Lesson 49-60

Lesson 49: There is no problem if: ~아/어도 되도
Nouns:
감독관 = supervisor, proctor
심장 = heart
수염 = facial hair
명예 = honor
당구 = billiards
얼룩말 = zebra
탁구 = table tennis
시합 = game, match, competition
인문 = humanities, liberal arts
자격 = qualification
자격증 = certificate (something showing qualification)
기억력 = memory
먹이 = prey, food
교도소 = prison
죄수 = prisoner
Verbs:
파악하다 = to understand, to grasp, to figure out
살아나다 = to revive
동반하다 = to accompany
회복하다 = to restore, to recover
Adjectives:
편리하다 = to be convenient, to be handy

불쾌하다 = to be unpleasant, to be nasty
단단하다 = to be hard, to be stiff
Introduction
In this lesson, you will build on your understanding of ~아/어도 to make sentences using 되다. Using
these concepts, you will be able to indicate that here is no problem if something is or is not done. Let’s
get started.
Another meaning of 되다
In previous lessons, you learned some uses of the word “되다.” For example in Lesson 9 you learned
that it can be used as a stand-alone verb which means “to become:”
저는 선생님이 되고 싶어요= I want to be/become a teacher
In Lesson 14, you learned about its function in passive sentences. For example:
세금은 값에 포함된다= The tax is included in the price
Another usage of “되다” is to indicate that there is “no problem” with something. Common translations
for this can be “for something to be going well” or “for something to be working (well).” You can
typically place “되다” after a noun to indicate that there is no problem with that noun. The word “잘” is
often included in these sentences as its nature to mean “well:” For example:
사업이 잘 되고 있어요?= Is your business going well?
일이 잘 돼요?= Is your work going well?
여기서 Wi-Fi 가 잘 돼요= The Wi-Fi here works well
심장수술이 잘 됐어요?= Did the heart surgery go well?
문제 해결이 잘 됐어요?= Did the problem get solved okay?
This same usage is often used to say that something has “finished” doing whatever it should be doing,
for example
밥이 됐어요?= Is the rice ready?/Has the rice finished cooking?
You can also use 되다 to tell somebody to stop giving you something. For example, if somebody is filling
up a glass of water for you, and you want to say “Okay! That’s enough!” you can just say “됐어(요)!”
If you wanted to say the opposite – that is – that something is not going well, not working or is not
finished, you should use the word 안 (even though the usual opposite of “잘” is “못”). “잘” can also be
included in these sentences along with “안” (just like how “잘” can be used alongside “못”). For
example:
밥이 아직은 안 됐어요= The rice still isn’t ready
여기서 Wi-Fi 가 (잘) 안 돼요= The Wi-Fi doesn’t work (well) here
컴퓨터가 안 돼요= The computer isn’t working
로그인이 안 돼요= The log-in isn’t working (I can’t log in)
Person 1: 축구 경기를 내일 보러 갈래요?= Shall we go to see a soccer game tomorrow?
Person 2: 저는 가고 싶지만 내일은 안 돼요= I want to go, but I can’t go tomorrow (tomorrow doesn’t
work for me)
I want to talk about this usage of 되다 and how it can be applied in sentences with ~아/어도..
To be allowed to do: ~아/어도 되다
In the previous section, you learned how 되다 can be used to indicate that there is “no problem” with
something.
In the previous lesson, you learned how to attach ~아/어도 to the stem of a clause to create the
meaning of “regardless of…” For example:
네가 일찍 가도 … = Regardless of if you leave early…
되 다 (in the usage described in this lesson) is commonly used after ~아/어도 to indicate that there is no
problem with the action being done. For example:
네가 일찍 가도 돼= Regardless of if you leave early, there is no problem
This typically translates to “one may” or “one is allowed to.” For example:
네가 일찍 가도 돼= “You may go early,” or “You are allowed to go early”
Below are many examples:
아무거나 해도 돼요= You can do whatever you want
지금 문을 열어도 돼요= You may open the door now
제일 편리한 것을 선택해도 돼요= You may choose the most convenient one
여기 있어도 돼요= You are allowed to be here
당구를 여기서 쳐도 돼요= You are allowed to play pool here

이 직장에서 수염을 길러도 돼요= You are allowed to have a beard at this job
내일 시합에서 명예를 회복해도 돼요= You can regain your honor during tomorrow’s game
고기에 그 단단한 부분을 먹어도 돼요= You can/may even eat that hard/stiff part of the meat
문제를 이해하지 못하면 감독관에게 물어봐도 돼요= You may ask the supervisor/proctor if you don’t
understand the question
학생들이 들어가도 되지만 부모를 동반해야 돼요= Students may enter, but they must be
accompanied by a parent
These types of sentences can also be used to ask questions. Here, the speaker is asking if there is any
“problem” with an action occurring. For example:
제가 일찍 가도 돼요?= Regardless of if I go early, is there any problem?
These types of questions typically translation to “May…?” or “Is it alright if…” For example:
제가 일찍 가도 돼요?= May I go early?
밥을 많이 먹어도 돼요?= May I eat a lot?
화장실에 가도 돼요?= May I go to the bathroom?
얼룩말에게 먹이를 줘도 돼요?= May I give feed to the zebras?
우리가 탁구를 해도 돼요?= May we play table tennis?
죄수를 보러 교도소에 들어가도 돼요?
= May we go into the prison to see the prisoners?
옆에 있는 사람이 하는 말이 아주 불쾌해서 다른 자리로 가도 돼요?
= What the person beside me is saying is unpleasant, so may I go to another seat?
선생님! 이 문제를 파악할 수 없어요. 나중에 선생님의 교무실에 가도 돼요?
= Teacher! I can’t grasp/understand this problem. May I go to your office later?
The final clause of all of these example sentences has been in the present tense. It is possible to
conjugate 되다 to the past or future tenses to indicate that there would have been no problem if an
action had been done, or will be done in the future. For example:
그때 나가도 되었어요
= It would have been okay if you left at that time
문을 열어도 되었어요
= It would have been okay if you opened the door
그때 나가도 될 거예요
= It will be okay if you leave at that time
문을 열어도 될 거예요
= It will be okay if you open the door
One doesn’t have to: 안 ~아/어도 되다
In the previous section, you learned how to indicate that there will be “no problem” if some action was
completed. In order to indicate that there will be “no problem” if some action doesn’t occur, you can
conjugate the verb before ~아/어도 negatively using 안 or ~지 않다. For example:
네가 빨리 안 가도 돼
= Regardless of if you don’t leave quickly/early, there is no problem
This typically translates to “it is okay if one does not” or “one doesn’t have to.” For example:
네가 빨리 안 가도 돼
= You don’t have to go quickly/early
내일까지 다 안 해도 돼요
= You don’t need to do it all by tomorrow
저는 밥을 벌써 먹어서 다시 안 먹어도 돼요
= I don’t need to eat because I already did
여기에 사인을 안 해도 돼요
= You don’t need to sign here
이 음식에 소금을 안 넣어도 돼요
= You don’t need to put salt on this food
그런 것을 걱정 안 해도 돼요
= You don’t need to worry about that kind of thing
그 시험을 합격하기 위해 공부를 안 해도 돼요
= In order to pass that test, I don’t need to study
이 학교가 과학 고등학교라서 인문학을 공부하지 않아도 돼요

= You don’t need to study the humanities at this school because it is a science high school
그 나라에서 선생님이 되고 싶으면 특별한 자격이 있지 않아도 돼요
= If you want to become a teacher in that country, you don’t need any special qualification
핸드폰에 연락처 기능이 있어서 요즘에 사람들은 기억력이 좋지 않아도 돼요
= Cell phones have contact functions in them so these days people don’t need to have a good memory
You could also generally see this form as the opposite of ~아/어야 하다, which you learned in Lesson 46.
Notice the opposite meanings that these sentences have:
그 시험을 합격하기 위해 공부를 안 해도 돼요
= In order to pass that test, I don’t need to study
그 시험을 합격하기 위해 공부를 해야 돼요
= In order to pass that test, I need to study
This form can be used to ask questions as well. For example:
지금 밥을 안 먹어도 돼요?
= You don’t need to eat (rice) now?
내일까지 다 안 해도 돼요?
= You don’t need to do it all by tomorrow?
수염을 안 깎아도 돼요?

= You don’t need to shave your beard?
자격증을 안 보여줘도 돼요?
= I don’t need to show you my certification?
Using Words like 좋다 and 괜찮다
In all of the sentences in this lesson using ~아/어도 되다, the common meaning applied to all sentences
is “it is okay if…” or “there is no problem if.” Instead of using 되다, other words that have a similar
meaning can be used as well. The two most common substitutes for 되다 in this usage are 좋다 and
괜찮다. For example:
지금 문을 열어도 돼요
= You may open the door now
지금 문을 열어도 좋아요
지금 문을 열어도 괜찮아요
밥을 많이 먹어도 돼요?
= May I eat a lot?

밥을 많이 먹어도 좋아요?
= May I eat a lot?
밥을 많이 먹어도 괜찮아요?
= May I eat a lot?
Lesson 50: ~ㄹ/을 예정, 계획, 준비
This Lesson is also available in Español
Vocabulary
Click on the English word to see information and examples of that word in use. You might not be able to
understand all of the grammar within the example sentences, but any grammar you can’t understand
will eventually be introduced in later lessons. Use these sentences to give yourself a feel for how each
word can be used, and maybe even to expose yourself to the grammar that you will be learning shortly.
A PDF file neatly presenting these words and extra information can be found here.
Nouns:
포도 = grape
껍질 = the peel, skin, bark of a fruit, vegetable or plant

복숭아 = peach
참외 = oriental melon
수능 = the Korean SAT
참치 = tuna
통조림 = can
판사 = a judge
변호사 = a lawyer
권리 = a right
채식주의자 = vegetarian
증상 = symptom
섬 = island
규모 = scale, size
소규모 = small scale

대규모 = large scale
눈앞 = in-front of one's eyes
Verbs:
굽다 = to roast, grill
굽히다 = to bend one's body
구부리다 = to bend an object
방어하다 = to defend
그만두다 = to quit a job or task
벗기다 = to undress somebody, to peel a fruit/vegetable
Passive Verbs:
굽다 = to be curved/bent
Adjectives:
불쌍하다 = to be pitiful
For help memorizing these words, try using our Memrise tool.
Introduction
In the first few lessons of Unit 2, you learned how you can use ~는 것 to describe a noun with a verb.
Though we haven’t specifically talked about ~는 것 in the past few lessons, there are still a few more
related concepts that you should know. In this lesson, you will learn three nouns (예정, 계획 and 준비)
that are often described by a preceding verb/clause. Let’s get started.
To be scheduled to… :~ㄹ/을 예정
You should remember the function of adding ~는 것 to verb stems from previous lessons. If you forget
the purpose of ~는 것, I highly suggest that you review Lesson 26 and thelessons that follow. To review
briefly, adding ~는 것 to a verb stem turns the verb into a word that can describe an upcoming noun.
This can be done using ~ㄴ/은 것 to describe the noun in the past tense:
제가 먹은 것 = The thing I ate
Or using ~는 것 to describe the noun in the present tense:
제가 먹는 것 = The thing I eat

Or using ~ㄹ/을 것 to describe the noun in the future tense:
제가 먹을 것 = The thing I will eat
Other nouns can be used instead of “것” in these types of sentences. For example:
제가 먹는 음식 = The food I eat
A common noun that is often described by the ~는 것 principle is “예정” (meaning “schedule”). For
example:
제가 할 예정
제가 먹을 예정
Notice that 예정 is being described using the future tense ~ㄹ/을
You should know that “제가 할 예정” and “제가 먹을 예정” are not complete sentences, as they do not
have a predicating verb or adjective at the end of the sentence. In order to do this, we should add 이다
to 예정. For example:
제가 할 예정이에요
제가 먹을 예정이에요
By doing this, you create the meaning of “One is scheduled to…” The sentences above would translate
to:
제가 할 예정이에요
= I am scheduled to do it
제가 먹을 예정이에요
= I am scheduled to eat
The two sentences above were used to present the grammar structure of these types of sentences.
However, they are a little unnatural simply because there isn’t really any context or other information
that indicates what is “scheduled.” The examples below are more natural sounding sentences using this
grammatical structure:
우리는 10 시에 만날 예정이에요
= We are scheduled to meet at 10:00
수업이 4 시쯤에 시작될 예정이에요
= The class is scheduled to start at about 4:00pm
학생들이 수능을 다음 달에 볼 예정이에요
= The students are scheduled to write 수능 next month
비행기가 9 시에 출발할 예정이지만 눈이 많이 와서 못 출발할 것 같아요
= The plane is scheduled to depart at 9:00, but it probably won’t because it is snowing a lot
그 권리에 대해 얘기하려고 변호사가 판사를 내일 만날 예정이에요
= The lawyer is scheduled to meet the judge tomorrow to talk about that right

To have plans to…: ~ㄹ/을 계획
By using a similar composition that was described in the previous section (~ㄹ/을 예정이다), you can
create the meaning of “I have plans to…” or “I am planning to…” By replacing “것” with “계획” in the
future tense conjugation of ~는 것, you can create the following meanings::
먹을 계획 = plans to eat
공부할 계획 = plans to study
갈 계획 = plans to go
In English as well as in Korean, we say “I have plans to…” Therefore, in order to finish these sentences,
we should add “있다” to them. For example:
먹을 계획이 있다
= to have plans to eat
공부할 계획이 있다
= to have plans to study
갈 계획이 있다
= to have plans to go
This form can then be used in more complex sentences:

참치를 잡으러 그 섬에 갈 계획이 있어요
= I have plans to go to that island to catch tuna
제품을 대규모로 안 팔아서 이 일을 그만둘 계획이 있어요
= They don’t sell their products on a large scale, so I am planning to quit this job
우리 사업규모를 내년에 늘릴 계획이 있어요
= We have plans to increase the scale of our business next year
공원에 가서 삼겹살을 다 같이 구울 계획이 있어요
= We are planning to all go to the park and grilling 삼겹살 together
제가 친구를 만날 계획이 있었지만 친구는 안 왔어요
= I had plans to meet my friend, but he didn’t come
원래 대학교에 갈 계획이 있었지만 수능을 잘 못 봐서 대학교에 갈 수 없었어요
= I had plans to go to university, but I couldn’t get in because I did poorly on the SAT test
.
To be ready… ㄹ/을 준비
Another noun that is commonly placed after the future ~는 것 conjugation is “준비” (preparation,
readiness, or the noun form of “to prepare”). The most common ways you will see 준비 used like this
are described below.
To be ready to…: ~ㄹ/을 준비(가 ) 됐다
In the previous lesson, you learned that one meaning of the word “되다” is to indicate that something is
“going well” or “working well.” For example:
일이 잘 돼요? = Is your work going well?
여기서 Wi-Fi 가 잘 돼요 = The Wi-Fi here works well
By describing “준비” with a preceding clause, you can refer to the preparation of that clause. For
example:
갈 준비 = the preparation of going
먹을 준비 = the preparation of eating
공부할 준비 = the preparation of studying

By using the word “되다” in these sentences, one can indicate whether this preparation is “going well”
or not. For example:
갈 준비가 됐다
= the preparation of going went well
먹을 준비가 됐다
= the preparation of eating went well
공부할 준비가 됐다
= the preparation of studying went well
I like the English translations above because they show how ~ㄹ/을 준비가 되다 takes on this particular
meaning. However, the most common translation for these types of sentences is “one is ready to.” For
example:
갈 준비가 됐다 = to be ready to go
먹을 준비가 됐다 = to be ready to eat
공부할 준비가 됐다 = to be ready to study
Notice that 되다 is conjugated to the past tense to indicate that the “preparation went well” which
would also indicate that one “is ready.”
——————————————–
In theory you could see 준비가 되다 presented as the passive verb 준비되다, which would mean “to be
prepared.” The sentences above could be written/spoken as:
갈 준비됐다 = to be ready to go
먹을 준비됐다 = to be ready to eat
공부할 준비됐다 = to be ready to study
I tend to think that this use of “~ㄹ/을 준비되다” is incorrect because ~ㄹ/을 is not describing a noun
and instead describing a verb which in theory it cannot do. However, in speech (especially because the
use of ~가 on 준비 can be omitted) these two different forms cannot be distinguished from another.
Therefore, it is common to also see this form.
——————————————–
We can see this construction used in more complicated sentences. For example:
저는 지금 갈 준비가 됐어요
= I am ready to go now
저는 아무 때나 일을 시작할 준비가 됐어요
= I am ready to start working any time
그 병의 증상을 설명할 준비가 되었어요
= I am ready to explain the symptoms of that disease
우리는 소규모 장소에서 시작할 준비가 됐어요
= We are ready to start in a small (scale) location

You can indicate that one is not ready by adding a negative conjugation. For example:
저는 아직 결혼할 준비가 되지 않았어요
= I’m still not ready to get married
저는 5 분 후에 갈 예정이었지만 아직 갈 준비가 안 됐다
= I was scheduled to go in 5 minutes, but I’m not ready yet
우리는 아직 대규모 공장에서 할 준비가 안 되었어요
= We aren’t ready to do it in a large (scale) factory yet
구부러져 있는 길에서 아직 운전할 준비가 안 됐어요
= I’m not ready to drive on a curved street yet
그런 불쌍한 애기들을 눈앞에 아직 볼 준비가 안 됐어요
= I’m not ready to see those pitiful/sad babies in-front of my eyes yet
These types of sentences are commonly used in the form of a question to ask if somebody is (or is not)
ready. For example:
파티에 갈 준비가 됐어요?
= Are you ready to go to the party?
비행기가 아직 출발할 준비가 안 됐습니까?
= Is the plane not yet ready to go?

참외껍질을 벗길 준비가 됐어요?
= Are you ready to cut the skin off of the melon?
우리 나라를 방어할 준비가 됐습니까?
= Are you ready to defend our country?
1 년 동안 채식주의자가 될 준비가 되었어요?
= Are you ready to be a vegetarian for a year?
몸을 뒤로 굽히고 스트레칭을 할 준비가 되었어요?
= Are you ready to bend (your body) over and stretch?
Using the imperative voice to tell somebody to get ready: ~ㄹ/을 준비(를) 하세요
In Lesson 40 you learned how to make commands using the imperative voice. For example:
빨리 올라와 = Come up quick
빨리 올라와요 = Come up quick
빨리 올라오셔요 = Come up quick

You can attach any of these imperative endings to 준비하다 to make a command telling somebody to
“get ready.” For example:
밥을 준비하세요!
= Get the food ready/prepare the food!
모든 것을 준비하세요!
= Get everything ready/prepare everything
In order to tell somebody to get ready to do something, you should use the ~는 것 principle. To do this,
you can describe the noun “준비” with a preceding clause connected to the future ~ㄹ/을 addition. For
example:
갈 준비
= the preparation of “going”
먹을 준비
= the preparation of “eating”
공부할 준비
= the preparation of “studying”
After this, the object particle ~를 can be attached to 준비 and 하다 can be used with an imperative
conjugation to tell somebody to “do that” preparation. The common translation of this in English is “get
ready to….” For example:
갈 준비를 하세요
= Get ready to go!
먹을 준비를 하세요
= Get ready to eat!
공부할 준비를 하세요
= Get ready to study
——————————————–
Just like with the sentences earlier with 준비가 되다, you can also see the sentences above presented
as
갈 준비하세요
= Get ready to go!
먹을 준비하세요
= Get ready to eat!
공부할 준비하세요
= Get ready to study
I tend to think that this use of “~ㄹ/을 준비하다” is incorrect because ~ㄹ/을 is not describing a noun
and instead describing a verb which in theory it cannot do. However, in speech (especially because the
use of ~를 on 준비 can be omitted) these two different forms cannot be distinguished from another.
Therefore, it is common to also see this form.
——————————————–
Below are more examples:
몸을 굽힐 준비를 하세요
= Get ready to bend your body
수능을 볼 준비를 하세요
= Get ready to write the 수능 test
일을 곧 그만둘 준비를 하세요
= Get ready to quit your job soon
증상이 계속 나타나면 병원에 올 준비를 하세요
= Get ready to come to the hospital if symptoms persist
——————————————–
I have had a few readers contact me to ask why the particle ~를 is used in the sentences above but ~가
is used in the sentences introduced earlier in the lessons (for example, in “저는 지금 갈
준비가 됐어요”). I feel like this is almost too obvious to talk about, but more than one person has asked
me, so I want to provide an answer in case other learners have the same problem.
The use of ~를 or ~가 in these cases is due to the nature of the verb that predicates the sentence. In the
sentences above, ~를 is used because 하다 is an active verb and can act on objects with ~를/을.
However, 되다 is a passive verb and cannot act on objects – and thus a sentence predicated by 되다
cannot have an object with ~를/을 attached. It is the same reason why the following sentences use
~를/을 and ~이/가 respectively:
밥을 준비했어요 = I prepared rice
밥이 준비되었어요 = The rice was prepared
Lesson 51: ~기도 하고… ~기도 하다
Vocabulary
Click on the English word to see information and examples of that word in use. Use these sentences to
give yourself a feel for how each word can be used, and maybe even to expose yourself to the grammar
that you will be learning shortly.
Nouns:
억양 = accent
빚 = debt
빗 = comb
솔 = brush
치약 = toothpaste
칫솔 = toothbrush
화학 = chemistry
철학 = philosophy
가죽 = leather, animal skin
악어 = alligator, crocodile
발명품 = invention
스타일 = style
향수 = perfume
코 = nose
콧구멍 = nostril
양파 = onion
양말 = socks
틈 = crack
시설 = facilities
개수 = the number of things
명수 = the number of people
대화 = conversation
Verbs:
빗다 = to comb ones hair
비교하다 = to compare
발명하다 = to invent
끓이다 = to boil
솔질하다 = to brush
진학하다 = to enter a school

세다 = to count
사과하다 = to apologize
뿌리다 = to sprinkle
Passive Verbs:
끓다 = to be boiling
Adjectives:
끝없다 = to be endless
미묘하다 = to be subtle
불행하다 = to be unhappy
밉다 = for somebody to piss you off
Introduction
At the very beginning of Unit 2, you learned about the ~는 것 principle over the course of many lessons.
In these lessons, you learned how to change verbs, adjectives and entire clauses into nouns by adding
~는 것, ~기 or ~ㅁ/음. In this lesson, you will learn another practical application of ~기 in Korean
sentences by using ~기도 하고 ~기도 하다. Let’s get started.
Adding ~도 to a Clause: ~기도 하다
Way back in Lesson 4, you learned how to attach ~도 to nouns to add the meaning of “as well” or “too”
to the noun it is attached to. For example:
저는 화학도 가르쳐요
= I teach chemistry too (in addition to other subjects)
저도 화학을 가르쳐요
= I teach chemistry too (in addition to other people that also teach chemistry)
Adding ~도 to a simple noun like this is very easy, and I am sure you are comfortable doing it by now. It
is also possible to add ~도 to other parts of speech, including verbs and adjectives that have been
changed to their respective noun forms.
To see a long list of other ways ~도 can be used, you might want to also check out Lesson 107.
In Lesson 29, you learned that you can attach ~기 to verbs or adjectives. In Lesson 29, you saw some
common and specific ways that ~기 can be used in Korean. For example:
It is often used to say that one doesn’t like, or doesn’t want to do something:
저는 아빠에게 사과하기 싫어요

= I don’t want to apologize to dad
It is often used to say that one starts an action:
우리 회사가 내일부터 모든 시설을 대체하기 시작할 거예요
= Our company will start replacing all of the facilities from tomorrow
We can apply the meaning of ~도 to verbs or adjectives that have been changed to their respective
noun-forms using ~기. Let’s look at how we can do this.
Look at the following sentences/clauses:
그녀가 예쁘다 = She is pretty
내가 밥을 먹는다 = I eat
We can turn those clauses into nouns by attaching ~기 to the predicating adjective or verb:
그녀가 예쁘기
내가 밥을 먹기
By attaching ~도 to ~기, you are indicating that the clause also occurs in addition to some other clause.
For example:
그녀가 예쁘기도…
내가 밥을 먹기도…
Those constructions are not sentences yet – they’re technically just a clause in noun-form. In order to
turn them into actual sentences, 하다 is typically used as a predicating verb. For example:
그녀가 예쁘기도 해요 = She is pretty too
내가 밥을 먹기도 했어 = I ate too
Make sure that you are aware of the function and meaning of ~도 – and the meaning that it can create
depending on the noun it is attached to. Remember that only the noun that ~도 is attached to is the
noun that carries the meaning. Look at these examples:
그녀도 예뻐요
= She too is pretty
(In the sense that other people are pretty, but she is too)
(In the sense that she may also have other qualities or characteristics, but she is pretty too)
——————————–
나도 밥을 먹었어 = I too ate rice
(In the sense that other people ate rice, but I did too)
내가 밥도 먹었어 = I ate rice too
(In the sense that I ate other things, but I also ate rice)
내가 밥을 먹기도 했어 = I ate rice too

(In the sense that I did other things, but I also ate rice)
——————————–
Let’s look at the two sentences that we have created so far:
내가 밥을 먹기도 했어 = I ate rice too
These two are perfect sentences, but would probably not be said on their own with no prior context. In
order for these sentences to be appropriate, they would usually have to be prefaced (by you, or by
somebody else) with some other action or description.
This is the same in English. You would never just walk into a room and randomly say:
“She is pretty too”
In order for this clause to be appropriate, somebody would have had to be talking about her other traits.
For example:
Person 1: 그녀가 매우 똑똑하고 친절해요
= She is very smart and kind
Person 2: 네, 그녀가 예쁘기도 해요
= Yeah, she is pretty too

Here are some other examples. Notice that I am providing examples in the form of a (short) dialogue so
you can see that these types of sentences need some kind of underlying context:
Person 1: 우리 학교에서 많은 학생들이 대학교에 진학해요
= Many students from our school enter university
Person 2: 그리고 몇몇 학생들은 바로 일자리를 구하기도 해요
= And/also, some students get jobs right away
Person 1: 그 사람은 직업이 없어서 돈이 전혀 없어요
= Because that person doesn’t have a job, he doesn’t have any money
Person 2: 그리고 빚이 많기도 해요
= And/also, he has a lot of debt
Person 1: 그 남자가 악어가죽신발을 신고 있어서 못생겨 보이지 않아요?
= That person is wearing alligator skin (leather) shoes, so doesn’t he look ugly?
Person 2: 네, 머리스타일이 이상하기도 해요
= Yeah, and his hair style is weird too
In these examples, we see that some prior context is needed to make these sentences appropriate. It is
also possible for one person to talk about multiple actions or descriptions, which would eliminate the
need for prior context when using ~기도 하다. I will talk about this in the next section.
.
.
Stressing Two Actions or Descriptions: ~기도 하고 ~기도 하다
If you wanted to create a sentence with ~기도 without having to preface it with prior context, you could
talk about two things in one sentence. In order for this to be done, ~기도 하다 is sometimes used twice
in the same sentence. Let’s look at how this can be created.
If I wanted, I could simply say:
그녀가 예쁘고 똑똑해요,
which would translate to “She is pretty and smart.”
The speaker could also stress that “she is pretty, and smart too” by attaching ~기도 하다 to both
예쁘다 and 똑똑하다. The two clauses can be separated by ~고. For example:
그녀가 예쁘기도 하고 똑똑하기도 해요
= She is pretty, and smart too

As an English speaker, you would look at the Korean sentence and think that the extra ~기도 is
unnecessary. In English, we would not say “She is pretty too, and smart too.” However, in Korean, this is
a common way to make these types of sentences.
It might be good for you if we compare these types of sentences with a more simple sentence. I’d like to
discuss the following two sentences.
제가 치약과 칫솔을 샀어요
= I bought toothpaste and a toothbrush
제가 치약을 사기도 하고 칫솔을 사기도 했어요
= I bought toothpaste and a toothbrush too
The idea of both of those sentences is the same. In both examples, the end result is that the speaker
bought toothpaste and a toothbrush. In most cases, ~기도 하고… ~기도 하다 is used to emphasize
that both actions (or descriptions) happened. Therefore, although both sentences above would be
correct, I can’t really imagine that the second example would be very common. Only in cases where the
speaker wanted to specifically emphasize that the action of “buying toothpaste” and “buying a
toothbrush” occurred. For example, maybe if somebody asked “Did you go to the store and only buy a
toothbrush?”
Here are some more examples:
양파를 썰기도 하고 물을 끓이기도 했어요
= I chopped onions and boiled water too
끝없이 일을 하면 제가 불행하기도하고 힘들기도 해요
= When I do work endlessly, I am unhappy and (feel) difficult

아르키메데스는 철학을 가르치기도 하고 중요한 발명품을 발명하기도 했어요
= Archimedes taught philosophy and also invented important inventions too
유럽 사람들이 쓰는 영어 억양의 개수를 세기도 하고 비교하기도 했어요
= I counted as well as compared the number of English accents used by European people
두 식당의 음식을 비교했지만 맛의 차이가 미묘하기도 하고 가격이 비슷하기도 했어요
= I compared the food of the two restaurants, but the difference in taste was subtle and the price is was
similar too
It’s also possible to conjugate the first 하다 (but not the word immediately before ~기) to match the
tense of the final 하다. For example:
양파를 썰기도 했고 물을 끓이기도 했어요
= I chopped onions and boiled water too
유럽 사람들이 쓰는 영어 억양의 개수를 세기도 했고 비교하기도 했어요
= I counted as well as compared the number of English accents used by European people
I’ve discussed the conjugation of this first 하다(comparing it to a non-conjugated 하다) with many
Korean people. I’ve never had a Korean person be able to distinguish these for me. Even when I’ve asked
a Korean person to describe any difference in feeling between the two, I’ve always been told that they
are identical.
———————————
Depending on the situation, sentences with ~기도 하고… ~기도 하다 can be used to indicate that
“sometimes one action is done, andsometimes another action is done.” For example, if we look at the
following sentence:
제가 피자를 먹을 때 콜라랑 먹기도 하고 물이랑 먹기도 해요
= When I eat pizza, sometimes I eat it with cola, and sometimes I eat it with water
In this sentence, the speaker is probably not saying that he/she eats pizza with both cola and water, but
rather sometimes one option is done, and sometimes the other option is done.
I always try to make distinctions between usages to make it easier for a learner to grasp. Originally, I
tried distinguishing this usage with the usage I discussed previously (where ~기도 하고 ~기도 하다
stresses that both options occur). However, I feel that their usages cannot be distinguished, and the
difference in meaning/feeling can only be done through context. For example, if we look at this
sentence that I showed you earlier:
양파를 썰기도 하고 물을 끓이기도 했어요
I was discussing this sentence with my wife, and I incorrectly assumed that this sentence would only be
able to mean that the speaker “chopped onions and boiled water too.” I incorrectly assumed that this
sentence would never be able to mean “sometimes I chop onions and sometimes I boil water.” I thought
to myself “when would anybody ever need to express this?” My wife immediately came up with an
example, saying “maybe you were working at a restaurant, and somebody asks if you only poured drinks
– at which point you could say ‘no, I sometimes cut onions and sometimes boiled water.’”
Therefore, I prefer to not separate these two meanings and consider them all a part of the same usage.
As always in Korean, context can help you distinguish between subtle differences in meaning. You can
see this same ambiguity in an English sentence as well. For example, if I said the following:
“When we used to meet, we used to watch movies and have dinner too”
In this sentence, is the speaker indicating that he had dinner and watched a movie on the same date? Or
is he indicating that sometimes he had dinner, and sometimes he watched a movie? This is similar to the
ambiguity that we are creating in our Korean sentences. Context, however, can clear up any ambiguity.
Here are some other examples that I have translated to have the “sometimes I… and sometimes I…”
meaning:
저는 그 친구를 좋아하기도 하고 싫어하기도 해요
= I like that friend sometimes, and I hate him sometimes too
저는 아침에 차를 마시기도 하고 커피를 마시기도 해요
= Sometimes I drink tea in the morning, and sometimes I drink coffee
제가 나갈 때 가끔 향수를 뿌리기도 하고 가끔 안 뿌리기도 해요
= When I go out, sometimes I put on (spray) perfume, sometimes I don’t
남편을 많이 사랑하지만 가끔 밉기도 하고 귀찮기도 해요
= I love my husband a lot, but sometimes he pisses me off, and sometimes he is annoying
저는 화요일에 테니스를 치기도 하고 배드민턴을 하기도 해요
= On Tuesdays, sometimes I play tennis, and sometimes I play badminton
우리가 만났을 때 밥을 같이 먹기도 했고 영화를 보기도 했어요
= When we met (used to meet), sometimes we would eat together, and sometimes we would watch a
movie (together)
Lesson 52: Quoting in Korean (~ㄴ/는다고)

Vocabulary
Nouns:
식신 = somebody who eats a lot
길이 = length
밧줄 = rope
주인공 = main character, hero
소설가 = novelist
자동차 = automobile, vehicle

시식 = samples that supermarkets give out for tasting
입력 = input
출력 = output
현금인출기 = ATM
시위자 = protester
불만 = complaint, dissatisfaction
정각 = on the hour
Verbs:
돌아서다 = to turn around
늘이다 = to make longer
가리키다 = to point, to indicate
상상하다 = to imagine
심다 = to plant
위로하다 = to console
Adjectives:
조그맣다 = to be tiny, to be little
월등하다 = to be exceptional
불만족스럽다 = to be dissatisfied
Adverbs and Other Words:
몹시 = heavily/badly/really bad
점차 = gradually/slowly
지금껏 = until now
Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn something that hasn’t been presented at all up to this point. Here, you will
learn how to quote people (including yourself) when making sentences. After learning this, you will
understand how important it is to know how to quote people in speech, as you will realize how often it
comes up. Anyways, here we go, let’s learn how to quote.

Quoting with Verbs: ~ㄴ/는다고
Quoting in Korean is counter-intuitive for an English speaker. With some Korean knowledge most people
would assume that quoting would be done using the ~는 것 principle. For example, if I were going to say:
I know that he likes you
I could use the ~는 것 principle to create this sentence in Korean:
나는 그가 너를 좋아하는 것을 알아
= I know that he likes you
If I changed the word 알다 (to know) to 말하다 (to say), you would think that I could write this:
나는 그가 너를 좋아하는 것을 말했어
However, this is not how quoting is done in Korean. The ordering of quoted sentences is still the same as
~는 것 sentences, but ~는 것 is not used. So, let’s take out ~는 것 in that sentence:
나는 그가 너를 좋아하?????? 말했어
In quoted sentences, the actual “quoted” part gets conjugated into the plain (or “diary”) form. If you are
unfamiliar with the plain form, I suggest you read Lesson 5. Let’s look at a quick table showing the plain
form for three common verbs:
Past TensePresent TenseFuture Tense 하다 (to do)했다한다하겠다가다 (to go)갔다간다가겠다먹다
(to eat)먹었다먹는다먹겠다
You actually conjugate the “quoted” part of a sentence as if it were its own sentence into this form.
After the sentence is conjugated to the plain form, you must place “고” at the end of it. For example:
한다고
간다고
먹는다고
Let’s look at the example we were looking at before. Instead of writing this:
나는 그가 너를 좋아하는 것을 말했어
We should write:
나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말했어
= I said that he likes you
Notice that 좋아하다 in the quoted portion of the sentence is conjugated to the presenttense. This is
because the sentence I created was “I said that he likes you.” In other situations, the quoted part of the
sentence could be conjugated to the past and future tenses. If we wanted, we could also write:
나는 그가 너를 좋아했다고 말했어
= I said that he liked you

나는 그가 너를 좋아하겠다고 말했어
= I said that he will like you
You can also change the conjugation of the final verb (in these cases “말하다”) to indicate when the
quote is said. For example:
나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말하고 있어
= I am saying (telling you) that he likes you
나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말할 거야
= I will say that he likes you
If you want to indicate to whom this quote is said to, you can attach ~에게/한테/께 to the person being
spoken to. For example:
나는 엄마에게 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말할 거야
= I will tell mom that he likes you
Let’s look at another example with the different conjugations of the quoted verb:
선생님은 학생들이 늦게 도착했다고 말했다
= The teacher said that the students arrivedlate
선생님은 학생들이 늦게 도착한다고 말했다
= The teacher said that the students arrivelate

선생님은 학생들이 늦게 도착하겠다고 말했다
= The teacher said that the students will arrivelate
Below are many examples of this quoted ending being used with verbs:
저는 밥을 안 먹었다고 말했어요
= I said that I didn’t eat (rice)
나는 너에게 같이 가야 한다고 했어
= I said (to you) that we have to go together
출력이 아직 안 된다고 말했어요
= I said that the output still doesn’t work
나는 아빠에게 집에 안 가겠다고 말할 거야
= I’m going to tell my dad that I won’t go home
나는 선생님에게 열심히 공부했다고 말했어
= I told the teacher that I studied hard
저는 오늘 1 시 정각에 도착하겠다고 말했어요
= I said that I would arrive at 1:00 on the hour
이 길에 큰 자동차가 운전하면 안 된다고 말했어요
= I said that big vehicles are not allowed to drive on this road
저는 그 밧줄의 길이를 늘여야 된다고 이미 말했어요
= I already said that we need to make the length of that rope longer
현금인출기에서 현금을 뽑으러 은행에 가야 된다고 말할 거예요
= I’m going to say that I need to go to the bank to take out cash from the ATM
You should know by now that Korean people love shortening their sentences. Because
~ㄴ/는다고 already indicates that the sentence is quoted, you do not necessarily need to say “말하다”
and instead, you can just say “하다.” For example:
그는 공부하지 않았다고 했어요
= He said that he didn’t study
저는 밥을 안 먹었다고 했어요
= I said that I didn’t eat (rice)
Up to now, you have only learned how to quote a clause when it ends in a verb. Let’s look at how we can
do this with adjectives.
.
Quoting with Adjectives: ~다고
Quoting a clause that ends in an adjective is done just like with verbs, in that the predicating adjective is
conjugated using the plain form. However, remember that the plain form conjugation for adjectives in
the present tense is different from verbs. In Lesson 5, you learned that the dictionary form of an
adjective (that is, the word by itself without changing it at all) is the same as its plain form conjugation.
Therefore,
The plain form conjugation of 행복하다 is 행복하다 and not 행복한다
The plain form conjugation of 월등하다 is 월등하다 and not 월등한다
However, remember that the plain form conjugation for adjectives in the past tense (and also future
tense) is the same as verbs. Let’s look at some examples of clauses that end with adjectives and are used
as a quote in a sentence:
밧줄의 길이가 너무 부족하다고 했어요
= I said that the length of this rope is not enough (insufficient)
아빠가 오늘 잡은 물고기가 너무 조그맣다고 했어요
= Dad said that the fish he caught today is/was very tiny
우리 아빠는 자기가 어렸을 때 너무 행복했다고 했어요
= My dad said that he was very happy when he was young
우리가 같이 먹었을 때 저는 배고프지 않다고 했어요
= When we ate together, I said I wasn’t hungry (I said I’m not hungry)
대부분 사람들이 이 영화의 주인공이 아주 잘생겼다고 말해요
= Most people say that the main character of this move is very handsome
서울 사람들은 서울시 고등학교 교육과정이 불만족스럽다고 말해요
= The people of Seoul say that they are not satisfied with the Seoul high school curriculum
Also remember that 있다 and 없다 are adjectives when they are used to indicate that one has, or does
not have an object. This means that 있다 and 없다 should be quoted like other adjectives (also
remember that ~ㄹ/을 수 있다/없다 falls in this category as well). For example:
학생이 이해할 수 없다고 했어요
= The student said he can’t understand
저는 학교에 갈 수 없다고 했어요
= I said I can’t go to school
그는 다음 주 목요일에 여행할 수 있다고 했어요
= He said that he will be able to travel next Thursday
저는 현금이 없다고 해서 현금인출기에 갔어요
= I said that I don’t have cash, so we went to the ATM
저는 여자 친구에게 같이 가고 싶은 데가 있다고 말했어요
= I told my girlfriend that there is a place that I want to go with her (together)
제가 계속 아무 것도 필요가 없다고 했지만 엄마가 선물을 사 줬어요

= I kept saying that I don’t need anything, but my mom bought me a present
저는 모든 나라가 민주주의 국가로 변하는 것을 상상할 수 없다고 말했어요
= I said that I can’t imagine all countries changing to democratic nations
Also remember that 싶다 is an adjective as well. Therefore, when quoting 싶다, it should be conjugated
as an adjective. For example:
나는 새로운 차를 사고 싶다고 했어
= I said that I want to buy a new car
이 장소에서 나무를 심고 싶다고 말했어요
= I said that I want to plant a tree in this location
Now that we know how to quote verbs and adjectives, let’s look at how we can quote 이다.
Quoting with 이다: ~(이)라고
Quoting a clause that ends in 이다 is slightly different than quoting verbs and adjectives.
When quoting 이다 in the past tense, it is done simply by adding ~고 to the past conjugation of 이다 in
the plain form. For example:
그가 선생님이었다
= He was a teacher
그가 선생님이었다고 했어요
= He said he was a teacher
거리에 있었던 사람들이 시위자들이었다
= The people who were on the street were protesters
경찰관은 거리에 있었던 사람들이 시위자들이었다고 했어요
= The police officer said that the people who were on the street were protesters
When quoting 이다 in the present tense, 라 replaces 다 when writing “이다.” For example:
그가 의사이다고 했어 (this is incorrect)
그가 의사이라고 했어요 = He said he is a doctor
When the noun before 이다 (the noun 이다 is attached to) ends in a vowel (as in the example above),
“이” can be omitted. For example, both of these are correct:
그가 의사이라고 했어요
= He said he is a doctor
그가 의사라고 했어
= He said he is a doctor
When the noun before 이다 (the noun 이다 is attached to) ends in a consonant, 이다 cannot be
omitted. For example:
우리 선생님은 제가 나쁜 학생이다고 했어요 (this is incorrect)
우리 선생님은 제가 나쁜 학생라고 했어요 (this is also incorrect)
우리 선생님은 제가 나쁜 학생이라고 했어요 = Our teacher said I am a bad student
An immediate practical application for this is when you want to quote a verb or adjective to the future
tense. In Lesson 9, you learned how to use ~ㄹ 것이다 to create a future tense meaning. For example:
나는 내일 친구를 만날 거야
= I will meet my friend tomorrow
저는 내일 학교에 갈 것입니다
= I will go to school tomorrow
저는 영어를 공부할 거예요
= I will study English
When using this form “것” (which is often shortened to “거”) is simply a noun and the conjugating word
is 이다. Therefore, you can quote a future tense clause by using this future tense conjugation, and
applying the quoting rules of 이다. For example, look at the following sentence:
나는 밥을 먹을 것이다
That clause/sentence can be quoted by adding the appropriate ending to 이다. For example, any of
these would be correct:
나는 밥을 먹을 것이라고 했어
= I said that I will eat
나는 밥을 먹을 거이라고 했어
나는 밥을 먹을 거라고 했다
Here are many more examples:
저는 밖에 갈 수 없을 거라고 했어요
= I said I can’t go outside/won’t be able to go outside
저는 우리 가족에게 이 사람이 저의 여자 친구라고 했어요
= I told my family that this person is my girlfriend
나는 너에게 그것이 해야 하는 일이라고 벌써 말했어
= I already told you that that is something you have to do
제가 제일 하고 싶은 것은 밥을 먹는 거라고 했어요
= I said that the thing I want to do most is eat (rice)
제가 제일 좋아하는 여자를 가리킬 거라고 했어요
= I said that I will point to the girl that I like the most
————————————
I would like to take a moment to explain the ambiguity of when “이” in 이다 can be removed when
attaching a grammatical principle.
First of all, whenever 이다 is attached to a noun that ends in a consonant, “이” should be included when
attaching another grammatical principle to 이다. For example, here are some grammatical principles
being added to 이다, when added to a noun that ends in a consonant.
You have learned these before:
선생님이고
선생님이면
You haven’t learned these grammatical principles yet, but the concept is still the same:
선생님이거든 (~거든 is introduced in Lesson 91)
선생님이잖아 (~잖아 is introduced in Lesson 90)
When adding any of these grammatical principles to 이다 when it is attached to a noun ending in a
vowel, the “이” can be omitted. For example:
의사이고 or 의사고 are both acceptable
의사이면 or 의사면 are both acceptable
의사이거든 or 의사거든 are both acceptable

의사이잖아 or 의사잖아 are both acceptable
In these examples “이” is being omitted because it is blending with the pronunciation of the noun and
grammatical principle. When the noun ends in a vowel, your tongue can flow immediately from the
noun to the upcoming grammatical principle, and the pronunciation isn’t altered if “이” is included or
not. Because of this, including 이 and not including 이 are both seen as correct.
However, if we did the same thing with nouns ending in a consonant, not only can your tongue not flow
properly from the noun to the grammatical principle, the pronunciation is significantly different.
Therefore, omitting 이 in cases where the noun ends in a consonant would be incorrect.
Try pronouncing “의사이고” and “의사고” and listen to how small the difference is
Try pronouncing “선생님이고” “선생님고” and listen to how large the difference is (and also realize
that it is hard to say)
I touched on this way back in Lesson 9 when I first introduced 이다 and its conjugations, as this same
idea can be applied to the past tense conjugation of 이다 as well.
When conjugating 이다 to the past tense and then attaching an additional grammatical principle, the
pronunciation of “이” can merge with the pronunciation of the grammatical principle if the noun ends in
a vowel. For example:
의사였고 (or 의사이었고)
의사였으면 (or 의사이었으면)
의사였거든 (or 의사이었거든)
의사였잖아 (or 의사이었잖아)

However, “이” cannot merge with the pronunciation of an upcoming grammatical principle if the noun
ends in a consonant. For example:
선생님이었고 (not 선생님였고 or 선생님었고)
선생님이었으면 (not 선생님였으면 or 선생님었으면)
The same phenomenon happens when we are quoting with 이다. When adding ~(이)라고 to 이다, if the
noun ends in a vowel, it can be either:
의사라고 or 의사이라고.
However, if adding ~(이)라고 to 이다 and the noun ends in a consonant, it can only be
선생님이라고 (and not 선생님라고)
Here are tables that I made that break it down depending on if the word ends in a vowel or consonant.
의사 conjugation asExamplesInformal low 의사이야 or 의사야 Informal high 의사이에요 or

의사예요 Plain form 의사이다 or 의사다 Formal high 의사입니다 or 의삽니다+~고의사이고 or
의사고+ ~(으)면의사이면 or 의사면 Quoted 의사이라고 or 의사라고 Past quoted 의사이었다고 or
의사였다고 Past + ~(으)면의사이었으면 or 의사였으면
학생 conjugation asExamplesInformal low 학생이야 Informal high 학생이에요 Plain

form 학생이다 Formal high 학생입니다+~고학생이고+ ~(으)면학생이면 Quoted 학생이라고 Past
quoted 학생이었다고 Past + ~(으)면학생이었으면
————————————————————
Other Uses of ~ㄴ/는다고
In addition to 말하다, there are many verbs in Korean that prefer to be used with a quoted clause. I’d
like to show you a few of them.
1) To think: 생각하다
If one “thinks” something, quoted sentences are used. For example:
저는 그 여자가 별로 안 예쁘다고 생각해요 = I think that girl isn’t that pretty
캐나다와 미국이 비슷하지 않다고 생각합니다 = I think Canada and the US aren’t similar
저는 이 소설가가 다른 소설가들보다 월등히 낫다고 생각합니다 = I think this novelist is much better
than other novelists
2) To believe: 믿다
If one “believes” something, quoted can be used. For example:
저는 우리 팀이 이길 거라고 믿어요 = I believe that our team will win
저는 착하게 산다고 믿어요 = I believe I live my life being kind

3) To call something: 부르다
When talking about what an object is “called,” ~을/를 can be attached to the object, and ~(이)라고 can
be attached to the word that it is referred to. For example:
사람들은 그 건물을 한국타워라고 불러요
= People call that building “Korea tower”
밥을 많이 먹을 수 있는 사람들을 식신이라고 불러요
= People who can eat a lot are called “식신”
캐나다에서 사람들은 이런 종류의 음식을 푸틴이라고 불러요
= In Canada, people call this type of food “Poutine”
Using this type of sentence is a more natural way to tell somebody what your name is. The common way
for foreigners to introduce themselves in Korean would be:
“제 이름은 김의지입니다”
Although correct, it is kind of a direct translation of “my name is…” in English. In Korean, it is more
common/natural to introduce yourself using ~(이)라고. In most cases, you add something before your
name to describe yourself even more. For example:
안녕하세요, 저는 캐나다에서 온 김의지라고 합니다
= Hi, my name is 김의지, and I come from Canada (I am 김의지, from Canada)
Here is another example. This would be a common way for a high school student to introduce
himself/herself:
안녕하세요, 저는 강남고등학교 2 학년 3 반 김의지라고 합니다
= Hi, my name is 김의지, and I am in class 3, in the second grade of 강남 high school.
4) To promise: 약속하다
When “promising” to do an action, it is common to add a future tense quoted construction to the action
you promise to do. For example:
현금을 내일 주겠다고 약속했다 = I promised to give you (the) cash tomorrow
지금부터 열심히 하겠다고 약속했다 = I promised to work hard from now on
제가 아빠에게 숙제를 다 할 거라고 약속했어요 = I promised dad that I would do all my homework
이 정보를 내일까지 다 입력해 줄 거라고 약속했어요 = I promised that I would input all of this
information by tomorrow
5) Finishing a sentence with 그렇다

In Lesson 23, you learned about 그렇다 and how it can be applied to many situations. Often times you
will hear the final word of a sentence with a quote (instead of being 말하다, 하다 or any of the other
words specified above) as 그렇다. For example:
오빠가 이거를 안 한다고 말했어
오빠가 이거를 안 한다고 했어
오빠가 이거를 안 한다고 그랬어
= My older brother said he wasn’t going to do this
The three sentences above don’t really need to be distinguished. The use of 그렇다 as the final word is
something that I hear often in speech, but I can’t really detect any difference in meaning.
Asking Questions with Quoted Sentences
It is also possible to use these quoted conjugations to ask what a person says. For example, if you want
to ask what somebody said, you can attach ~(이)라고 to 뭐 (뭐 is introduced in Lesson 22). For example:
뭐라고? = What did you say?
This can be said more formally by putting ~요 at the end of the construction. For example:
뭐라고요? = What did you say?

If you want, you can add 하다 or 말하다 to these as well. For example:
뭐라고 했어요? = What did you say?
뭐라고 말했어요? = What did you say?
These can also be used to ask a person what somebody else said. For example:
아빠가 뭐라고 말했어요? = What did dad say?
의사가 뭐라고 말했어요? = What did the doctor say?
If you are talking to somebody, and you are not sure if you heard them perfectly, you can ask for
clarification about what they said. To do this (assuming you heard most of what they said), you can take
their sentence and turn it into a quote. The final 말하다 or 하다 is usually not used, and the quoted
conjugation ends in the form of a question. For example:
Person 1: 밥을 먹기 싫어 = I don’t want to eat (rice)
Person 2: 밥을 먹기 싫다고? = (You said that) you don’t want to eat (rice)?
Person 1: 저는 내일 캐나다에 갈 거예요 = I’m going to Canada tomorrow
Person 2: 내일 캐나다에 갈 거라고요? = (You said that) you’re going to Canada tomorrow?
You don’t necessarily need to repeat their whole sentence. Depending on the situation (or what you
already knew, or what you hear), it might be appropriate to just repeat one or some of the words. For
example:
Person 1: 저의 몸이 몹시 피곤해요 = My body is really tired
Person 2: 피곤하다고요? = (You said) tired?

Person 1: 이 상황이 점차 나빠지고 있어요 = This situation is gradually getting worse
Person 2: 나빠지고 있다고요? = (You said) getting worse?
If you were the first person in either of those situations, you could respond to the miss-communication
by the second person by just stressing the quoted verb or adjective as a response. For example:
Person 1: 그는 돈이 없다고 했어요 = He said that he doesn’t have money
Person 2: 돈이 있다고? = (Did you say) he has money?
Person 1: 아니요, 없다고요 = No, (I said that) hedoesn’t have money
One last thing before we finish. I want to talk about a quoted sentence within ~는 것.
Using Quoted Sentences with ~는 것
Most of the first part of Unit 2 (Lessons 26 – 33) focused on the purposes of ~는 것. In those lessons,
you started to see things like this:
내가 가는 것
내가 먹는 것
You may have noticed by now (not on our website, but I’m sure you are supplementing your studies
with various resources) that these are sometimes written/said like this:
내가 간다는 것
내가 먹는다는 것
Before we get into what it means – notice how it is written.
The verb that ~는 것 is being added to has been conjugated into the plain form. To refresh your memory,
the present tense (for verbs) of this conjugation would be:
가다 = 간다
먹다 = 먹는다
Past tense would be:
가다 = 갔다
먹다 = 먹었다
Future tense would be:
가다 = 가겠다
먹다 = 먹겠다
Adding ~는 것 after any of these plain form conjugations is an abbreviation of a quoted clause.
간다는 것 is abbreviation of 간다고 하는 것
갔다는 것 is an abbreviation of 갔다고 하는 것
가겠다는 것 is an abbreviation of 가겠다고 하는 것
By describing an upcoming noun with a verb that is conjugated (and abbreviated) this way, the clause
describing the noun is a quotation, which means that it was once said. It’s better to explain with
examples in this case, so let’s look at one:
그가 나를 싫어하는 것을 알아
= I know that he doesn’t like me
그가 나를 싫어한다는 것을 알아
= I know that (it is said that) he doesn’t like me
While the two examples above have a very similar meaning (in both examples, the end result is that the
speaker knows that the person does not like him), in the second example, the speaker is pointing out
that somebody said “he doesn’t like me”. Specifically who said that clause is ambiguous, and would have
to be understood by context. In this case it could be the person himself who said that quote (the person
who doesn’t like him) or some other third party. I would never translate that sentence above to the
following, but just to show you what I mean:
= I know that he said that he doesn’t like me
= I know that somebody said that he doesn’t like me

Nonetheless, as I mentioned earlier, the translation and result of these sentences and the sentence
above without a quoted clause is the same, and a separate translation doesn’t necessarily need to be
made in English because it is often very hard to accurately describe the situation.
그가 나를 싫어하는 것을 알아
In place of “것” in these cases, it is quite common to find the words “사실” (fact) and“소문” (rumor).
These are often used because these are nouns whose meaning inherently implies that something was
said. For example:
그 여자가 다른 남자랑 애기가 있다는 소문이 있습니다
= There is a rumor that that woman has a baby with another man
그 여자의 남편이 비서랑 바람을 피운다는 소문이 있어요
= There is a rumor that that woman’s husband is having an affair with his secretary
Instead of:
그 여자의 남편이 비서랑 바람을 피우는 것이 있어요
= There is a rumor that that woman’s husband is having an affair with his secretary
This same principle can be used in the past tense as well (remember to use the plain form):
그녀가 시험에 떨어졌다는 소문을 들었어요

= I heard a rumor that she failed the test
그녀는 아이가 죽었다는 사실을 숨겼어요
= She hid (the fact that) her child died
부장님이 작년에 미국에 갔다는 것을 잊어버렸어요
= I forgot (the fact) that the boss went to America last year
You can actually use this principle in this future tense as well, but fasten your seat belts – because it gets
tricky. Remember the best way to conjugate to the future tense. Instead of saying “먹겠다” it is more
common to say “먹을 것이다.” Well, in these cases, notice that the final word is “이다”. This means
that you need to added the quoted conjugation onto 이다 (which you learned how to do in this lesson).
It would break down like this:
먹을 것 + 이다 + ~라고 하는 것 = 먹을 것이라는 것
or
먹을 거 + 이다 + ~라고 하는 것 = 먹을 거라는 것
For example:
그녀가 곧 결혼할 거라는 사실을 잊어버렸어요
= I forgot (the fact that) that she will be getting married soon
대통령이 한국에서 떠날 거라는 소문이 있다
= There is a rumor that the president will leave Korea soon.

Also remember how to conjugate adjectives using this plain form (in the present tense). Remember
once again that, for example, when conjugating verbs, you need to do:
가다 = 간다
먹다 = 먹는다
But with adjectives in the plain form, you just leave them as they are:
행복하다 = 행복하다
예쁘다 = 예쁘다
So, using an adjective before ~ㄴ/는다는 것 would look like this:
너의 여자 친구가 예쁘다는 것을 잊어버렸어
= I forgot (the fact that) that your girlfriend was pretty
Lesson 53: Quoting Different Endings: ~자고, ~(으/느)냐고
Vocabulary
Nouns:
냉동실 = freezer
반팔 = short-sleeve t-shirt
며느리 = daughter in law
사위 = son in law
턱받이 = bib
침 = spit, saliva
남 = other people, stranger
신사 = gentleman
숙녀 = lady
지진 = earthquake
열 = heat
곳곳 = here and there, everywhere
앞날 = future
Verbs:
흘리다 = for a liquid to leak out from somewhere
뱉다 = to spit out
대하다 = to treat
불평하다 = to complain
조르다 = to pester
파괴하다 = to destroy
Adjectives:
편안하다 = to be comfortable, to be peaceful
쾌적하다 = to be pleasant, to be nice

함부로 = disrespectfully/carelessly
우연히 = by chance
Introduction
In this lesson, you will add to your knowledge of what you learned in the previous lesson by learning
more about making quoted sentences. In this lesson, we will look at how to quote sentences of
suggestion (~자고) and sentences of question ((~느)냐고/). In addition, you will learn how to form
direct quotes. Let’s get started.
I said “Let’s…”: ~자고
In Lesson 44, you learned how to add ~자 to the stems of verbs to make a suggestion. For example:
밥을 먹자 = Let’s eat (rice)
내일 공원에 가자 = Tomorrow, let’s go to the park
애기가 침을 흘려서 애기에게 턱받이를 해 주자

= Let’s put a bib on the baby because he is drooling
사람들이 여기 맛이 없다고 불평해서 다른 식당에 가자
= People complain that (the food in) this place isn’t delicious, so let’s go to another restaurant
By attaching ~고 to ~자, you can quote these types of sentences. For example:
아빠가 밥을 먹자고 했어
= Dad said “Let’s eat”
여자 친구가 공원에 가자고 했어
= My girlfriend said “let’s go to the park”
선생님이 수업 시간 동안 열심히 공부하자고 했어요
= The teacher said “let’s study hard during class time”
우리가 서울에 가면 서울 곳곳을 구경하자고 했어요
= When we go to Seoul, I said “let’s sight-see everywhere in Seoul”
우리 아들은 나한테 자꾸 부산에 가자고 졸랐어
= My son kept pestering me and said “let’s go to Busan”
여자친구가 산책하자고 했지만 저는 너무 피곤해서 안 갔어요
= My girlfriend said “let’s go for a walk,” but I was too tired, so I didn’t go

Quoting Questions: ~(느)냐고 (Verbs)
When quoting a clause/sentence that is a question, a different quoting addition should be used. For
example, if you want to say:
“I asked him what he likes”
You cannot use the regular quoting addition here. For example, this is not correct:
그가 무엇을 좋아한다고 물어봤어요
When a quoted clause/sentence ends with a verb, the addition of ~느냐고 should be used to indicate
that the quote is a question. For example, if we were to correct the example from before:
그가 무엇을 좋아하느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked him what he likes (another translation could be:)
그가 무엇을 좋아하느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked him “what do you like?”
It is also possible to quote a question that was asking about the past or future. For example:
우리 아빠는 나에게 어디 가느냐고 물어봤어
= My dad asked me where I am going
우리 아빠는 나에게 어디 갔느냐고 물어봤어
= My dad asked me where I went
우리 아빠는 나에게 어디 가겠느냐고 물어봤어
= My dad asked me where I will go
Of course, it is also possible to change the tense of 물어보다 (or 묻다) to indicate that you will ask in
the past, present or future. For example:
나는 여자 친구에게 뭐 먹었느냐고 물어봤어
= I asked my girlfriend what she ate
나는 여자 친구에게 뭐 먹었느냐고 물어보고 있어
= I am asking my girlfriend what she ate
나는 여자 친구에게 뭐 먹었느냐고 물어볼 거야
= I will ask my girlfriend what she ate
Below are many more examples:
지진이 어떻게 생기느냐고 물어봤다
= I asked how earthquakes happen/occur

이 반팔을 입어야 되느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked if I have to wear this t-shirt
사위가 어디 갔느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked where my son-in-law went
저는 부장님에게 우리가 그렇게 해야 하느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked our boss if we had to do it like that
냉동실에서 왜 열이 나오느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked why there is heat coming out of the freezer
학생에게 학교 안에서 침을 왜 뱉었느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked the student why he spat inside the school
우리가 남들을 왜 잘 대해야 하느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked why we need to treat others/strangers well
All of the examples above show ~느냐고 attached to the final verb in the quoted portion of the
sentence – sometimes following the past tense ~았/었, and sometimes following the future tense ~겠.
Korean dictionaries indicate that ~느냐고 is the correct addition when quoting a question that ends in a
verb. That being said, Korean people will be more inclined to say that ~냐고 (without ~느) looks and
sounds more natural (well, they sound quite similar). For example, all of the sentences above could also
be written or said as:
지진이 어떻게 생기냐고 물어봤다

저는 부장님에게 우리가 그렇게 해야 하냐고 물어봤어요
냉동실에서 왜 열이 나오냐고 물어봤어요
이 반팔을 입어야 되냐고 물어봤어요
사위가 어디 갔냐고 물어봤어요
학생에게 학교 안에서 침을 왜 뱉었냐고 물어봤어요
우리가 남들을 왜 잘 대해야 하냐고 물어봤어요
I asked a Korean grammar teacher about this. She said that both would be correct, even though I
showed her that the correct usage for a verb is ~느냐고. I asked her if a student uses ~냐고 (without
~느) on her Korean language exam, would she mark it as incorrect. She said “No, because that’s the way
we use it all the time.”
I’m not sure what to make of this, and it is difficult for me to suggest which one you should use.
Personally, I suggest that you use the simple ~냐고 which is the form that is more commonly said by
Korean speakers. ~냐고 is also the form that I have always used whenever I quote a question. However,
you should keep in the back of your mind that the official usage is ~느냐고.
Okay, let’s move on to adjectives.
.
.
Quoting Questions: ~(으)냐고 (Adjectives)
When a quotation ends with an adjective, the addition of ~(으)냐고 should be used to indicate that it is
a quoted question. ~으냐고 is added to adjectives ending in a consonant (except ㄹ) and ~냐고 is added
to adjectives ending in a vowel (or if the final consonant is ㄹ). For example:
저는 친구에게 그 여자가 예쁘냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked my friend if that girl was pretty
아빠에게 지금 편안하냐고 물어봤어
= I asked my dad if he is/was comfortable/relaxed
너의 며느리가 아름다우냐고 물어보고 싶어
= I want to ask if your daughter-in-law is beautiful
냉동실이 왜 이렇게 추우냐고 물어봤어
= I asked why the freezer is/was so cold
이런 반팔이 집에 많으냐고 물어봤어
= I asked if there were many of these types of t-shirts at home

As with verbs, the usage that you will hear in everyday speech/writing and the official usage is
sometimes different. In speech, Korean people often eliminate the “으” that should be included if the
adjective ends in a vowel. For example:
이런 반팔이 집에 많으냐고 물어봤어이런 반팔이 집에 많냐고 물어봤어
Officially a) is the correct form, but you will often see and hear b) used. Most Korean people wouldn’t be
able to tell you which one is correct – or they would assume that both are correct.
싶다 was first introduced in Lesson 17 but was also discussed in the previous lesson. 싶다 is also an
adjective and therefore the above rules apply here as well. For example:
그는 뭐 먹고 싶으냐고 물어봤어
= He asked what do you want to eat
그 사람이 나한테 앞날에 뭐 하고 싶으냐고 물어봤어
= That person asked me what I want to do in the future
있 다 and 없다 are very confusing in this usage. As you know, depending on the usage of 있다 and 없다,
they can be adjectives or verbs. Typically, adjective conjugations are applied when they are adjectives,
and verb conjugations are applied when they are verbs (makes sense). However, regardless of if they are
being used as a verb or adjective, the verb-addition of ~느냐고 should be attached when quoting a
question with 있다 or 없다. You can treat this as an irregular to this rule. I tried to get clarification from
Korean grammar teachers as to why this happens, and they all told me “it’s just an irregular.”
Just like with other verbs, 있느냐 and 없느냐 are often spoken/written as 있냐 and 없냐 and would be
seen as correct by Korean people.
Here are some examples:
저는 그에게 수영할 수 있느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked him if he could swim
아빠에게 엄마를 왜 함부로 대하고 있느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked dad why he is treating mom disrespectfully
동생에게 환경을 왜 파괴하고 있느냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked my brother why he is/was destroying the environment
그 숙녀가 남의 눈을 피하고 싶어서 우연히 호텔을 찾아서 혹시 잠깐 들어갈 수 있느냐고

물어봤어요
= The lady wanted to avoid other people(‘s eyes), so she fatefully found a hotel and asked if she could go
inside
= I want to ask that lady how you can meet a stranger by chance, and fall in love with him the next day
Quoting Questions with 이다
As with adjectives, when a quotation ends with 이다, the addition of ~(으)냐고 is added to 이다.
Because the stem of 이다 is always “이” (i.e. always ends in a vowel) the addition of “~냐고 is always
added and we never need to worry about the “~(으). For example
나는 그 사람이 의사이냐고 물어봤어
= I asked if that person is a doctor

As usual, if the noun that 이다 is attached to ends in a noun (as above), the 이 can be eliminated:
나는 그 사람이 의사냐고 물어봤어
= I asked if that person is a doctor
If the noun ends in a consonant, 이 must be included. For example:
나는 그 사람이 우리 선생님이냐고 물어봤어
= I asked if that person is our teacher
You might want to read my discussion about why 이 is included in these cases. I discussed this in
the previous Lesson.
In Lessons 21 and 22 you learned about various question words. In those lessons, you learned how 이다
can be used with 누구, 뭐, 어디 and 언제. For example:
방학은 언제야? = When is vacation?
그곳이 어디야? = Where is that place?
이것이 뭐야? = What is this?
그 사람은 누구야? = Who is that person?
~냐고 can also be attached to these words when used with 이다. For example:
방학이 언제(이)냐고 물어봤어
= I asked when vacation is

그곳이 어디(이)냐고 물어봤어
= I asked where that place is
그것이 뭐(이)냐고 물어봤어
= I asked what that thing is
그 사람이 누구(이)냐고 물어봤어
= I asked who that person is
Below are more examples of ~냐고 being used with 이다:
이 신사가 누구냐고 물어봤습니다
= I asked who this gentlemen is/was
저는 제 친구에게 한국으로 이사하고 싶은 이유가 뭐냐고 물어봤어요
= I asked my friend ‘what is the reason you want to move to Korea?’
제가 점원에게 그 핸드폰이 좋은 핸드폰이냐고 물어봤지만 그는 모른다고 했어요
= I asked the salesperson if that cellphone is good, but he said that he didn’t know
저 학교를 다니는 학생들이 똑똑한 학생들이냐고 물어봤어요
= He asked if the students who attend that school are smart students
Also notice that by adding ~(이)냐고 to 이다, you can ask questions in sentences that use the ~ㄹ
것이다 future tense conjugation. For example:
나는 그들에게 결혼식에 갈 거냐고 물어봤어
= I asked if they were going to go to the wedding
나는 그에게 어디 갈 거냐고 물어봤어
= I asked where he is going to go
저는 그에게 앞날에 뭐 할 거냐고 물어보고 싶어요
= I want to ask what he will do in the future
그는 저한테 여자친구랑 언제 결혼할 거냐고 물어봤어요
= He asked me when I will marry my girlfriend
Direct Quotes
Direct quotes are fairly easy now that you have the knowledge that was presented in the past two
lessons. If you want to say something as a direct quote, the only difference is that the quoted sentence
is conjugated the way it was originally said. For example, if I wanted to quote:
제가 하고 싶지 않습니다 = I don’t want to do it
An indirect quote would be:
그는 하고 싶지 않다고 했다 = He said he doesn’t want to do it
But a direct quote would be:
그는 “제가 하고 싶지 않습니다” 라고 했어요 = He said “I don’t want to do it”

If you were to write the sentence above, you would need to include the use of quotations, but in speech
(obviously), that is not necessary. Other example:
Indirect quote: 그는 너를 사랑한다고 했어 = He said I love you
Direct quote: 그는 “너를 사랑해”라고 했어 = He said “I love you”
To me this type of sentence always made sense to me. I always imagined that the directly quoted clause
was acting as a noun, and therefore would require ~라고/이라고 being attached to it (usually ~라고
because most completed sentences end in a vowel).
Lesson 54: Quoted Imperative Sentences: ~(으)라고
Vocabulary
Nouns:
의사소통 = communication
조각 = piece, slice
부사장 = vice president
지도교사 = guidance counselor
원어민 = native speaker
자막 = subtitles
식중독 = food poisoning
존댓말 = honorific speaking
오랜만 = a long time period since something has happened
Verbs:
먹이다 = to feed
뛰다 = to run
운영하다 = to manage, to operate
갱신하다 = to renew
토하다 = to throw up
과장하다 = to exaggerate
분석하다 = to analyze
올라타다 = to get on
참석하다 = to attend
Adjectives:
자유롭다 = to be free
와중 = meanwhile
Introduction
You learned a lot about quoted sentences in the previous two lessons, but there is still more for you to
learn. In this lesson, you will learn how to quote a command. Let’s get started.

Quoted Imperative Sentences: ~(으)라고
In Lesson 40, you learned how to make a command with the imperative mood. You learned that there
are many ways to end a sentence when giving somebody a command. Aside from their respective
differences in politeness, any of these could be added to a verb to make a command:
~아/어
~아/어라
~(으)세요
~(으)십시오
I could apply these different formalities to any verb. For example:
수고해! = work hard!
수고해라! = work hard!
수고하세요! = work hard!
수고하십시오! = work hard!
However, when quoting a clause that ends as a command, none of these additions are attached to the
final verb in the clause. When quoting a command, you use an ending that is similar to the second one
presented (~아/어라). Here is a list of verbs with that addition added to it:
가라
먹어라
뛰어라
읽어라
올라타라
When quoting these words as commands, you must attach ~(으)라 고 to the stem of the verb. ~으라고
is added to the stem of a verb ending in a consonant (except ㄹ), and ~라고 is added to the stem of a
verb ending in a vowel (and where the final consonant is ㄹ). Notice that the first part of the addition is
~(으) and not ~아/어. The difference can be significant depending on the word. For example, here is a
table showing how a verb will change depending on if ~(으)라 or ~아/어라 is added:
In addition to some basic words, I specifically chose a bunch of irregular verbs. It is a good exercise to
look at this type of table. If you don’t know why these changes are being made, you might want to brush
up on your irregulars from Lesson 7.
Verb (translation)+ ~(으)라+ ~아/어라가다 (to go)가라가라먹다 (to eat)먹으라먹어라뛰다 (to

run)뛰라뛰어라읽다 (to read)읽으라읽어라올라타다 (to get on)올라타라올라타라하다 (to
do)하라해라먹이다 (to feed)먹이라먹여라짓다 (to build)지으라지어라걷다 (to
walk)걸으라걸어라잠그다 (to lock)잠그라잠가라돕다 (to help)도우라도와라자르다 (to
cut)자르라잘라듣다 (to hear)들으라들어라만들다 (to make)만들라만들어라
Notice from the table that in some cases (가다, for example), there is no difference between how the
two additions are added to a verb. However, in most cases, there is a difference.
Anyways, the addition we are looking at in this lesson is ~(으)라고. This addition can be added to a
command that you want to quote. Below are many, many examples:
나는 애기에게 우유를 마시라고 했어
= I told the baby to drink his milk

버스 아저씨가 나한테 올라타라고 했어요
= The bus driver told me to get on (the bus)
식중독에 걸리면 물을 많이 마시라고 했어요
= I told him to drink a lot of water if he gets food poisoning
우리 아빠는 저에게 밥을 빨리 먹으라고 했어요
= My dad told me to eat fast
선생님은 학생들에게 열심히 공부하라고 했어요
= The teacher told the students to study hard
애기가 배가 고파서 남편에게 밥을 먹이라고 했어요
= I told my husband to feed the baby because he is/was hungry
어머니는 아들한테 밥을 먹으러 빨리 오라고 했어요
= The mother told her son to quickly come to eat
회사를 자유롭게 운영하고 싶으면 혼자 하라고 했어요
= I told him that if he wants to run his business freely, to do it himself
엄마가 한 조각 더 먹으라고 했지만 제가 배불러서 더 못 먹었어요
= Mom told me to eat one more piece, but I was full so I couldn’t eat anymore
저는 직원들에게 불만이 있으면 저에게 아무 때나 말을 하라고 했어요

= I told the workers that if they have a complaint (are dissatisfied), to talk to me anytime
우리가 오랜만에 만날 거라서 저는 친구에게 우리 집에 오라고 했어요
= It will be a long time since we last met, so I told him to come to our house
저의 한국어 선생님이 모든 한국 사람들이랑 존댓말을 하라고 말씀하셨어요
= My Korean teacher told me to use honorific speaking with all Korean people
대학교 때 자유롭게 공부하고 싶으면 지도교사가 전공을 나중에 선택하라고 말했어요
= If you want to study freely in university, my guidance counselor told me to choose my major later
한국어실력을 늘리고 싶으면 선생님이 한국 사람들이랑 의사소통을 많이 하라고 그랬어요
= If I want to expand my Korean language ability, my teacher told me to communicate a lot with Korean
people
Now that we know all of this, we can look at how to quote negative imperative sentences.
Negative Quoted Imperative Sentences: ~지 말라고

In the previous section, you learned how to add ~(으)라고 to a command that you want quote.
In Lesson 40, you learned how to make negative commands by using ~지 말다. For example:
가지 말아
가지 마세요
가지 마십시오
By attaching ~(으)라고 to ~지 말다, you can create a negative quoted command. For example:
가지 말라고
먹지 말라고
하지 말라고
마시지 말라고
읽지 말라고
It is essentially the same principle from the previous section, but I figured it was worth introducing
separately. Below are many examples of this in use:
그렇게 하지 말라고 했어
= I told you not to do it like that
불을 만지지 말라고 했어
= I told you not to touch the fire
밥을 그렇게 빨리 먹지 말라고 했어요

= I told you not to eat food that fast
선생님은 수업에 늦게 오지 말라고 했어요
= The teacher told us not to come late to class
선생님이 복도에서 뛰지 말라고 했어요
= The teacher said not to run in the hallway
차에 제발 토하지 말라고 했어요
= I said ‘please don’t throw up’ in the car
여자친구는 다른 여자와 대화를 하지 말라고 했어요
= My girlfriend told me not to talk to (have a conversation with) other girls
제가 공부하는 동안 저에게 얘기하지 말라고 그랬어요
= I told him not to speak to me while I’m studying
중요한 내용이 없어서 회의를 참석하지 말라고 했어요
= He told me to not attend the meeting because there is nothing important (no important content)
남자 친구에게 계속 과장하지 말라고 했지만 그는 한 달에 거의 500 만 원을 번다고 했어요
= I told my boyfriend to not exaggerate, but he said that he almost makes 500 만 원 per month
Lesson 55: Quoting 주다 with ~아/어 달라고

Vocabulary
Nouns:
세대 = generation
공무원 = government worker, civil servant
창고 = warehouse
설문조사 = survey
고급 = high quality, advanced
주택 = a house, housing
희망자 = somebody hoping for something, somebody wanting to do something

매출 = sales
성적 = school grades
사원 = member of staff, employee
신입사원 = new employee
편 = counter for movies and TV shows
부탁 = favor
끈 = string, wire, lace
Verbs:
내버려두다 = to leave alone
꼬다 = to twist
가르다 = to divide and pass through
애쓰다 = to struggle, to try to, to put effort into doing something
개최하다 = to host an event

입주하다 = to move into a new house
묶다 = to tie
Passive Verbs:
풀리다 = to be untied
Adjectives:
지치다 = to be exhausted, to be tired, to be worn out
풍부하다 = to be plentiful, to be abundant
뜻밖에 = unexpectedly
Introduction
In this lesson, you will continue to learn about quoted sentences. You will learn how to say that one asks
for something, or requests for something to be done. Let’s get started.

Quoted Imperative Sentences with 주다: ~달라고
In Lesson 40, you learned how to create imperative sentences. For example:
신입사원을 만나러 나가
= Go out to meet the new employee
매출이 왜 떨어졌는지 설명해라
= Explain to me why the sales dropped
In Lesson 52, you learned how to make quoted sentences. For example:
우리가 지난 주에 영화를 네 편 봤다고 했어요
= I said that we saw four movies last week
설문조사를 벌써 작성했다고 했어요
= I said that I already filled out the survey
In Lesson 54, you learned how to make quoted imperative sentences, for example:
신발끈이 풀려 있어서 묶으라고 했어요
= I told him to tie his shoes because they were untied
고급시험을 봐 보라고 했어요

= I told him to try to write the advanced exam
Finally, in Lesson 41, you learned how to use 주다 to ask for an object, or ~아/어 주다 to ask for an
action to be completed. For example:
그 펜을 주세요
= Please give me that pen
나를 내버려둬 주세요
= Please leave me alone
When quoting a sentence like this (a sentence that ends with 주다 in the imperative mood), the
sentence changes differently compared to what you learned in Lesson 54. If ~(으)라고 were added to
주다, the acting agent within the quoted sentence would be telling the listener to give/do something
to another person. For example, if I said:
성경에게 학생에게 펜을 주라고 했어요
I used the term “acting agent” in the explanation above to refer to the person who is acting within the
quote. In the example sentence above, I am talking to my friend 성경, and I am telling her to give the
pen to the student. In the underlined section of the sentence, 성경 would be the person giving the pen
– and I refer to this as the “acting agent.” It’s a little bit confusing because there are three people: Me,
who is speaking to 성경 and telling her what to do; 성경, who is listening to me and acting within the
quote; and the student who is neither speaking nor listening, but receives the pen from 성경.
I could take out the “student” whom 성경 gives the pen to and the sentence would still work – it just
wouldn’t specifically indicate who is receiving the pen. For example:
성경에게 펜을 주라고 했어요

=I told 성경 to give (you) the pen
(or to somebody who we can’t know in this sentence)
As you can see, 주다 can be used in quoted imperative sentences, but only to quote that one tells a
person to give something to another person. This can create some confusion.
When the original speaker of the quoted sentence asks for an object to be given to him/her (or for an
action to be done for him/her) using ~주다 (or ~아/어 주다), 주다 should be replaced by the verb 달다.
달다 is a verb, but you don’t really need to memorize it as a word in your vocabulary studies. It’s
typically only used in these situations – as a substitute for “주다” in quoted imperative sentences. As a
standalone verb, it technically means “to request.”
Let’s look at a very simple example:
A. Person 1: 밥(을) 주세요 = Give me rice
B. Person 2: 뭐라고? = What did you say?
C. Person 1: 밥(을) 달라고 했어요 = I said “give me rice”
Here, the original speaker of the quoted sentence (seen at A) is asking for rice. Therefore, when I quote
that sentence (the final quoted sentence can be seen at C), I use 달다 instead of 주다 because the
original speaker is asking for an object to be given to him.
Notice that I underlined the words “original speaker of the quoted sentence” above. I did this to
emphasize that – in order to use 달다 in these sentences, the speaker of the final sentence doesn’t need
to be “I/me.” Regardless of who says the final sentence, if somebody requests something be given (or be
done) to him/her, and that sentence is quoted, 달다 should be used instead of 주다.
These explanations are making my head spin because there are so many people we are talking about.
Let’s look at another simple conversation that I think will help you understand what I’m trying to say.
A. Person 1: 밥(을) 주세요 = Give me rice
C. Person 3: 밥(을) 달라고 했어요 = He said “give me rice”
Here, the original speaker of the quoted sentence (seen at A) is asking for rice. The speaker of the final
sentence (seen at C) is notthe same person who originally asked for the rice. Regardless, when Person 3
quotes that sentence (the final quoted sentence can be seen at C), 달다 should be used instead of 주다
because the original speaker is asking for an object to be given to him.
달다 is sometimes translated to “request” in these situations. For example:
A. Person 1: Give me rice
B. Person 2: What did you say?
C. Person 3: He requested rice
I can see why this translation is often used, but I prefer to use “give” as a translation. Remember, we’re
dealing with quoted sentences here and in my mind saying “request” doesn’t fully take in the meaning
that we’ve created.
To go back to what we looked at before, ~(으)라고 can be added to 주다 if the original speaker of the
quoted sentence asks for an object to be given to somebody else. For example:
A. Person 1: 애기에게 밥을 줘 = Give the baby rice
C. Person 3: 애기에게 밥을 주라고 했어 = I said “give the baby rice”

Let’s look at many examples of ~(으)라고 being used with 달다:
휴지를 달라고 했어요
= I said “please give me a tissue”
맥주 한 병을 달라고 했어요
= I said “please give me one bottle of beer”
엄마가 숟가락과 칼을 달라고 했어
= Mom said “please give me a spoon and a knife”
우리 아들은 계속 용돈을 달라고 졸라요
= Our son keeps pestering for pocket money
부장은 사원에게 창고에 있는 자전거를 달라고 했어요
= The boss said to his employee “give me a bike from the warehouse.”
As I mentioned, it is also possible to use 달다 when the original speaker of a quoted sentence asks for
an action to be done for him/her. In essence, 달다 replaces 주다 in ~아/어 주다 in these cases. For
example:
저의 머리카락을 꼬지 말아 달라고 했어요
= I told her to please stop twisting my hair
학생은 선생님에게 성적을 올려 달라고 했어요

= The student said to the teacher “raise my grades”
다음 주에 입주할 거라서 그때 와 달라고 했어요
= We will be moving into the new house next week, so I told them to come then
비타민이 풍부하게 들어가 있는 과일만 사 달라고 했어요
= I requested to only buy fruit that is abundant with vitamins (fruits rich in vitamins)
어떤 공무원이 우리 집에 와서 설문조사를 답해 달라고 했어요
= Some government worker came to our house and requested that we answer a survey
그들에게 조용히 해 달라고 했지만 그들은 아직 너무 시끄러워요
= I told them to “please be quiet,” but they are still very loud
부장님은 우리회사가 행사를 개최할 때 끝까지 애써 달라고 했어요
= When we host this event, the boss requested that we try our best
할 아버지가 이 컴퓨터를 어떻게 쓰는지를 설명해 달라고 했지만 세대 차이 때문에 아주

힘들었어요= Grandpa asked me to explain how to use this computer, but it was difficult because of the
generation gap
.
.
Favor: 부탁
부탁 often translates to “favor” and can be used as a noun in sentences. For example:
저는 부탁이 하나 있어요
= I have one favor
Another common translation for 부탁 is “a request.” For example:
저는 부탁이 하나 있어요
= I have one request
In English, we often use the word “favor” to ask if somebody can do something for you. For example:
Can I ask you for a favor? or,
Can you do me a favor?
In Korean, you can create similar sentences using the word 부탁 by attaching~하다 to 부탁. 부탁하다 is
a verb that you can translate to “to ask for a favor” or “to request a favor.” For example:
저는 더 자세한 설명을 부탁했어요
= I asked for a clearer explanation.

I translated the sentence above as “I asked for a clearer explanation” but it could just as easily be “I
asked a favor for the explanation to be clearer” or “I requested a clearer explanation.”
부탁하다 is often used with a noun that refers to some sort of task or work. 부탁하다 is then used to
ask the listener to “take care of” that task. For example:
It’s really hard to translate these sentences directly. Don’t look at the English translations below as
direct translations of the Korean sentences. Rather, try to understand that their meanings are
equivalent:
남편에게 청소를 부탁했어요
= I asked my husband to take care of the cleaning (for me)
저는 신입사원에게 그 일을 부탁했어요
= I asked the new employee to take care of that work (for me)
빨래를 아들에게 부탁하고 집에서 나왔어요
= I asked my son to take care of the laundry for me and left the house
In the example sentences so far, 부탁하다 has come after a noun. If the favor (or what you are
requesting) is an action, you can attach ~아/어 달라고 to the verb, followed by 부탁하다. For example:
밥을 빨리 만들어 달라고 부탁했어요
= I asked him to make (the rice) quickly
저는 그에게 더 자세히 설명해 달라고 부탁했어요

= I asked him to explain it more clearly
One more peculiar thing about the word “부탁하다” is that it is often said as “부탁(을) 드리다.” You
learned in Lesson 39 that “드리다” is the honorific form of “주다” and is used when the receiving
person deserves high respect. When using “부탁,” the person receiving the favor is you, and you should
never use 드리다 when talking about yourself receiving something. The way I think about it is that I
am giving a request to somebody, which would allow me to use 드리다. For example:
밥을 빨리 만들어 달라고 부탁 드렸어요
= I asked him to make (the rice) quickly
엄마에게 그것을 사 달라고 부탁 드렸어요
= I asked my mother to buy that for me
Lesson 56: To make, to let: ~게 하다, ~게: so that
Vocabulary
Nouns:
부전공 = minor (in university)
형식 = form, formality, format
진로 = one's career path
과정 = process
축제 = festival
목록 = list, inventory
상점 = store
시야 = one’s field of vision
도구 = tools
햇빛 = sun light
Verbs:
도달하다 = to arrive, to reach

싣다 = to load
둘러보다 = to look around
들여다보다 = to look into
내다보다 = to look out of
노크하다 = to knock
성취하다 = to accomplish
싸다 = to wrap up
맞히다 = to guess correctly
끼다 = to put on (a ring, gloves, sunglasses, etc…)
깨다 = to wake up
Passive Verbs:
싸이다 = to be wrapped up
Adjectives:
날씬하다 = to be slim/slender
더욱 = more and more
Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn how to say “one makes” or “one lets” a person to do an action. Just like with
a lot of other Korean grammatical principles, this one doesn’t make sense at first to English speakers,
simply because the construction is so different from English grammar. As always, I will break it down for
you step by step. Let’s get started.
To make/To let…: ~게 하다
Before we begin, note that the word “to make” has many meanings in English. In this lesson, we
are not talking about the definition of “to make” as it refers to “building” something. Instead, we are
talking about the definition of the word “make” in the following sentence:
I make my mom happy
Note here that this definition of “make” has nothing to do with actually building/making an object.
Rather, it is about influencing/telling somebody what to do. Here are more examples of this usage in
English:
I made him study
I want to make my friend leave
I will make him sleep
Korean people don’t distinguish between “making” a person doing something, and “letting” a person
doing something. It sounds weird to an English speaker, but the Korean translations for the above
sentences would be the same as the Korean translations for the following sentences:
I let him study
I want to let my friend leave
I will let him sleep
English learners see this grammatical principle (which I haven’t even introduced to you yet) and get
hung up on the fact it can mean “to make” or “to let.” How can one thing in Korean translate to two
seemingly different things in English?
Just a quick note. We see this same phenomenon many times when we compare English and Korean.
You saw something similar when you learned about ~아/어야 하다(Lesson 46) and how it can be
translated to “one must” or “one should.” Remember, these languages are vastly different, and just
because something is done in English, doesn’t mean the same principle will apply in Korean.
Let me introduce this grammatical principle to you with one simple example. To create this meaning of
“to make” or “to let,” you can attach ~게 하다 to the stem of a word. The subject of the sentence
“makes/lets” the object do that action. For example:
나는 그를 공부하게 했다
Two common English translations for this Korean sentence would be:
I made him study
I let him study
I’d like to discuss why the translations of “to make” and/or “to let” are used in this situation. In English,
the word “to make” is more related to forcing a person to do an action; whereas “to let” is more related
to allowing a person to do an action. In both cases, the subject is doing something (either forcing or
allowing) that, in the end, influences/causes the person to do the action.
The Korean usage does not distinguish between “forcing” or “allowing.” It simply indicates that the
subject does something (regardless of it was by “forcing” or “allowing”) that causes/influences the rest
of the clause to occur. Therefore, a more accurate translation might be:
= I did something that caused/influenced him to study
Therefore, it’s not that “~게 하다” can have two translations – but rather that the meanings of “make”
and “let” are very specific – and both of these meanings can be encompassed in the idea that “one
causes/influences the action to occur.”
Let’s look at many more examples. I’ll use the word “make” or “let” often depending on the context, but
try to remember that the usage of these words is more of an English phenomenon that isn’t
distinguished in these Korean sentences.
저는 그를 자게 할 거예요
= I will let him sleep
학생들은 선생님을 화나게 했어요
= The students made the teacher mad

저는 학생들을 바로 준비하게 했어요
= I made the students get ready right away
저는 아들을 오늘 아침에 일찍 일어나게 했어요
= I made our son wake up early today
저는 딸을 상점에서 조금 더 둘러보게 했어요
= I’m going to let my daughter look around the store a little bit more
제가 축제에 가게 해 주세요
= Please let me go to the festival
저는 학생들을 공부하게 해 주었어요
= I let the students study
In the previous two examples, I attached ~아/어 주다 to ~게 하다. In Lesson 41, you learned the
purpose and meaning of using ~아/어 주다. Assuming that the action is somehow positive or beneficial
for the person being influenced, it is acceptable to attach ~아/어 주다 to the end of ~게 하다. To a
relative beginner of Korean grammar (at Lesson 56, you could call yourself that), this might look
complicated, but it’s just the meaning of ~아/어 주다 added on top of ~게 하다.
~ 게 하다 can also be added to adjectives. When used like this, the subject causes/influences the object
to “be” the adjective used. For example:
저는 저의 여자 친구를 행복하게 했어요
= I made my girlfriend happy, or

저는 저의 여자 친구를 행복하게 해 주었어요
= I made my girlfriend happy
A common adjective that this is used with is 놀라다, which translates to “to be surprised.” By attaching
~게 하다 to 놀라다, you can indicate that “one did something to cause/influence somebody to be
surprised.” This can more simply be translated to “one surprised somebody.” For example:
제가 한국말을 할 수 있어서 저는 한국 사람들을 항상 놀라게 해요
= Because I can speak Korean, I always surprise Korean people
엄마가 저에게 선물을 줘서 저를 놀라게 했어요
= Because my mother gave me a present, she surprised me
Here are more examples of ~게 하다 used with adjectives:
아빠는 저를 피곤하게 했어요
= Dad made me tired
저는 우리 엄마를 슬프게 했어요
= I made our mom sad
애기를 무섭게 하지 마세요!
= Don’t make the baby scared (don’t scare the baby)
저의 남자 친구가 저의 기분을 상하게 했어요

= My boyfriend made me feel bad (made me ruin my feelings)
네가 그렇게 말하면 나를 창피하게 할 거야
= If you say it like that, you’re going to make me ashamed
손님들이 우리 집에 오면 저는 항상 손님들을 편하게 하려고 노력해요
= When guests come to our house, I always try to make them comfortable
저는 잘생긴 친구를 데려가서 저의 남자 친구를 질투하게 했어요
= I brought a handsome man with me, so it made my boyfriend jealous
In the sentences so far, you have seen examples where the subject causes/influences another person to
do an action (or be an adjective). Often times you might want to create a sentence where the subject
“causes/influences” another person to act on another object.
For example, instead of just saying:
I made him study
You might want to say:
I made him study Korean
In these situations, ~이/가 can be attached to the person you are influencing, and ~을/를 can be
attached to the object that the person is acting on. For example:
= I made him study

나는 그가 한국어를 공부하게 했다
= I made him study Korean
나는 그를 이해하게 했다
= I made him understand
나는 그가 한국어 문법을 이해하게 했다
= I made him understand Korean grammar
나는 학생들이 내 말을 듣게 했어
= I made the students listen to me
저는 남편이 결혼반지를 끼게 했어요
= I made my husband wear our/the wedding ring
그 날씬한 여자가 저를 좋아하게 하고 싶어요
= I want to make that thin girl like me
저는 학생이 더 좋은 부전공을 선택하게 했어요
= I made the student select a better minor
저는 엄마가 저를 위해 도시락을 싸게 했어요

= I made my mom pack/wrap up a lunch box for me
노동자들이 박스를 트럭에 싣게 했어요
= I made the workers load the boxes onto the truck
저는 학생들이 이 형식을 따르게 했어요
= I made the students follow this format
저는 햇빛이 안 들어오게 했어요
= I made it so the sunlight won’t come in
저는 친구가 그 이상한 집을 들여다보게 했어요
= I made my friend look into that weird house
저는 우리 아들이 다른 진로를 고르게 할 거예요
= I’m going to make our son choose a different (career) path
저는 학생들이 정답을 맞힐 때까지 계속 해 보게 했어요
= I let the students keep trying until they guessed correctly
저는 선수가 자기 한계에 도달할 때까지 계속 운동하게 했어요
= I made the athlete keep going until he reached his limit
In all of the examples you have seen so far, 하다 is used immediately after ~게. Let’s look at how we use
something else other than 하다 after ~게.
.
So that, In Order to, To allow for: ~게
Earlier in the lesson, I introduced the purpose and meaning of using ~게 하다 in a sentence. I explained
that ~게 하다 is used when the subject does an action (regardless of it was by “forcing” or “allowing”)
that causes/influences the action/adjective to occur.
In the all of the examples you have seen so far, you don’t know specifically what the “action” was that
causes/influences the action/adjective to occur. You have seen that 하다 is used in these sentences –
but this is because it isn’t implied what is done to cause/influence the action/adjective to occur.
It is possible to place another verb – or better yet, an entire clause after ~게 to indicate what
causes/influences the action to occur. Let’s look at a simple example:
선생님은 제가 칠판을 보게 했어요

This could be translated to:
The teacher made me look at the board, or
The teacher let me look at the board, or more generally
The teacher did something that caused/influenced me to look at the board
In this example, it isn’t implied what was done to cause/influence/make/let me look at the board. All we
know is the teacher did someaction. However, I can specify what the teacher did by replacing 하다 with
another verb/clause that provides more information. For example:
선생님은 제가 칠판을 보게 불을 켰어요 = The teacher turned on the light so that I could see the
board
Just like when 하다 is used after ~게, the clause after ~게 (불을 켰어요) causes or influences the clause
before ~게 to occur.
A common translation for “~게” in this type of sentence is “… so that…”. Below are many examples:
도구를 찾을 수 있게 불을 켰어요
= I turned on the light so that I could find my tools
음식을 좀 만들게 재료를 사 와
= Buy some ingredients so that I can make some food
제가 잘 들을 수 있게 크게 말해 주세요
= Please speak loudly so that I can hear you well

애기가 깨지 않게 조용히 노크해 주세요
= Knock quietly so that the baby doesn’t wake up
저는 학생들이 다 이해할 수 있게 설명했어요
= I explained it so that all the students could understand it
햇빛이 안 들어오게 커튼을 내려 주세요
= Pull the curtains down so that the sunlight doesn’t come in
뒤에 있는 차가 저의 시야에 있게 거울을 조금 움직였어요
= I moved the mirror a little bit so that the cars behind me would be in my field of vision
저는 학생들이 과정을 더 잘 이해할 수 있게 저는 다시 설명해 주었어요
= I explained it again to the students so that they could understand the process better
무엇을 사야 되는지를 깜빡하지 않게 목록을 작성하세요
= Make a list so that you don’t forget what you have to buy
선생님들은 학생들이 목표를 성취하게 하기 위해 열심히 일해요
= Teachers work hard so that students can achieve their goals
The following is from the Intermediate TOPIK Test (Number 27):
사람들이 모두 보게 안내문을 벽에 붙였다
= (I) posted (attached) an information sign on the wall so that all the people (can) see it
The question was asking if the following two sentences have the same meaning:
사람들이 모두 보게 안내문을 벽에 붙였다, and
사람들이 모두 보도록 안내문을 벽에 붙였다
At this point, you have yet to learn about ~도록, but when you learn about it in Lesson 92you will see
that the two sentences above have the same meaning.
Lesson 57: To make/order: 시키다
Vocabulary
Nouns:
우리 = cage for animals

다람쥐 = squirrel
뱀 = snake
실업 = unemployment
실업자 = unemployed person
초인종 = doorbell
포대기 = baby blanket
음주 = the consumption of alcohol
금주 = the restriction of alcohol
곁 = one’s side
심부름 = errand
Verbs:
시키다 = to order
화해하다 = to reconcile/make up with somebody

흥분하다 = to arouse
자극하다 = to stimulate
안정하다 = to stabilize
응용하다 = to apply (to a situation)
차리다 = to prepare food, to recover one’s spirit
상기시키다 = to remind
옮다 = to catch some sort of infectious disease
옮기다 = to move, to shift, to transfer, to transmit
Adjectives:
불확실하다 = to be unclear, uncertain
간지럽다 = to be ticklish
방과 후 = after school
대체로 = generally/overall
당장 = right now, for the time being
마음껏 = as much as one likes
Introduction
In the previous lesson, you learned how to attach ~게 to words followed by ~하다 or other
verbs/clauses to indicate that one influences/causes/makes/lets an action happen. In this lesson, we will
look at another way you can express this meaning. Let’s get started.
To Make: Attaching ~시키다
In the previous lesson, you learned how to attach ~게 to words, and often followed it with 하다. For
example:
공부하다 = to study
공부하게 하다 = to make/let/cause (one to) study

~ 시키다 can be used to create the same meaning. ~시키다 can be attached to the noun-form of ~하다
verbs and adjectives in replace of ~하게 하다. For example:
공부하다 = to study
공부시키다 = to make (one) study
Here are some other examples of words that ~시키다 is commonly attached to:
이해하다 = to understand
이해시키다 = to make (one) understand
연습하다 = to practice
연습시키다 = to make (one) practice
실망하다 = to be disappointed
실망시키다 = to make (one) disappointed (to disappoint)
만족하다 = to be satisfied
만족시키다 = to make (one) satisfied (to satisfy)
목욕하다 = to take a bath/to bathe
목욕시키다 = to make (one) take a bath
These constructions with ~시키다 are typically used when a subject “makes” a person do the action
specified before ~시키다. For example:
공부시키다
선생님은 학생들을 방과 후 수업 시간 동안 공부시켰어요
= The teacher made the students study during the after school class
이해시키다
경찰관은 남자에게 음주운전이 왜 위험한지를 이해시켰어요
= The police officer made the man understand why drunk driving is dangerous
연습시키다
그 할아버지가 저에게 뱀을 어떻게 잡는지를 많이 연습시켰어요
= That old man (grandfather) made me practice how to hold snakes a lot
실망시키다
제가 실업자라는 것이 저의 어머니를 실망시켰어요
= The fact that I am unemployed disappointed my mother
만족시키다
저는 열심히 일해서 부장님을 만족시켰어요
= I worked very hard, so I satisfied my boss
목욕시키다
저는 다람쥐를 잡고 목욕시켰어요
= I got the squirrel and gave it a bath (made it have a bath)

The main difference we can see with the words being used with ~시키다 (compared to if the word just
ended in ~하다) is that the acting agent is causing/ordering/making another person (or thing) to do the
action. When the word just ends in ~하다, the subject is typically the acting agent who performs the
action specified. For example, compare the usage of each verb in the sentences above (using ~시키다)
with the sentence below (using ~하다):
공부하다
저는 방과 후 수업 시간 동안 한국어를 공부했어요
= I studied Korean during the after school class
“I” am the subject, and “I” am the one who studied
이해하다
제가 음주운전이 왜 위험한지를 이해해요
= I understand why drunk driving is dangerous
“I” am the subject, and “I” am the one who understands
연습하다
저는 뱀을 어떻게 잡는지를 많이 연습했어요
= I practiced how to hold snakes a lot
“I” am the subject, and “I” am the one who practiced a lot
실망하다
저는 실망했어요
= I was disappointed
“I” am the subject, and “I” am the one who was disappointed
만족하다
저는 만족해요
= I am satisfied
“I” am the subject, and “I” am the one who is satisfied
목욕하다
저는 집에 가서 목욕했어요
= I went home and took a bath
“I” am the subject, and “I” am the one who took a bath
There are many times where the translation of the original verb (containing ~하다) is similar to the
meaning that is created when ~시키다 is added. For example:
감동하다 = to (be) impress(ed)
감동하다 usually translates to “to impress.” However, “to impress” in English is used when one person
impresses another (ex. She impressed me). When a subject impressesanother person like
this, 감동시키다 should be used. When a subject is impressed, 감동하다 or 감동받다 can be used. In a
way, 감동하다 feels like a passive verb when it’s translated. For example: 나는 감동했어 | 나는
감동받았어 = I was impressed
감동시키다 = to impress
The addition of ~시키다 indicates that you are “making” one impressed
As you can see above, it is difficult to come up with an accurate translation that would allow for an easy
distinction between 감동하다 and 감동시키다. You can see this same phenomenon with many other
words that ~시키다 is attached to. Below is a list of words (that I chose because you already know them)
that ~시키다 is commonly attached to.
Just like I did earlier in the lesson, I have provided an example sentence for both the ~하다 and
~시키다 usage of each word. When looking at each example sentence, notice how the acting agent in
the sentences using ~하다 is performing the action, but the acting agent in the sentences using
~시키다 is commandingthe action.
감동하다 = to impress (to be impressed)
저는 엄마의 말을 듣고 아주 감동했어요
= I listened to my mom’s words and was very impressed
감동시키다 = to impress
저는 하루 종일 열심히 일해서 엄마를 감동시켰어요
= I impressed mom because I worked hard all day
—————————-
소개하다 = to introduce
우리가 오늘 무엇에 대해 배울지 잠깐 소개해 주겠습니다
= I will briefly introduce what we will be learning about today
소개시키다 = to introduce
저는 저의 여자 친구를 저의 부장님께 소개시켰어요
= I introduced my girlfriend to my boss
—————————-
진정하다 = to relax
말을 그만하고 진정하세요
= Stop talking and calm down
진정시키다 = to relax
저는 시험 전에 긴장하는 학생을 진정시켰어요
= Before the exam, I relaxed a nervous student (I made him relaxed)
—————————-
훈련하다 = to train
그런 것을 하고 싶으면 특별한 훈련을 해야 돼요
= If you want to do that sort of thing, you need to do special training
훈련시키다 = to train
저의 이웃사람이 제 강아지를 잘 훈련시켰어요
= My neighbor trained my dog very well
—————————-
흥분하다 = to arouse
새로운 스타워즈 영화가 곧 나올 거라는 것을 듣고 아주 흥분했어요
= I heard that the near Star Wars movie is coming out soon and got very excited
흥분시키다 = to arouse
그 뉴스는 시민들을 흥분시켰어요
= That news excited the public/citizens
—————————-
화해하다 = to reconcile
우리는 지난 10 년 동안 서로 싫어했지만 드디어 화해했어요
= We didn’t like each other for the last 10 years, but we finally reconciled
화해시키다 = to reconcile
저는 우리 아버지와 우리 어머니를 화해시켰어요
= I made my mother and father reconcile
—————————-
I’ve also noticed that it is difficult to pinpoint a difference between the ~하다 and ~시키다 forms of
some verbs. For example:
저는 신입사원들을 주말에 교육했어요
= I educated the new workers on the weekend
저는 신입사원들을 주말에 교육시켰어요
= I educated the new workers on the weekend
저의 남자 친구가 저를 자꾸 자극했어요
= My boyfriend kept irritating me

저의 남자 친구가 저를 자꾸 자극시켰어요
= My boyfriend kept irritating me
The only difference I can feel (and I’ve discussed this with Korean people) is that the usage of ~시키다
makes the sentences sound stronger – almost as if the subject is “forcing” the people to do something.
—————————-
Another peculiar word is 안정하다. 안정하다 has two meanings, and it is hard to come up with a
translation for either word when written as “안정하다.” In general, their translations are:
안정하다 = to be calm (to calm down)
안정하다 = to be stable (to stabilize)
These verbs remind me of 감동하다, where they look like active verbs but their translations make you
think they’re a passive verb. The active form of these verbs (“to calm down” and “to stabilize”) can be
created by replacing ~하다 with ~시키다. For example:
그 의사는 고통으로 울고 있는 환자를 안정시켰어요
= The doctor calmed down the patient who was crying from pain
노동자들이 무너질 것 같은 벽을 안정시켰어요
= The workers stabilized the wall that was probably going to collapse
—————————-
Another good example of ~시키다 being used is 상기시키다. “상기하다” means “to recall/to
remember” – therefore, by saying “상기시키다,” the meaning changes to “to make somebody recall.”
This is usually more naturally translated to “to remind.”
상기하다 is a difficult word in Korean and isn’t used very often. Nonetheless, it can be used to have this
meaning of “recalling” or “remembering,” even if it may be an uncommon way to express this meaning:
다시 한번 작년 사고를 상기하고 철저히 준비해 주세요
= Recall/remember the accident from last year again, and prepare thoroughly
~시키다 can be used instead of ~하다 in 상기하다 to indicate that one “reminds” somebody else of
something. For example:
저는 매일 저의 여자친구에게 제가 그녀를 사랑하는 것을 상기시켜요
= I remind my girlfriend that I love her every day
선생님은 학생들에게 숙제를 해야 하는 것을 상기시켰어요
= The teacher reminded the students that they have to do their homework
In the examples so far, you have seen ~시키다 used only when attached to a noun. It is possible to use it
as a standalone verb. I would like to talk about this next.
.
.
To Make, to Order: 시키다 as a Verb
So far, you have only seen ~시키다 used when attached to a noun that would otherwise have ~하다
attached to it. 시키다 can also exist as a verb by itself, acting on a noun that it is not attached to. For
example:
저는 회사원들에게 일을 시켰어요
The meaning of the verb “시키다” in this example is essentially the same as the meaning of ~시키다
when it was attached to a noun. In addition, it is also essentially the same as the meaning of ~게 하다,
which you learned in the previous lesson.
When used like this, the acting agent orders/makes a person do some kind of task or work. Therefore,
the sentence above would translate to:
저는 회사원들에게 일을 시켰어요
= I made/ordered the workers to do the job
Notice that 시키다 is separate from the noun “일.” It is usually unnatural to change an action into a
noun by using ~는 것 and placing 시키다 after it. For example, this would be unnatural:
저는 학생들이 교실을 청소하는 것을 시켰어요
Instead, it would be more natural to simply use the noun form of the verb:
저는 학생들에게 교실 청소를 시켰어요
= I made the students clean the classroom
Or, to use the imperative quoted addition ~(으)라고 (introduced in Lesson 54) to indicate that the order
was spoken:
저는 학생들에게 교실을 청소하라고 시켰어요 = I made the students clean the classroom
Or, to use ~게 (introduced in the previous lesson) on the action that should be completed:
저는 학생들이 교실을 청소하게 시켰어요 = I made the students clean the classroom
Below are many other examples:
그 정보가 불확실해서 직원에게 확인을 시켰어요
그 정보가 불확실해서 직원에게 확인하라고 시켰어요
그 정보가 불확실해서 직원이 확인하게 시켰어요
= That information isn’t certain, so I made the worker check
저는 아들과 아들 친구들이 소파를 저 방으로 옮기라고 시켰어요
저는 아들과 아들 친구들이 소파를 저 방으로 옮기게 시켰어요
= I made my son and my son’s friend move the sofa to that room
지금 안 하면 내가 너에게 당장 노래를 시킬 거야
지금 안 하면 내가 너에게 당장 노래하라고 시킬 거야
지금 안 하면 내가 너에게 당장 노래하게 시킬 거야
= If you don’t do it now, I will make you sing now/right away

저는 학생들에게 영어 공부를 시킬 거예요
저는 학생들에게 영어를 공부하라고 시킬 거예요
저는 학생들에게 영어를 공부하게 시킬 거예요
= I’m going to make the students study English
Here are a couple of other examples using ~(으)라고:
저는 남편에게 쌀을 사라고 심부름을 시켰어요
= I made my husband do an errand of buying rice
다람쥐를 우리에 넣으라고 시켰어요
= I made him put the squirrel in the cage
애기를 포대기로 싸라고 시켰어요
= I made him wrap the baby in a blanket
Finally, 시키다 can also be used when “ordering” food or drinks when at a restaurant or other places
that serve food. For example:
밥을 시켰어요?
= Did you order food?
뭐 시키고 싶어요?
= What do you want to order?

저는 삼겹살을 시켰어요
= I ordered 삼겹살
———————————–
Just one quick thing that I want to point out. I have introduced different ways 시키다 can be used. Look
at the following three sentences:
1) 공부시켰다
2) 공부 시켰다
3) 공부를 시켰다
If you showed those three constructions to Korean people, it would be hard for most people to tell you
which usage(s) is/are correct. In the first example, we see ~시키다 not used as a verb, but attached to
공부. This was the first usage I taught you in this lesson. In the third example, you see 시키다 used as a
verb acting on the noun “공부.” In the second example, 시키다 is not attached to 공부, and ~를/을 is
not used on 공부. This usage is technically incorrect, although most people (especially in speech) might
omit the object particle.
As a foreign learner of Korean, you will probably never need to make the distinction of which one is
correct and which one is incorrect. However, this is something that Korean high school students study in
their Korean language classes, and I thought it would be good to mention here. A significant amount of
time in Korean language classes in Korean high schools goes into the correct spacing of words (and the
grammatical principles surrounding words). This spacing is called “띄어쓰기” and has now gotten me off
on a tangent in this lesson. Time to wrap it up!
Lesson 58: Or: ~(이)나, ~거나

Vocabulary
Nouns:
줄거리 = summary, plot
체육관 = gymnasium
조직 = organization
양식 = a form to fill out
중간 = middle
중간고사 = midterm exam
중간지점 = halfway point

기말고사 = final exam
나머지 = the remainder
빈손 = empty hands
채소 = vegetables
Verbs:
기록하다 = to record
등교하다 = to go to school
하교하다 = to leave school
고민하다 = to worry
활동하다 = to do an activity
수정하다 = to correct, to modify, to fix
데려다 주다 = to take a person somewhere
덧붙이다 = to add one more thing on top of

살피다 = to see, to watch closely
차다 = to kick
고치다 = to fix, to repair
(첫눈에) 반하다 = to fall in love at first sight
Adjectives:
부지런하다 = to be diligent
희미하다 = to be dim, to be faint, to be vague
Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn about the grammatical principles ~(이)나, and ~거나. Both of these can be
used in sentences to have similar meanings, but their usages are different. Let’s get started.

(Noun) or (Noun): ~(이)나
~ (이)나 can be attached to words to create a few different meanings depending on the usage. A
common usage of ~(이)나 is to indicate that it hasn’t been decided which noun/object will be acted on.
Let’s look at a simple example:
저는 빵이나 밥을 먹고 싶어요
Here, the speaker hasn’t decided if he/she wants to eat bread or rice. The typical English translation for
~(이)나 is “or.” For example:
저는 빵이나 밥을 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat bread or rice
Below are some examples:
저는 술이나 콜라를 마시고 싶어요
= I want to drink alcohol or a soft drink (cola)
딸이나 아들을 낳고 싶어요?
= Do you want to have (give birth to) a daughter or a son?
저는 저 남자나 저 여자를 뽑을 거예요
= I’m going to choose/hire that man or that woman
양식이나 그런 것을 작성 안 해도 돼요?
= I don’t need to fill out a form or something like that?
대학교에서 철학이나 화학을 공부하고 싶어요?
= In University, do you want to study philosophy or chemistry?
오늘 학생들이랑 체육관에서 재미있는 활동이나 게임을 할 거예요
= Today I’m going to do a fun activity or game in the gymnasium with the students
In those examples, ~(이)나 is attached to the object of the sentence. It is also possible to attach ~(이)나
to the subject in order to indicate that it hasn’t been decided which subject will perform the action. The
translation of “or” is still appropriate. For example:
우리 엄마나 우리 아빠가 저를 차로 거기까지 데려다 줄 거예요
= Either mom or dad will take me there by car
저 선수나 이 선수가 오늘 새로운 기록을 세울 것 같아요
= Either that athlete or this athlete will probably set a new record today
In all the examples so far, the sentences show ~(이)나 being used when some sort of a decision is made
between two nouns. It is also possible to attach ~(이)나 to one word in a sentence, and to not have it
followed by another word that needs to be decided on. For example:
밥이나 먹을래?
In these cases, the speaker would rather do something else, but is choosing the thing specified as a last
resort. Here, ~(이)나 is expressing that the option specified is the best choice among all remaining
options. For example:
밥이나 먹을래? = Well… I guess we could eat rice?
The sentence above could be said in a variety of situations. One example could be if you wanted to eat
pizza or a hamburgers, but maybe it is too late and can’t get a delivery at this time. As a last resort, you
could say “well, shall we just eat rice?” It’s not the best option, but it’s the best among the remaining
options.
It’s hard to come up with a simple English translation that I can use in my examples to illustrate this
meaning. In the examples below, I put “(Well…)” in the English translations, but try to focus more on the
Korean sentences:
저는 공부나 할 거예요
= (Well…) I’m going to study
산책이나 할래요?
= (Well…) Shall we go for a walk?
영화나 보자
= (Well…) Let’s go see a movie
그냥 줄거리나 설명해 주세요
= (Well…) Just explain the plot to me
운동이나 할래?
= (Well…) Shall we exercise?

돈이나 주세요
= (Well…) Give me money
Actually, you already learned about ~(으)나 inLesson 25. In that lesson, you learned about the following
constructions (which I often refer to as “words” for simplicity):
아무 거나
아무 데나
아무 때나
In these words, ~(이)나 is attached to the nouns 거 (thing), 데 (place), and 때 (time) to create the
following meanings:
아무 거나 = anything
아무 데나 = anywhere (any place)
아무 때나 = anytime
With your new-found understanding of ~(이)나 and the meaning it can create, I think it is worthwhile to
review these words to see where their meanings come from. Essentially, the words above could be
translated to;
아무 거나 = there’s no specific thing, but “any” thing would be okay I guess
아무 데나 = there’s no specific place, but “any” place would be okay I guess
아무 때나 = there’s no specific time, but “any” time would be okay I guess

Here are some sentences from Lesson 25, but this time I have provided an additional translation:
저는 아무 거나 먹고 싶어요
= I want to eat anything (I’d eat anything)
This could also be translated to “there’s no specific thing I’d like to eat – I’d eat anything”
저는 아무 데나 가고 싶어요
= I want to go anywhere (I’d go anywhere)
This could also be translated to “there’s no specific place I’d like to go, I’d go anywhere”
아무 때나 좋아요
= Anytime is good
This could also be translated to “there’s no specific time, anytime is good”
So far, you’ve seen ~(이)나 and how it can be attached to nouns. It is also possible to attach ~나 to
adverbs, or on-top of other grammatical principles that change words into adverbs.
A simple definition of an adverb is a word that identifies where something happens, when it happens,
how it happens, or to what degree it happens. The word “집” is a noun, but when ~에서 is attached to it,
the whole construction is referred to as an adverb in Korean (because it can tell us that an action
occurred in the house). This isn’t exactly how it is done in English because in English we don’t attach
particles to nouns like that. Annnyways…
When only one option is indicated (and not two), you can commonly see ~(이)나 attached to other
grammatical principles that change words into adverbs. For example:
중간지점에나 데려다 주는 게 어때요?
= Well, how about I take you to the halfway point

However, if two options are given, it is more natural to add ~(이)나 directly to the first option without
the extra grammatical principle in between. For example, if we look at the following two sentences:
저는 캐나다에서나 미국에서 일하고 싶어요
저는 캐나다나 미국에서 일하고 싶어요
= I want to work in Canada or America
In the first example you can see ~(이)나 attached to ~에서, which in turn is attached to “캐나다.”
Notice how ~에서 is also indicated in the second option (미국). It is not necessary to add ~에서 twice,
and it can be omitted from the first option.
Therefore, both examples above can be seen as grammatical correct, but all Korean people would prefer
to say the second example. It is much more natural to omit the grammatical principle between the noun
and ~(이)나 if it is going to be attached to the upcoming noun anyways.
Here is another example:
저는 버스로나 택시로 갈 거예요
Here, the speaker is indicating that he will go “by bus” or “by taxi.” In the example above, ~(이)나 is
attached to both “버스로” and “택시로.” It is not necessary to add ~(으)로 twice, and it can be omitted
from the first option. The following sentence is much more natural:
저는 버스나 택시로 갈 거예요 = I will go by bus or by taxi
Below are some other examples:

농구를 체육관이나 밖에서 하고 싶어?
= Do you want to play basketball in the gymnasium or outside?
선생님! 시험을 어렵게나 길게 만들지 말아 주세요!
= Teacher, please don’t make the exam difficult or long
주위를 살피고 저쪽으로나 이쪽으로 가세요
= Look both ways (all ways) and then go this way or that way
(Verb) or (Verb): ~거나
In the examples you have seen so far, ~(이)나 has been attached to nouns or adverbs. With ~(이)나, the
speaker can indicate that something hasn’t been decided between two nouns or adverbs. By attaching
~거나 to a verb, the speaker can indicate that it hasn’t been decided which action will be completed.
Here is a very simple example:
여자 친구를 위해 편지를 쓰거나 선물을 사 줄 거예요
= I will write a letter, or buy a present for my girlfriend
When using ~(이)나, the focus is on which of the two nouns (or adverbs) will be acted on. When using
~거나, the focus is on which action will take place. For example, if we look at our simple sentence from
before:
In this sentence, it has probably already been decided that you will eat. The focus is now onwhat you
will eat, and the decision is between “bread” or “rice.” However, when ~거나 is used, it hasn’t been
decided which action will be done. For example, our sentence from above:
In this sentence, you are not deciding between two objects, but rather two different actions. Below are
many other examples:
신발끈을 묶거나 신발을 벗으세요
= Tie your shoes or take them off
오래된 차를 고치거나 새로운 차를 사야 돼요
= I need to fix my old car or buy a new one

제가 하는 말에 뭔가를 덧붙이거나 수정하고 싶으면 지금 말씀하세요
= If you want to add something to what I said, or modify it, please tell me now
I kept saying that ~거나 can be attached to verbs, but it can also be used with adjectives as well. For
example:
이 문제가 너무 어렵거나 도움이 필요하면 교무실로 오세요
= If this question/problem is too difficult or you need help, come to the office
고객님이 호텔에 계실 때 불편하거나 필요한 것이 있으면 이 번호로 연락하면 됩니다
= When you (the customer) are at the hotel, if you are uncomfortable or need something, you can
contact us using this number
A lot of the signs on buses in Korea have a warning message on them, and the warning message has this
~거나 grammatical principle in the sentence. It says something like this:
문이 완전히 열릴 때까지 버스에서 내리거나 문에 기대지 마세요
= Until the door is completely opened, don’t get off the bus or lean on the door
I’d like to discuss two trends that I’ve noticed regarding the use of ~거나. You can find these discussions
below
———————————–
In the examples used so far, ~거나 (and ~(이)나) is used once in each sentence. As you have seen, it is
generally used to separate two actions that could be completed.
It is also possible to include ~거나 (or ~(이)나)twice in the same sentence – attached to both possible
actions (or options). For example:
비가 오거나 안 오거나 중요하지 않아요
= It’s not important if it rains or not (doesn’t rain)
I thought long and hard to try to come up with an explanation as to why ~거나 is used twice in this
sentence, but only once in other sentences. I literally sat in my chair for an hour to try to wrap my head
around a simple way to explain it. I think I’ve got it.
~거나 is used once in a sentence to indicate that one action will occur, or the other. For example:
Here, either you will write a letter, or you will buy a present
~거나 is used twice in a sentence (attached to both verbs) when the speaker wants to discuss the choice
in and within itself. It is still possible that one action might occur or the other, but the speaker is focused
more on describing the choice itself, and how he/she might react/feel/act as a result of this choice. For
example:
(비가 오거나 안 오거나) 중요하지 않아요
The part of the sentence in parentheses is the part of the sentence that the speaker wants to talk about.
By putting ~거나 on both verbs, the speaker isn’t saying that one action will occur and another won’t,
but rather wants to discuss what will happen as a result of either action occurring. Below are many
other examples. I have included the sentence twice (one with parentheses and the other without) to
make it easier to identify that the speaker isdiscussing the two options outlined in the parentheses.
I use the word “discuss” to broadly mean that the speaker could really say anything about the choices
outlined. The speaker might say that the two options “are not important,” that he “doesn’t care about
either of them,” that he “is worried” about them, and so on…
나한테 선물을 주거나 아무 것도 안 해 주거나 나는 행복해 보여야 돼
(나한테 선물을 주거나 아무 것도 안 해 주거나) 나는 행복해 보여야 돼
= If they give me a present or don’t do anything, I need to look happy
학생들이 수업 시간에 자거나 열심히 공부하거나 선생님들이 수업을 해야 돼요
(학생들이 수업 시간에 자거나 열심히 공부하거나) 선생님들이 수업을 해야 돼요
= If students sleep or study during class time, teachers (still) need to do classes
나머지를 먹거나 버리거나 결정해야 돼요
(나머지를 먹거나 버리거나) 결정해야 돼요
= You need to decide if you’re going to eat the rest or throw it out
선물을 사거나 파티에 빈손으로 들어가거나 어떻게 할지 고민 중이에요
(선물을 사거나 파티에 빈손으로 들어가거나) 어떻게 할지 고민 중이에요
= I’m not sure what/how to do it – I might go to the party with a present, or go empty handed
생선이나 고기나 모두 좋아할 거예요
(생선이나 고기나) 모두 좋아할 거예요
= It doesn’t matter if it is fish or meat, everybody will like it
이 영화나 저 영화나 둘 다 괜찮아요
(이 영화나 저 영화나) 둘 다 괜찮아요

= Either this movie or that movie, both are fine
기말고사를 부지런히 공부하거나 안 하거나 시험을 잘 못 볼 거예요
(기말고사를 부지런히 공부하거나 안 하거나) 시험을 잘 못 볼 거예요
= If I study diligently for the final exam or not, I’ll still do poorly on the exam
반말을 쓰거나 존댓말을 쓰거나 모든 한국 사람들이 이해할 수 있을 거예요
(반말을 쓰거나 존댓말을 쓰거나 모든 한국 사람들이) 이해할 수 있을 거예요
= Regardless of if you use informal speech or honorific speech, all Korean people will be able to
understand you
In most of these types of sentences, it would be very natural to use the phrases “I don’t care if…” or “it
doesn’t matter if…”. I will show you more examples of ~거나 and ~(이)나 in Lesson 74 and Lesson
75 where you learn how to create these types of sentences in Korean.
Using ~거나 twice in a sentence like this is commonly done with the verb 말다 (which was first
introduced in Lesson 40). When the speaker wants to discuss the choices of doing an action
and not doing an action, the positive action is commonly used, followed by 말다 to indicate the negative
action. For example:
A personal note about ~거나 말거나: This is more likely to be used when the outcome of doing the
action or not doing the action is irrelevant (or doesn’t matter), as you can see below. It’s typically not
used to say that one is thinking about doing one action, or not doing that action. This would more likely
be used with ~ㄹ/을까 말까, which will be discussed in a later lesson.
대학교에 가거나 말거나 공부를 해야 돼요
= You need to study if you go to University or not
네가 나를 사랑하거나 말거나 나는 떠날 거야
= Regardless of if you love me or not, I’m leaving
기말고사를 부지런히 공부하거나 말거나 시험을 잘 못 볼 거예요
= If I study diligently for the final exam or not, I’ll still do poorly on the exam
I hope you liked this observation I’ve made. I’d like to discuss another observation I’ve made.
———————————–
Every time I write a lesson, I try to organize sentences/examples into different usages or categories.
When trying to organize this lesson, I kept creating examples that wouldn’t fit into the different usages I
created based on Korean dictionaries.
I taught you that (one of) the general meanings of ~(이)나 and ~거나 is to indicate that it hasn’t been
decided which noun will be acted on, or which action will be performed. For example, let’s look at the
first sentence I showed you in this lesson:
Here, the speaker hasn’t decided if he/she wants to eat bread or rice.
I tried to make another example:
무기나 칼이 없어요 = I don’t have a weapon or a knife
Here, it’s not a decision between two objects, but rather that you don’t have either object.
I saw a similar phenomenon with ~거나 when applied to verbs. For example, let’s look at the first
sentence I showed you with ~거나:
Here, the speaker hasn’t decided if he wants to write a letter or buy a present
I tried to make another example:
저는 눕거나 앉을 수 없어요 = I can’t lay down or sit down
Here, it’s not a decision between two actions, but rather that both actions can’t happen
It might seem obvious to you now that I’ve presented it, but I really meddled with this in my head for a
while. It seems that when ~(이)나 and ~거나 are used with negative ending sentences, the speaker is
not deciding between two things/actions, but rather stating that neither of them are chosen/performed.
Here are a bunch of examples (using both ~(이)나 and ~거나) with various negative endings you’ve
learned so far:
희미한 빛이나 소리도 없었어요
= There wasn’t even a glimmer of light or sound
Here, it’s not a decision between light or sound. Neither of them exist.
기말고사를 볼 때 말을 하거나 밥을 먹어서는 안 돼요
= You shouldn’t talk or eat while writing the final exam
Here, it’s not a decision between speaking or eating. Both actions shouldn’t happen.
등교를 늦게 하거나 하교를 일찍 하면 안 돼요
= You shouldn’t come to school late or leave school early
Here, it’s not a decision between going to school late or leaving early. Both actions shouldn’t happen.
저는 그 남자를 보거나 생각하지 않을 거예요
= I’m not going to look at that man or think about him
Here, it’s not a decision between looking at the man or thinking about him. Both actions won’t happen.
Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn some difficult words that don’t fit into one particular lesson or another.
There have been a few lessons like this up to this point, and the goal is to introduce you to difficult
words that you wouldn’t otherwise understand if you just saw them in a vocabulary list. Just like I do
when I teach you grammatical principles, I will explain each word and how it can be used in every day
Korean conversation. Let’s get started with the list of words.
Vocabulary
어쩌면 = maybe, perhaps
아무래도 = probably
가꾸다 = to grow/cultivate crops
가꾸다 = to make oneself look nice
연세 = age
뵈다 = to see (high respect)

차림 = what one is wearing
– 옷차림 = outfit
– 잠옷 = pajamas
– 운동복 = exercise clothes
즉 = i.e./in other words…
Perhaps: 어쩌면
In earlier lessons, you have learned about some words that can be placed in sentences that don’t have
any real meaning. These types of words are often used in sentences for feeling and to help the listener
expect what the speaker will say. Two specific examples that you have already learned are “만약” and
“아무리.”
In Lesson 43, you learned about “만약” and how it is often used in sentences when the result of a
sentence can’t be certain. For example:
만약 내가 공부했으면 시험을 합격했을 것이다
= If I studied, I would have passed the test

만약 내가 밥을 먹었으면 배고프지 않았을 것이다
= If I ate, I wouldn’t have been hungry
Furthermore, in Lesson 48 you learned about the word “아무리” and how it can be added to sentences
that have “아/어도” in them. For example:
아무리 그 제품을 반값으로 줘도 저는 안 살 거예요
= Regardless of if you give me that product at half price, I’m not going to buy it
어쩌면 is another one of these words. If you look “어쩌면” up in the dictionary, you will probably see a
definition of “maybe” or “perhaps” (just like you would see the definition “if” if you looked up the word
“만약”). However, 어쩌면 can be taken out of sentences without any real change of meaning.
어쩌면 is often placed in sentences where the speaker is not sure about something, but is making a
guess about a situation. Because of the nature of this usage, 어쩌면 is often used in sentences that end
in ~ㄹ/을지(도) 모르다, which you learned about in Lesson 30. For example:
어쩌면 그녀가 올지도 몰라요
= She might come
= I don’t know if she will come
= Perhaps she will come
어쩌면 그녀의 남자 친구가 그녀를 위해 선물을 살지 몰라요
= Her boyfriend might buy her a present
= I don’t know if her boyfriend will buy her a present
= Perhaps her boyfriend will buy her a present

어쩌면 우리가 내일 갈 수 있을지도 몰라요
= We might be able to go (or might not be able to go) tomorrow
= I don’t know if we will be able to go tomorrow
= Perhaps we will be able to go tomorrow
어쩌면 can also be used to stress one’s amazement at some fact, almost as if the speaker is saying
“Wow! Look at that!” InLesson 23, you learned how 이렇게, 그렇게 and 저렇게 are often used in
sentences to stress why something occurs. For example:
왜 일찍 가요?
= Why are you going early?
왜 이렇게 일찍 가요?
= Why are you going so early (like this)?
어쩌면 is often added to sentences to stress “how” something is possible – often in combination with
이렇게, 그렇게 and 저렇게. For example:
어쩌면 이렇게 일찍 왔어요?
= How is it possible that you came this early?
어쩌면 비가 저렇게 많이 왔어요?
= How is it possible that it rained that much?
어쩌면 밥을 그렇게 많이 먹을 수 있어요?

= How is it possible that you can eat that much?
어쩌면 시험을 그렇게 잘 봤어요?
= How is it possible that you did that well on the exam?
It is possible to use 어쩌면 in these situations, but you’d be more likely to hear “어떻게” placed in that
situation to have the same meaning. For example:
어떻게 이렇게 일찍 왔어요?
= How is it possible that you came this early?
어떻게 비가 저렇게 많이 왔어요?
= How is it possible that it rained that much?
어떻게 밥을 그렇게 많이 먹을 수 있어요?
= How is it possible that you can eat that much?
어떻게 시험을 그렇게 잘 봤어요?
= How is it possible that you did that well on the exam?
Let’s move on to a similar word in 아무래도.

Perhaps: 아무래도
아무래도 is often used in sentences where the speaker “thinks” something will occur. Because of the
nature of this usage, 아무래도 is often used in sentences that end in 것 같다. You learned all about “것
같다” in Lesson 35. For example:
아무래도 그녀가 우리를 만나러 안 올 것 같아요
= She probably won’t come to meet us
아무래도 그가 벌써 떠났을 것 같아요
= He probably already left
There are technically two types of usages for 아무래도. One of them is an adverb, which is shown in the
examples above. Another usage of 아무래도 comes from bending the word 아무러하다. While we are
on the subject of 아무래도, I would like to discuss the word 아무러하다 with you, and how it can bend
into 아무래도.
The lengthy explanation that follows is fairly complex. In Lesson 25, you learned about 아무 and how it
can be placed before nouns and followed by a negative ending. For example:
저는 아무 것도 먹고 싶지 않아요
= I don’t want to eat anything/I want to eat nothing

아기는 아무 데도 가지 않았어
= The baby didn’t go anywhere/The baby went nowhere
저는 아무 말도 하지 않았어요
= I didn’t say anything/I said nothing
The adjective 아무러하다 acts similar to 아무, but more broadly indicates that “no form” of that
particular noun occurs. For example:
우리가 일어났을 때 아무러한 소리도 안 냈어요
= When we woke up, we didn’t make any (form of) sound
일을 할 때 아무러한 문제가 안 생기게 조심하게 하세요
= When you work, be careful to make sure that no (form of) problem comes up
남자가 자기 엄마가 죽은 것을 봤을 때 아무러한 느낌이 없었어요
= When the man saw his mother die, he didn’t have any (form of) feeling
아무러하다 is often contracted to 아무렇다, and can replace 아무러하다 in these types of sentences.
In fact, some Korean people said that the above sentences looked unnatural because of the use of
“아무러하다.” They said that it would be more natural to use “아무렇다” instead. Take what you want
from that, but officially 아무러하다 and 아무렇다 have the same meaning – as 아무렇다 is just a
contraction of 아무러하다. For example:
아무렇다 follows the ㅎ irregular from Lesson 23.
우리가 일어났을 때 아무런 소리도 안 냈어요

= When we woke up, we didn’t make any (form of) sound
일을 할 때 아무런 문제가 안 생기게 조심하게 하세요
= When you work, be careful to make sure that no (form of) problem comes up
남자가 자기 엄마가 죽은 것을 봤을 때 아무런 느낌이 없었어요
= When the man saw his mother die, he didn’t have any (form of) feeling
~아/어도 (Lesson 48) can be added to 아무러하다. The resulting construction (아무러해도) is often
added to sentences where the speaker indicates that – “regardless of what sort of thing happens,
everything will be okay or there will no problem.” For example:
늦게 해도 일이 아무러해도 문제가 없을 거예요
= It doesn’t matter if you do it late, the work/task won’t have a problem
When ~아/어도 is added to 아무렇다 it changes to 아무래도 because of the ㅎ irregular (Lesson 23).
Therefore, in addition to being placed in sentences where the speaker “thinks” something will occur (as
shown at the very beginning of this section using 것 같다), it is also possible to use 아무래도 in these
types of sentences. For example:
늦게 해도 일이 아무래도 문제가 없을 것 같아요
= It doesn’t matter if you do it late, the work/task won’t have a problem
—————————
Because 아무러하다 and 아무렇다 are adjectives, ~게 can be attached to it to change it into an adverb.
When ~게 is added to these words, ~나 (Lesson 58) is often attached on top of ~게. For example:
아무러하게나
아무렇게나
It is difficult to come up with a translation for these constructions when used in a sentence. A speaker
would put these constructions in a sentence to describe that an action is done “hastily, without much
thought.” For example, if I said:
일을 아무렇게나 하지 마!
I would, in effect, be telling somebody to do something properly, and to not do it “hastily without much
thought.” For example:
4 시까지 다 하려고 학생이 숙제를 아무렇게나 하고 선생님께 드렸어요
= In order to do it all by 4 o’clock, the student did the homework hastily without much thought and gave
it to the teacher
4 시까지 다 하려고 학생이 숙제를 아무러하게나 하고 선생님께 드렸어요
= In order to do it all by 4 o’clock, the student did the homework hastily without much thought and gave
it to the teacher
집에 들어가서 들고 있었던 물건을 바닥에 아무렇게나 놓았어요
= I went into the house, and hastily, without much thought, just threw the items I was carrying on the
floor
집에 들어가서 들고 있었던 물건을 바닥에 아무러하게나 놓았어요
= I went into the house, and hastily, without much thought, just threw the items I was carrying on the
floor
.
To grow/To make look pretty: 가꾸다
가꾸다 has a few different usages that are hard to connect to each other. Generally, 가꾸다 can be
used to indicate that:
One grows or cultivates some sort of cropsOne dresses up to make themselves look pretty
When used as the first usage above, it usually acts on the word “정원” (garden) or some sort of fruit or
vegetable. For example:
나이가 먹으면 정원을 가꾸는 것은 좋은 운동이에요
= When you get older, gardening is good exercise
우리는 옛날에 우리 집에서 채소를 가꿨어요
= A long time ago we grew/raised vegetables at our house

When used as the second usage above, it usually acts on the word “외모” or some similar word meaning
“body” or “appearance.” For example:
여자들이 파티에 가기 전에 예쁘게 가꿨어요
= Before the girls went to the party, they dolled themselves up all pretty
일주일 후에 데이트를 할 거라서 지금부터 외모를 가꿔야 돼요
= Because I have a date in a week, I have to make myself look nice
Age: 연세
연세 is the formal equivalent of the word “나이.” When talking to older people (much older people),
you should use the word “연세” to refer to their age. Using this word is a delicate science, because if
you use the word “나이” on a very old person, he/she might be offended. However, if you use the word
연세 on somebody who isn’t very old, he/she might be offended as well.
My wife says that up until about 65 years old, you would be safe to use the word “나이.” Anything after
that and you should be safe using the word “연세.” The difficulty here is also how old the person looks.
If the person looks really really old (like 80 or above), you should definitely use 연세 instead. Haha, this
is why Korean is crazy.
연세 is a noun, and is commonly placed with 많다 or 들다 (or the formal 드시다) to describe that one is
old. For example:
할아버지가 연세가 많아서 걷기가 힘들어요
할아버지가 연세가 드셔서 걷기가 힘들어요
= Grandpa is old, so it is difficult (for him) to walk
When asking about someone’s age using 연세 it is common to use 되다. For example:
연세가 어떻게 되세요? = How old are you?
Notice that ~세요 is being used to ask a question. To review the grammar within this, check Lesson 40.
To see: 뵈다
“뵈다” is the honorific equivalent of “보다” (to see). 뵈다 is used when the person being looked at
deserves a high amount of respect. For example:
저는 어제 선생님의 할아버지를 뵈었어요
= I saw your (the teacher’s) grandpa yesterday
(This sentence would be spoken to a teacher, about seeing the teacher’s grandfather).
Remember with these honorifics, the sentence can still be conjugated with low-form honorifics
depending on who you are speakingto. For example:
나는 어제 너의 할아버지를 뵈었어
= I saw your grandpa yesterday
(This sentence could be spoken to a friend about seeing the friend’s grandfather).
The conjugation of 뵈다 is the same as 되다. Below are the official ways of conjugating 뵈다:
AdditionConjugation 뵈다 + ~아/어뵈어뵈다 + ~았/었어뵈었어뵈다 + ~ㄹ/을뵐뵈다 + ~는뵈는뵈다 +

~ㄴ/는다뵌다
Like 되다, when ~아/어 (or a derivative of it like ~았/었) is added to 뵈다, the ~아/어 can merge with
the stem. The following conjugations are seen as acceptable:
AdditionConjugation 뵈다 + ~아/어봬뵈다 + ~았/었어뵀어뵈다 + ~ㄹ/을뵐뵈다 + ~는뵈는뵈다 +

~ㄴ/는다뵌다
Korean people often make the following mistakes when conjugating 뵈다:
They often write 뵈어 or 봬 as “뵈.” This is an incorrect conjugation
They often write 뵈었어 or 뵀어 as “뵜어.” This is an incorrect conjugation
Another similar word is “뵙다.” 뵙다 and 뵈다 have the same meaning and function, but 뵙다 is slightly
more formal (whatever that means). 뵙다 is a completely different word than 뵈다, and therefore does
not follow any of the acceptable “merging” conjugations seen with 뵈다. In fact, 뵙다 can only be used
when the conjugation or grammatical principle added to it begins in a consonant.
Because of this, “뵙어” or “뵙었어” are incorrect
Korean people might also write “봽어” or “봽었어” which are incorrect for two reasons
Again, only additions that begin with a consonant can be added to 뵙다. For example:
뵙겠다
뵙는
뵙고
뵙다 is a common way to politely say “see you (sometime in the future)” using 겠다. For example:
내일 뵙겠습니다 = See you tomorrow
나중에 뵙겠습니다 = See you later
Wearing…: 차림으로
차림 as a noun technically refers to one’s clothes. It is often used as “옷차림” to generally refer to one’s
outfit. For example:
그 여자의 옷차림이 아주 예뻐요 = That girl’s clothes/outfit is very pretty
차림 is often placed after an indication of a type or article of clothing, for example:
잠옷 차림 (pajamas)
교복 차림 (school uniform)
정장 차림 (a suit)
운동복 차림 (exercise clothes)
~(으)로 is often added to these constructions to indicate that one does an action while “wearing” the
specified article of clothing. For example:
그는 잠옷 차림으로 밖에 나갔어요
= He went outside wearing his pajamas
저는 매일 교복 차림으로 학교에 갔어요
= I went to school every day wearing my uniform
면접을 보러 정장 차림으로 들어오는 사람이 많아요
= There are many people coming in wearing suits to do the interview
운동복 차림으로 교회에 들어가서는 안 됩니다
= You shouldn’t go into church wearing exercise clothes

In other words/i.e.: 즉
This one is a pretty easy word and concept, but one that most people wouldn’t understand just by
looking at it. Knowing this one is good to know, but it really isn’t very common (especially in speaking).
You may come across this time to time when reading books or newspapers.
By placing the word “즉” between two sentences (either separated by a comma or a period), you can
create the meaning of “in other words.” The first sentence generally describes some situation, and the
second sentence usually clarifies any ambiguity being presented. For example:
그녀는 자기 남자 친구에게 그녀의 집에서 나가라고 했어요. 즉 그들은 헤어졌어요.
= She told her boyfriend to get out of her house. In other words, they broke up
날씨가 매우 추웠을 때, 즉 지난 겨울에 나무가 다 죽어버렸어요
= When the weather was very cold, by that I mean last winter, all the trees died
엄마가 전화를 갑자기 끊었어요. 즉 저랑 통화하기 싫어하는 것 같아요
= Mom suddenly hung up the phone. In other words, it seems that she doesn’t want to talk with me (on
the phone)
That’s it!
Lesson 60: Difficult words: 차다, 가득, 왠지, 설마, 찍다, 다행, ~달
Introduction
Just like in the previous lesson, this lesson will teach you some difficult words that you would not
otherwise understand. These are all words that you wouldn’t otherwise understand if you just saw them
in a vocabulary list. I’ll break each word down step by step as I always do. Let’s get started with the list
of words.
Vocabulary
차다 = to be full
가득 = filled (adverb)
– 자신감 = confidence
– 표정 = facial expression
왠지 = for some reason
설마 = don’t tell me that…
찍다 = to take picture, to stamp, to dot, to dip, to scan
– 도장 = a seal/stamp that Korean people have to replace a signature
다행(하다) = to be thankful
~달 = at some point in a month
To be full: 가득 차다
채우다 is an active verb that means “to fill.” For example:
병에 끝까지 물을 채워 주세요
= Please fill the bottle to the top (to the finish) with water
그들은 집을 이상한 가구로 채웠어요
= They filled their house with weird furniture
The passive equivalent, 차다 can be used to indicate that some area is full/filled. For example:
교실이 완전히 찼어요
= The classroom is completely full
식당이 완전히 찼어요
= The restaurant is completely full

The two sentences above are slightly unnatural in Korean because of their ambiguity. You can indicate
what the area is filled with by using the particle ‘(으)로’ after a noun.. For example:
교실이 학생들로 완전히 찼어요
= The classroom is completely filled with students
식당이 손님들로 완전히 찼어요
= The restaurant is completely filled with customers
Despite being in the past tense, “찼다” is describing that an area is currently full in the present. Much
like how in English the past tense “filled” can be used to indicate that something is “full” in the present
tense. It is also common to add ~아/어 있다 to 차다 to create the meaning that something is full/filled
in the present. For example:
교실이 학생들로 완전히 차 있어요
= The classroom is completely full with students
식당이 손님들로 완전히 차 있어요
= The restaurant is completely full with customers
A common adverb that is often included in sentences with 채우다 or 차다 is 가득. 가득 is an adverb
that carries the feeling that something is completely “filled/full.” It doesn’t translate to anything special
(other than “completely”), and it is more of a word that is included for feeling. For example:
교실은 학생들로 가득 찼어요
= The classroom is (completely) filled with students

식당은 손님들로 가득 찼어요
= The restaurant is (completely) filled with customers
Most people will tell you that 가득 it means “filled/full,” simply because it is very commonly used in
combination with 차다. There might be some times where you see 가득하다 as an adjective describing
that something is full, but it is generally more natural to use “가득 차다” instead.
This same usage of 차다 is also used to indicate that one is “full” with some sort of emotion or feeling.
For example:
자신감에 찬 표정으로 새로운 직장에 들어갔어요
= He went into a new workplace with a face “full of” confidence
시험결과를 보고 저는 기쁨으로 가득 찼어요
= After looking at the exam results, I was “full of” joy
손님이 불행에 찬 눈으로 주인을 봤어요
= The customer looked at the owner with eyes “full of” unhappiness
차다 has other meanings, but they are unrelated to this usage and thus will be presented in the
vocabulary lists of other lessons as separate words. You will see these words in other lessons, but it
might be good to familiarize yourself with the different possible usages:
차다 = to kick (Lesson 55)
차다 = to wear a watch (Lesson 101)
차다 = to be cold
Somehow/For some reason: 왠지
In Lesson 30, you learned how to use ~ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을지 in sentences when something is unknown. For
example:
제가 준 것이 괜찮은지 모르겠어요
= I don’t know if the thing that I gave is good
이 빛이 충분히 밝은지 모르겠어요
= I don’t know if this light is bright enough
In that lesson, you saw how question words could go in these types of sentences. For example:
그 사람을 왜 데려오는지 물어봤어요
= I asked him why he is bringing that person
비상출입구가 어디 있는지 찾았어요
= We found where the emergency exit is
In Lesson 23, you learned about 그렇다 and how it can be used as 그런 to mean “in that way.” For
example:
저는 그런 사람을 믿지 않아요
= I don’t trust that type of person/those types of people
저는 그런 것을 좋아하지 않아요
= I don’t like that type of thing
Using 그렇다 and the grammar taught inLesson 30, you can make the following sentence:
왜 그런지 몰라요 = I don’t know why it is like that
The word “왠지” is an adverb that has the meaning of the sentence above. It is used in sentences when
the speaker doesn’t know why something occurs – or when something occurs for no clear reason.
A typical translation for “왠지” could be “I don’t know why…” or “for some reason…”. However, as
always, I suggest that you worry less about the English translations and focus more on the meaning that
왠지 has based on your knowledge from Lesson 23 with 그렇다 and how ~ㄴ/은지 can be applied to it:
그녀는 왠지 한국어를 배우고 싶었어요
= She wanted to learn Korean for some reason
= I don’t know why, but she wanted to learn Korean
나는 왠지 오늘 학교에 가기 싫어
= I don’t want to go to school today for some reason
= I don’t know why, but I don’t want to go to school today
오늘이 일요일이지만 버스가 승객들로 왠지 가득 찼어요

= Even though today is Sunday, the bus is packed/filled with passengers for some reason
= I don’t know why, but even though today is Sunday, the bus is packed/filled with passengers
Expressing Astonishment with 설마
설마 is an adverb that is used in sentences to indicate a feeling that the speaker is amazed or astonished
that something occurs. Much like other adverbs that have a “feeling,” it is difficult to translate 설마
perfectly, so let’s start with a simple example:
설마 밥을 다 먹었어요?
When looking at a sentence like this, look at the sentence without 설마:
밥을 다 먹었어요?
= Did you eat all of the rice?
If we include “설마” in this sentence, the speaker is describing his amazement/astonishment that the
action occurs (i.e. the sentence without 설마).
Common translations of “설마” are “don’t tell me that…” or “I can’t believe that…”. For example:
설마 밥을 다 먹었어요?
= Don’t tell me you ate all the rice?!
= I can’t believe you ate all the rice!
설마 can be used in negative sentences too. For example:
설마 밥을 아직 안 먹었어요?
= Don’t tell me that you haven’t eaten (rice) yet?
= I can’t believe that you haven’t eaten (rice) yet!
설마 아직도 아파요?
= Don’t tell me you are still sick?
설마 그곳에 혼자 가요?
= Don’t tell me you are going there by yourself?
설마 학생이 그렇게 답장을 했어요?
= Don’t tell me the student responded like that?
설마 우리가 내일 학교에 가야 돼요?

= Don’t tell me that we have to go to school tomorrow?
설마 그들이 아버지와 어머니가 모르게 결혼을 할 거야?
= Don’t tell me they will get married without their parents knowing?
설마 is often used by itself to express one’s disbelief in a situation. Kind of like saying “no way, that’s
ridiculous” in English.
I was traveling in Hong Kong with my father-in-law in 2015, and we were sitting down having dinner. In
most restaurants in Korea, the servers will usually give you a big bottle of water for the whole table to
use. This was my father-in-law’s first trip abroad, and he had never experienced buying water at a
restaurant. I was unsure of the customs in Hong Kong, but we had the following conversation;
Father-in-Law: 왜 이렇게 물을 안 줘?
= Why aren’t they giving us any water?
Me: 돈을 내야 될 것 같아요
= We’ll probably need to pay for it
Father-in-Law: 설마!
= No way! That’s ridiculous!
I think we ended up getting free water in the end, but that story always sticks in my head.
To take a picture and other usages: 찍다
“찍다” has many usages that all center around a general idea. As a general umbrella usage, 찍다 is used
when touching two objects together. I want to describe this “touching two objects together” with an
example.
Imagine you have a piece of meat, and want to “dip” the meat into sauce. How would you create this
sentence? You know most of the words by this point:
저는 고기를 소스에 ….
… But what verb should you use? 찍다 is used in this situation. For example:
고기를 소스에 찍어야 돼요 = You need to dip the meat in the sauce
There are many other times when “찍다” is the appropriate verb for a situation like this. Below are
some examples of when “찍다” is used:
When taking a picture:
저는 사진을 찍었어요
= I took a picture
When “stamping” something:
저는 계약서에 도장을 찍었어요
= I stamped/sealed the contract

도장 in Korean refers to a little stamp that is dipped in ink and pressed against a document – usually
acting as an alternative to a signature.
When putting a dot or period on paper:
문장이 끝날 때마다 점을 찍어야 돼요
= When a sentence is finished, you need to put a period
When scanning your transportation card on a bus or subway:
카드를 거기에 찍어야 돼요
= You need to scan your card there
찍다 can be used in many situations, but they all center around this sort of theme.
Thankfully: 다행(이다)
The adjective “다행하다” is used to describe a “fortunate” or “lucky” event. For example:
아무도 안 죽은 것은 다행한 일이에요
= Nobody dyeing is (a) fortunate (event)
It can also be used as an adverb to mean “fortunately.” For example:

제가 유럽을 여행했을 때 다행히 문제가 생기지 않았어요
= When I traveled Europe, fortunately no problems came up
The noun “다행” often translates to “fortune” or “luck.” Korean people often usually put “다행” after a
clause ending in ~아/어서 (Lesson 37) to express that they are “thankful” that something happened. For
example:
제가 와서 다행
Of course, the construction above is not a sentence. 이다 can be placed after 다행 and be conjugated.
For example:
제가 와서 다행이에요
= Thankfully, I came
다행 and 다행하다 aren’t overly difficult, but I wanted to present them separately from other
vocabulary because I remember wanting to know how to say “thankfully, ….” when I was studying
Korean. Below are many more examples:
비가 안 와서 다행이에요
= Thankfully it didn’t rain
물이 별로 안 뜨거워서 다행이에요
= Thankfully the water isn’t too hot
별로 안 비싸서 다행이에요
= Thankfully it’s not too expensive

사진을 많이 찍어서 다행이에요
= Thankfully you took many pictures
아직 사람이 별로 없어서 다행이에요
= Thankfully there aren’t that many people yet
돈을 안 줘서 다행이에요
= Thankfully I didn’t give (him) any money
At some point in a month: ~달
In Lesson 11, you learned how to say that an action occurs on a specific day of a month. For example:
저는 8 월 15 일에 도착할 거예요
= I will arrive on August 15th
저는 이 여권을 1 월 2 일에 받았어요
= I received my passport on January 2nd
If you don’t know the exact day in a month that an action occurs, you can attach ‘~달’ to the name of
the month to have the meaning of “some time in ____.” For example:
저는 5 월달에 한국에 갈 거예요
= I’m going to Korea sometime in May
저는 6 월달에 시험을 볼 거예요
= I’m going to write an exam sometime in June

Lesson 49-60

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Lesson 49: There is no problem if: ~아/어도 되도

감독관 = supervisor, proctor

시합 = game, match, competition

인문 = humanities, liberal arts

자격증 = certificate (something showing qualification)

파악하다 = to understand, to grasp, to figure out

회복하다 = to restore, to recover

편리하다 = to be convenient, to be handy

단단하다 = to be hard, to be stiff

저는 선생님이 되고 싶어요= I want to be/become a teacher

세금은 값에 포함된다= The tax is included in the price

사업이 잘 되고 있어요?= Is your business going well?

일이 잘 돼요?= Is your work going well?

여기서 Wi-Fi 가 잘 돼요= The Wi-Fi here works well

심장수술이 잘 됐어요?= Did the heart surgery go well?

문제 해결이 잘 됐어요?= Did the problem get solved okay?

밥이 됐어요?= Is the rice ready?/Has the rice finished cooking?

밥이 아직은 안 됐어요= The rice still isn’t ready

컴퓨터가 안 돼요= The computer isn’t working

로그인이 안 돼요= The log-in isn’t working (I can’t log in)

Person 1: 축구 경기를 내일 보러 갈래요?= Shall we go to see a soccer game tomorrow?

To be allowed to do: ~아/어도 되다

네가 일찍 가도 … = Regardless of if you leave early…

네가 일찍 가도 돼= Regardless of if you leave early, there is no problem

네가 일찍 가도 돼= “You may go early,” or “You are allowed to go early”

Below are many examples:

아무거나 해도 돼요= You can do whatever you want

지금 문을 열어도 돼요= You may open the door now

여기 있어도 돼요= You are allowed to be here

당구를 여기서 쳐도 돼요= You are allowed to play pool here

제가 일찍 가도 돼요?= Regardless of if I go early, is there any problem?

제가 일찍 가도 돼요?= May I go early?

Below are many examples:

밥을 많이 먹어도 돼요?= May I eat a lot?

화장실에 가도 돼요?= May I go to the bathroom?

얼룩말에게 먹이를 줘도 돼요?= May I give feed to the zebras?

우리가 탁구를 해도 돼요?= May we play table tennis?

죄수를 보러 교도소에 들어가도 돼요?

= May we go into the prison to see the prisoners?

옆에 있는 사람이 하는 말이 아주 불쾌해서 다른 자리로 가도 돼요?

= What the person beside me is saying is unpleasant, so may I go to another seat?

선생님! 이 문제를 파악할 수 없어요. 나중에 선생님의 교무실에 가도 돼요?

= Teacher! I can’t grasp/understand this problem. May I go to your office later?

= It would have been okay if you left at that time

= It would have been okay if you opened the door

= It will be okay if you leave at that time

= It will be okay if you open the door

One doesn’t have to: 안 ~아/어도 되다

= Regardless of if you don’t leave quickly/early, there is no problem

= You don’t have to go quickly/early

Below are many examples:

= You don’t need to do it all by tomorrow

= I don’t need to eat because I already did

= You don’t need to sign here

이 음식에 소금을 안 넣어도 돼요

= You don’t need to put salt on this food

= You don’t need to worry about that kind of thing

그 시험을 합격하기 위해 공부를 안 해도 돼요

= In order to pass that test, I don’t need to study

이 학교가 과학 고등학교라서 인문학을 공부하지 않아도 돼요

그 나라에서 선생님이 되고 싶으면 특별한 자격이 있지 않아도 돼요

핸드폰에 연락처 기능이 있어서 요즘에 사람들은 기억력이 좋지 않아도 돼요

그 시험을 합격하기 위해 공부를 안 해도 돼요