Bio Digester Technology PPT

Solution for Human Waste Management

DRDO
Namita Banka
BANKA BIOLOO PRIVATE LIMITED
 PRESENT WORLD SCENARIO
According to UNICEF / WHO estimates:

About 1/7thof world population still openly defecate in the

absence of any toilet / latrine, of which 60% live in India.

The global impact of poor sanitation on human health and infant

/ child death is profound.

It is estimated that 10 million children under 5 die globally every

year out of which 2.4 million are in India.
 UNTREATED HUMAN WASTE LEADS TO:
AESTHETIC NUISANCE

CONTAMINATION OF FOOD, FRUITS & VEGETABLES

(DIRECT CONTACT, FLIES, RODENTS AND CONTAMINATED WATER)

ORGANIC POLLUTION TO WATER BODIES

Ø WATER BORNE DISEASES

Ø Viral gastroenteritis, typhoid, cholera,
jaundice etc.
Ø Diarrhoea (annually kills 500,000 children)
Ø Viral hepatitis (100 cases per 100,000 people)
 DEFAECATION

OPEN DEFAECATION

INDIVIDUAL HOUSES TOILETS – DRY, SOAK PIT, TWIN PIT & SEPTIC TANK

COMMUNITY TOILETS

UNTREATED SEWAGE INTO WATER SOURCES

INDIAN RAILWAYS
 WASTE TREATMENT CHALLENGES

WIDE VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE:

-50OC TO 50OC

VARIETY OF TERRAIN:
HIGH ALTITUDE, HILLY, MARSHY, PLAINS, DESERT, COASTAL
AREAS & ISLANDS

WATER CONDITIONS:
LOW / HIGH WATER TABLE
DRY / FLOODED / WATER LOGGED AREAS
SWEET / SALTY WATER

POPULATION DENSITY: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND

COARSE TO DENSE PERSONAL HABITS

ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS, AWARENESS,

CASUAL APPROACH AND LACK OF CONCERN
 ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION
LARGE POLYMERS
Carbohydrates Proteins Fats
HYDROLYSIS

Sugars Amino Acids Fatty Acids

Robust

ACIDOGENESIS

Carbonic Acids, Alcohols, H2 & CO2

ACETOGENESIS

Acetic Acid, H2 & CO2 Sensitive

METHANOGENESIS

METHANE, CO2
 DRDO TECHNOLOGY - BIOTOILET
BACTERIA ANAEROBIC MICROBIAL
(INOCULUM) CONSORTIUM DEVELOPED BY
ACCLIMATIZATION / ENRICHMENT OF
MICROBES AT LOW TEMPERATURE
AND BIO-AUGMENTATION WITH
CRITICAL GROUP OF BACTERIA

BIO-DIGESTER FERMENTATION CONTAINER MADE OF

MILD STEEL / SS / FRP / BRICKS.

THE DIMENSIONS AND INTERNAL

DESIGN VARIES WITH NO. OF USERS,
WATER AVAILABILITY AND GEO-
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
 SPECIAL FEATURES OF DRDO BIOTOILET
LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT EFFLUENT IS FREE FROM OFF
ODOUR AND SAFE FOR
ENVIRONMETAL DISCHARGE
CHOICE OF MATERIAL FOR
FABRICATION / CONSTRUCTION
MAINTENANCE FREE, NO NEED
AFFORDABLE TO CLEAN THE TANK

ORGANIC POLLUTION
PERMITS TOILET CLEANING
REDUCTION BY 99%
AGENTS
PATHOGEN INACTIVATION BY
99%
EASY TO TRANSPORT AND
VIABILITY IN ALL GEOCLIMATIC INSTALL
CONDITIONS PREVALENT IN THE
COUNTRY
MODULAR BIODIGESTERS FOR GLACIERS
LOW TEMPERATURE BIODIGESTERS FOR SOIL
BOUND HIGH ALTITUDE AREAS
 TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED HYBRID BIODIGESTER

Digester Solar Panel Grinder & Toilet Grinder

Working at North Pullu (16400ft) since July 2006

Ø Kitchen waste and human waste degradation

BIODIGESTERS INSTALLED AT OTHER PLACES

DRDE, Gwalior Vivekananda Needam, Gwalior

DRDE, Gwalior Model Town, New Delhi

 RAILWAY BIODIGESTER

DRDO + INDIAN RAILWAYS COLLABORATIVE ENDEAVOURS

q 9 trains fitted with 436 biotoilets

q 10000 biotoilets planned for 2012-13

BIODIGESTERS AT LAKSHADWEEP
FRP: 5-6 users
Size: 700 L

12000 biotoilets are being installed

BIOTANK: A LOW COST ECOFRIENDLY ALTERNATIVE
OF SEPTIC TANK
q Size: 1/4th to 1/10th
q Less space requirement
q Low material/ construction cost
q Can treat bathroom/kitchen
wastewater also
q No foul smell
BioTank
q Maintenance free

BioTank cum Reed Bed

BIOTOILETS INSTALLED AT DHAMRA, ODISHA
 EARLIER EXPERIENCES
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
The MINT Report
90% of TSC outlay for construction of toilets.
Not enough investment in ICE and motivating officials at the front line.
BASIX Study in Sheohar District, Bihar
Value chain for providing toilets was weak and not organized for
scalability.
NGOs faced financial pressure - delayed payments.
Lack of proper doors and roofing (lack of privacy).
Poor quality of tank size and walls.
Overall Assessment of TSC Toilets
60% of users were dissatisfied.
Overall satisfaction of the community is ~ 2 (scale of 1-5).
Collected waste decays naturally and needs repeated cleaning.
 DRDO DEVELOPED BIO-TOILETS
Technology developed over 2 decades, validated in extreme
conditions.
Dhamra, Lakshadweep, Railways – Successful Pilot ventures.
Challenges in Rural Sector:
No energy dependence
Affordability
Long lasting (at least 15 years)
Require minimum water for cleaning
Space constraints
All weather system
Allow use of toilet cleaning agents for better hygiene
Free of manual scavenging / evacuation and Maintenance
DRDO Bio-Digester addresses all above challenges adequately.
 BIODIGESTER/BIOTANK : WATER QUALITY
Septic Tank Biodigester/ Biotank + Reed
Biotank bed treatment
pH 6.7-7.5 7.0-7.2 7.0-7.5
Turbidity (NTU) 500-800 70-90 2-5
Total Suspended Solids 150-300 90-120 50-80
(mg/L)

TDS(mg/L) 500-850 350-450 100-300

VS (mg/100ml) 50-60 20-30 5-12
COD (mg/L) 1200-2000 250-300 15-25
BOD 5 (mg/L) 350-500 70-120 2-4
Coliforms (MPN/ml) >3000 300-350 0-12
 SAFETY OF EFFLUENT
Ø Oral toxicity at 0.5% of effluent
ØAcute toxicity
ØChronic toxicity
Ø No clinical signs such as excitability, CNS stimulation,
uncontrolled urination, bulging eyes, depression, etc
observed
Ø No change in biochemical parameters
ØConclusion:
No toxicity found in both rat and fish models
(Report: DRLT/PT/Tech Report-Biodigester/01/2012,
May 2012)
BIO-DIGESTER WITH SUPERSTRUCTURE

2. Seat and lid of –

§ FRP Lid integrated with seat of minimum thickness

8 mm, adequately reinforced .

§ Lid is to be assembled to tank using 8 mm Stainless

Steel (SS 304) bolts.

§ Lid has provision to hang im-mobilisers.

§ A manual flush pump is provisioned on the lid for

flushing.
 INOCULUM GENERATION FACILITY
PRESENT FACILITY OUTPUT:

• DRDE - 75m3 [Output = 1.4m3 / DAY]

• MOHAN RAIL (ToT HOLDER) - 6,00 m3 [Expected output = 10 m3 / day]

• AVERAGE REQUIREMENT (AFTER PROJECT COMMENCES) = 45 m3 / DAY [Assuming

80,000 Bio-Digesters in a year]

• FACILITIES TO BE GENERATED BY INDUSTRIES / NGO / Govt. ONLY FOR MEETING

ABOVE REQUIREMENT = 1680 m3
• PRODUCTION TO BE SCALED UP THROUGH
SUPPLY CONTRACT
• ONE FACILITY IN EACH STATE (AP & Orissa)
DESIRED TO MEET THE PRESENT / FUTURE
REQUIREMENT
MoU EXCHANGE BETWEEN DRDO & MIN. OF DRINKING
WATER & SANITATION FOR BIODIGESTER
 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) has
been signed between DRDO
and Ministry of Drinking
Water and Sanitation,
Government of India for
successful implementation of
this technology on national
level.

JULY 26, 2012