinking purpose with respect to the
particular constituent.
3. Students may refer the following for writing discussions.
a. “Standard methods for the examination of Water and Waste Water”-
American Public Health Association, 1015, 18th Street,
N.W. Washington D.C. 20036.
b. “Chemistry for Environmental Engineering”- Sawyer and Mc Caurty,
Tata Mc Graw-Hill.
c. “Manual of standards of quality for drinking water supplies”- Indian
council of medical Research, New Delhi.
d. “International Standards of Drinking Water” – WHO
e. “IS2490-1981,IS3306-1974, IS3307-1977, IS2296-1974, IS10500-
1991” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, Effluent Standards
KSPCB.
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6. Do use large volumes of water, when a person is splashed with acid to prevent
serious burns.
7. Do weigh the articles in a balance only at room temperature.
8. Do use different pipettes for different reagents.
9. Do not pipette acids and toxic reagents by mouth.
10. Do read the level of meniscus, in all volumetric glass wares, with the eye at
approximately the same level as the curve of solution.
11. Do clean the workplace and all the glass wares used before leaving the lab.
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1. ALKALINITY
Date: ...........
GENERAL:
AIM:
To determine the amount of the different species of alkalinity viz. Hydroxide
alkalinity, carbonate alkalinity and bicarbonate alkalinity present in the given
samples.
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PRINCIPLE:
APPARATUS:
1. Burette 2. Erlenmeyer flasks 3. Pipettes
REAGENTS:
PROCEDURE:
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CALCULATION:
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OBSERVATION:
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3
1
2
3
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
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Species of alkalinity may be obtained from the table given below.
Alkalinity relationships
SPECIFICATION:
Potable water:
As per IS 10500: 1991, the desirable limit of alkalinity in potable water is 200 mg/L.
However in absence of any alternate source, the permissible limit shall be 600 mg/l as
CaCO3.
Water for concrete preparation:As per IS 456: 2000, to neutralise 100ml sample of water
using mixed indicator, it should not require more than 25 ml of 0.02 N H2SO4 (ie,
alkalinity < 250 mg/l).
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RESULT:
QUESTIONS
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2.ACIDITY
Date: ………
GENERAL:
AIM:
PRINCIPLE:
Acidity can measured by titrating the samples with standard solution of alkaline
reagents. Mineral acids are neutralized by titration to a pH of about 4 to 5 or by using methyl
orange as the indicator. Since methyl orange is used as indicator , acidity is also called methyl
orange acidity. Most of the weak acids are neutralized by titration to pH 8.3 and
phenolphthalein is used as the indicator. Titration of sample to the phenolphthalein end point
of pH 8.3 measures both mineral acidity and acidity due to weak acids. This total acidity is
also termed as phenolphthalein acidity. Results are in terms of methyl orange or
phenolphthalein acidity expressed as CaCO3.
APPARATUS:
1. burette
2. Pipettes
3. Erlenmeyer flasks
REAGENTS:
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3. Phenolphthalein indicator.
4. 0.01N Sodium thiosulphate.
PROCEDURE:
CALCULATION :
Where,
N= Normality of NaOH.
V= ml of sample.
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OBSERVATION:
Sample calculation:
method. Most industrial wastes containing mineral acidity must be neutralized before
they may be discharging into rivers or sewers or subjected to treatment of any kind.
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SPECIFICATIONS:
Potable water:
RESULT:
INFERENCE:
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3.HARDNESS
Date:..............
GENERAL:
Hardness is caused by divalent metallic cations. Such ions are capable of reacting
with soap to form precipitates and with certain anions present in the water to form scale in
hot water pipes, heaters, boilers etc. The principle hardness causing cations are calcium,
magnesium, strontium, ferrous iron manganese ions.
AIM:
To determine the total hardness of the given sample of water and hence to estimate the
carbonate and non-carbonate hardness of the same sample.
PRINCIPLE:
Solution of EDTA (Ethylene Dyamine Tetra Acetic Acid) or its sodium salt is used as
the titrating agent. EDTA forms extremely stable complex ions with Ca2+, Mg2+ and other
divalent cations causing hardness.
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During titration with EDTA, all free hardness ions are complex according to equation (1).
Finally EDTA disrupts the (M Erichrome black T) complex and frees the Erichrome black T
indicator and the wine red colour changes to blue, marking the end of the titration.
APPARATUS:
REAGENTS:
PROCEDURE:
1.Take a sample volume which will require less than 15 ml EDTA titrant.
4. Add one or two drops of indicator solution. If Ca or Mg hardness is present, the solution
will turn wine red.
5. Titrate against EDTA titrant till the sample turns blue. Note the volume Vl of the titrant .
CALCULATIONS:
Where,
V = Sample volume
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OBSERVATIONS:
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If carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity is greater than total hardness,
0-75 Soft
75-150 Moderately hard
150-300 Hard
>300 Very hard
Specifications:
IS 10500:1991 specifies desirable limit of hardness as 300mg/l in potable water and rejection
limit as 600mg/l of CaCO3.
For boiler feed water the hardness should not be greater than 10mg/l as per IS10392: 1982.
Hardness may vary from zero to a few hundreds of mg/l depending on the source and the
treatment to which the water has been subjected.
RESULT:
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4.CHLORIDES
Date:........................
GENERAL:
Chlorides in the form of CF ions is one of the major anions in water. In potable water
salt content is produced by the chlorides. Water having 250mg/L chloride may have a salty
taste if the cation is sodium. On the other hand, a typical salty taste will be absent even in
water containing as much as 1000mg/L chloride, if the predominant cations are Ca and Mg.
Chloride concentration is higher in wastewater than in raw water because sodium chloride is
discharged through urine and excreta. So the presence of chlorine in water indicates the
possibility of contamination of water by sewage. High chloride contents are harmful to
metallic pipes and agricultural crops.
AIM:
PRINCIPLE:
The end point cannot be detected by eye unless and indicator capable of
demonstrating the presence of excess Ag+ is present. The indicator used is potassium
chromate, which supplies the chromate ions .As the concentration of chloride ions approaches
extinction ,the silver ion concentration increases to a level at which the solubility product of
silver chromate is exceeded and it begins to form a reddish brown precipitate.
Since excess amount of Ag ion is needed to produce visible amount of Ag2 CrO4 the
indicator blank must be determined and subtracted from all the titration. In a neutral or a salty
alkaline solution, potassium chromate can indicate end point of silver nitrate titration of
chloride. Silver chloride is precipitated quantitatively before red colour silver chromate is
formed.
APPARATUS:
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REAGENTS:
5.Hydrogen peroxide
PROCEDURE:
2.If the sample is coloured, add 3mL of aluminium hydroxide suspension ,mix, allow to
settle, filter, wash and collect the filtrate.
3.If sulphide, sulphite or thiosulphate is present ,add 1mL of hydrogen peroxide and stir for 1
minute.
6.Titrate this against standard silver nitrate titrant to brick red end point. Note the volume
(V1)
7.Repeate the procedure using blank (distilled water and note the volume (V2)
CALCULATIONS:
V =Volume of sample in mL
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Observation
Sample x 0.01
Sample Trial Volume of Burette reading Volume of Mean Chloride
No No the sample titrant(mL) volume v1 (mg/L)
(mL) Initial Final (mL)
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APPLICATION OF CHLORIDE DATA:
SPECIFICATIONS:
INFERENCE:
QUESTIONS:
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5.RESIDUAL CHLORINE
Date :
GENERAL :
AIM :
To determine the amount of residual chlorine in the given sample by starch iodide
method.
PRINCIPLE :
Chlorine will liberate free iodine from potassium iodide solution at pH 8 or less.
The libarated iodine is titrated against standard. Sodium thiosulphate with starch as indicator.
The reaction is preferably carried out at pH 3-4. The minimum dectetable concentration must
be 40 of Cl , if 0.001 N sodium thiosulphate is used with 500 ml sample.
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APPARATUS :
REAGENTS :
PROCEDURE :
3. Pour 500 ml sample into the flask and mix well with stirring rod.
4. Titrate this mixture against 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate in a burette until the colour if the
Sample is yellow.
5. At this stageadd 1 ml of starch solution and then the colour become blue.
6. Continue titration till the blue colour just disappears. Note the volume(V1).
7. Blank titration.
8. For blank titration, prepare 500 ml of distilled water as sample for titration and add 1 ml
of starch solution to it, and 5 ml of acetic acid and 0.05 gm
9. If blue colour develops, titrate with 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate till blue colour disappears.
10. If no blue colour occur, titrate with 0.0282 N (N/35.45) iodine solution until blue colour
appears. Black titrate with 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate and record thr difference as
positive V2
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OBSERVATIONS
Sample x 0.01 N Sodium thiosulphate starch indicator
Sample calculation:
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CALCULATIONS :
Where ,
V = Volume of sample in ml
RESULT
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