TECHNOLOGIES IN MUNICIPAL WATER

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Drinking Water Supply in India

 Sources of Raw Water

 Ground water (direct
through tube wells –
supplied after minimum
treatment) –scenario is
changing due to ground
water pollution
 Surface water –through
intake structure in rivers
(Supplied after
treatment in centralized
water treatment plant)

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Technologies in Ground Water Treatment
 Major contaminants – Fluoride ,
Nitrate, Arsenic, Salinity (TDS) ,
iron etc
 Present treatment technologies
 Boiling, filtration and
chlorination for relatively good
source
 Fluoride - Activated alumina
treatment / Nalgonda
treatment (Alum & lime)
 High salinity (TDS) - Reverse
osmosis
 NITRATE - Resin based
treatment
 ARSENIC - Activated alumina,
oxidation with chlorine
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Technologies for Surface Water Treatment

 Aeration in cascade
aerators (to remove
iron/manganese)
 Chemicals –
 Alum/lime/polyelectroly
te followed by
flocculation and
coagulation
 Clarifications/sedimentati
on (Innovations possible in
clarifier design)
 Filtration (Innovations
possible in filter bed
composition)
 Post Chlorination
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 Innovative Technologies - High rate solids
contact type Lamella clarifier
Typical applications:
 Clarification, Lime Softening

 Primary & Tertiary Clarification

 Carbonate removal, Metal Precipitation,

Colour removal

Features:
 Compact, Versatile & robust

 Inbuilt Thickener

 Very efficient

 High Quality Water

 Multiple applications

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 Innovative Technologies - Pulsating
sludge blanket type clarifier
Typical applications :
 Raw Water Clarification (River, Dam,
Reservoir)
 Clarification of Water with Algae

Features:
• Modular & robust process
• Rectangular Flat Bottom RCC Tank
• No underwater moving parts
• Even water distribution over entire
bottom
• Even sludge withdrawal across the
tank

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 Roadmap for Water Treatment
Technologies
 Encouraging and adopting community based RO &
Resin based treatment for tackling
Nitrate/TDS/Fluoride in ground water
 Replacing space taking conventional clarifiers
with ultra filtration membrane in proposed
projects
 Refurbishment of existing clarifiers with lamella
plates to increase efficiency
 Using multimedia structure in new and existing
filter beds
 Installing PLC in existing and proposed water
treatment plants for proper management
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 Roadmap for Water Treatment
Technologies
 Encouraging application of high efficiency
pumps and motors in water treatment plants
and transmission system
 Latest lining technologies for transmission
and distribution system
 Adopting latest metering appliances for
establishing accountability
 Use of quality pipes and accessories from
supply lines to the individual house
connections
 Develop community based water connections
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Technologies for sewage generated
 Classified under three categories based on performance
parameters, land requirement, energy demand:

 Category I: Good performance, Low energy requirement, low

resource requirement and associated costs, High land requirement
(BOD <30, SS < 30)

 Category II: Good performance and high energy requirement , high

resource requirement and other associated costs , moderately low
land requirement (BOD <30, SS < 30)

 Category II (Improved version): Very Good performance and Very

high energy requirement , very high resource requirement and
associated costs, low land requirement (BOD <20, SS < 20)

 Category III: Moderate performance, moderate energy

requirement, moderate resource requirement and associated costs,
moderate low land requirement (BOD <30, SS < 30)
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 STP Technologies under category I
 Waste stabilization
pond (WSP)

 Duckweed pond
systems (DPS)

 Facultative aerated
lagoons (FAL)

 Slow rate trickling

filter (TF)

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STP Technologies under category II
 Activated sludge
process and its
modifications (ASP)

 Up flow Anaerobic
sludge blanket
process (UASB) with
facultative aerated
lagoons (FAL)

 Up flow Anaerobic
sludge blanket
process (UASB) with
ASP
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STP Technologies under category II
continue
 BIOFOR process
 Biofor F with multimedia
Filter

 FAB (Fluidized Aerobic Bed

MBBR (Moving bed bio
reactor)
 SAFF (Submerged aerobic
fixed film)

 SBR (Sequential Bio Reactor

Process)
 MBR (Membrane bio reactor)

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STP Technologies under category III
 Facultative aerated
lagoons (FAL)
followed by
maturation pond

 High rate trickling

filter (TF) with both
gravel and plastic
media followed by
maturation pond

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Few examples location wise in India

ASP 60 MLD plant at Allahabad

UASB 78MLD with bio gas utilization in Agra / 20
MLD bio gas utilization in Faridabad
UASB + ASP 43 MLD in Vadodara
UASB + FAL +FAU 172 MLD in Hyderabad
BIOFOR F 182 MLD STP in Delhi
FAB / SAFF 3 MLD plant in Delhi / 42 MLD Lucknow
SBR C tech 100 MLD in Nerul/12.5 MLD at Panjim
MBR 1 MLD at Tidel park Chennai

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 Assessment of technologies
source -NRCD

 Waste stabilisation pond system

 Land – 0.8 -2.3 hectares/MLD
 Energy - Negligible
 CAPEX: Rs1.5-4.5 million per MLD capacity
 O&M: Rs0.06-0.1 million/year/MLD
 Duckweed Pond System
 Land – 2 - 6 hectares/MLD
 Energy - Negligible
 CAPEX: Rs1.5-4.5 million per MLD capacity
 O&M: Rs0.18 million/year/MLD
 Facultative Aerated lagoon
 Land – 0.27-0.4 hectares/MLD (higher than ASP)
 Energy – 18KWh/ML treated (much lower than ASP)
 CAPEX: Rs2.2 – 2.9 million per MLD capacity
 O&M: Rs0.15 -0.2 million/year/MLD

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 Assessment of technologies
 Trickling Filter
 Land – 0.25 -0.65 hectares/MLD
 Energy – 180KWh/ML treated
 CAPEX: Lower than ASP
 O&M: Lower than ASP
 Activated sludge process
 Land – 0.15 -0.25 hectares/MLD
 Energy – 180-225 KWh/ML treated
 CAPEX: Rs 2 - 4 million per MLD capacity (Around 55% is civil cost)
 O&M: Rs0.3-0.5 million/year/MLD
 Biofor
 Land – 0.04 hectares/MLD
 Energy – 220-335 KWh/ML treated
 CAPEX: Rs6.5-8.1 million per MLD capacity
 O&M: 0.86 million/year/MLD

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 Assessment of technologies
 High rate activated sludge Biofor F Technology
 Land – 0.08 hectares/MLD (Much lower than ASP)
 Energy – 180KWh/ML treated (85% met through power from biogas)
 CAPEX: Rs 5.2 million per MLD capacity Rs 5.2 million per MLD capacity
 O&M: Rs 0.18 million per MLD capacity
 Fluidized Aerated Bed (FAB)
 Land – 0.06 hectares/MLD
 Energy – 99-170 KWh/ML treated
 CAPEX: Rs 3-5 million per MLD capacity (30% is plastic media cost)
 O&M: Rs0.6-0.75 million/year/MLD (50% higher than ASP)
 Submerged Aeration Fixed Film (SAFF) technology
 Land – 0.05 hectares/MLD
 Energy – 390 KWh/ML treated
 CAPEX: Rs7 million per MLD capacity
 O&M: 1.14 million/year/MLD

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 Assessment of technologies

 Cyclic Activated Sludge Process

 Land – 0.1 -0.15 hectares/MLD
 Energy – 150-200 KWh/ML treated
 CAPEX: -
 O&M: Higher than ASP
 Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) process
 Land – 0.2-0.3 hectares/MLD
 Energy – 10-15 KWh/ML treated
 CAPEX: Rs 2.5 – 3.6 million per MLD capacity
 O&M: Rs0.08 – 0.17 million/year/MLD

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Roadmap in Wastewater Treatment
 Activated sludge process with 24 x 7 committed power
supply should be adopted with mandatory provision for
installing gas engine to partially offset the energy
requirement. Treated wastewater should be linked to
irrigation.

 Polishing units (Such as - Pressure sand filters,

Activated carbon filter & chlorination unit) should be
added after ASP for utilizing the treated water for
landscaping, gardening. (Thus conserving fresh water)

 Suitable sludge treatment technology should be

adopted in all STPs, to be linked up with Bio fertilizer
market

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Roadmap in Wastewater Treatment
 Sequential Batch Reactor / Membrane Bio Reactor is
advisable for projects linking industrial requirement of
treated wastewater from the municipals.

 Decentralization of sewage treatment units across the

city should be encouraged rather than putting all the
sewage of the city at one place. This would allow
flexibility in choosing technology options.

 Compact localized treatment like Rotating biological

contactor, Moving Bed Bio Reactor, root zone
treatment should be adopted for on site treatment in
large institutions, offices and hotels

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THANK YOU

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