Creation of the de Sitter space from nothing in

Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld theory

Reyhan Dani Lambaga

and
Handhika S. Ramadhan, Ph.D

Departemen Fisika, Universitas Indonesia

reyhan.dani@sci.ui.ac.id

July 1, 2018

Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 1 / 17

Overview

1 Introduction

2 Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld theory

3 Vilenkin’s creation of the universes

4 Creation of de Sitter space from nothing in EiBI theory

5 Conclusion

6 Reference

Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 2 / 17

Introduction

Edington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) theory is a modified theory of

gravity that was popularized by Bannados and Ferreira 1 . One major
advantage of the EiBI theory is its ability to resolve the initial
singularity of the universe . This describes a universe without an
initial singularity.

1
M. Banados and P. G. Ferreira, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 011101
2
A. Vilenkin, Phys. Lett. 117B, 25 (1982), Phys. Rev. D 27 (1983) 2848.
Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 3 / 17
Introduction

Edington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) theory is a modified theory of

gravity that was popularized by Bannados and Ferreira 1 . One major
advantage of the EiBI theory is its ability to resolve the initial
singularity of the universe . This describes a universe without an
initial singularity.
This result leads to a non-singular description of the universe, but this
doesn’t necessarily mean that it doesn’t have an origin point. The
universe could still be created by quantum process.

1
M. Banados and P. G. Ferreira, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 011101
2
A. Vilenkin, Phys. Lett. 117B, 25 (1982), Phys. Rev. D 27 (1983) 2848.
Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 3 / 17
Introduction

Edington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) theory is a modified theory of

gravity that was popularized by Bannados and Ferreira 1 . One major
advantage of the EiBI theory is its ability to resolve the initial
singularity of the universe . This describes a universe without an
initial singularity.
This result leads to a non-singular description of the universe, but this
doesn’t necessarily mean that it doesn’t have an origin point. The
universe could still be created by quantum process.
We would like to test Vilenkin’s Creation of the universes from
nothing 2 . In Vilenkin’s proposal, the universe is created by quantum
tunneling from nothing to de Sitter space. We would like to test this
proposal in EiBI theory.

1
M. Banados and P. G. Ferreira, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 011101
2
A. Vilenkin, Phys. Lett. 117B, 25 (1982), Phys. Rev. D 27 (1983) 2848.
Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 3 / 17
Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld theory

Action in EiBI theory 3 is given by,

Z q 
1 p
S= d4 x |gµν + κRµν | − λ |g| + SM [gµν , ΦM ] . (1)
κ

λ ≡ 1 + κΛ, where κ is the so-called Eddington parameter and Λ is the

cosmological constant. SM is the matter Lagrangian as a function of the
metric gµν and field ΦM .
Using Palatini formalism, where the metric gµν and connection Γαβρ are
independent with each other, we get the equations of motion :
1 µν
Γµαβ = q (qνα,β + qνβ,α − qαβ,ν ) , (2)
2
qµν = gµν + κRµν , (3)
√ µν √ √
−qq = λ −gg µν − 8πκ −gT µν . (4)

3
M. Banados and P. G. Ferreira, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 011101
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Vilenkin’s creation of the universes

Vilenkin4 gives a cosmological model in which the universe is created by

quantum tunneling from nothing into de Sitter space. We assume the
universe starts in the symmetric vacuum state that has nonzero energy
density ρv . The spacetime metric is :

ds2 = dt2 − a2 (t)dΩ23 , (5)

solution of a(t) can be found from the evolution equation,

8
ȧ2 + 1 = πGρv a2 , (6)
3
which is,
a(t) = H −1 cosh(Ht), (7)
where H = (8πGρv /3)1/2 .

4
A. Vilenkin, Phys. Lett. 117B, 25 (1982), Phys. Rev. D 27 (1983) 2848.
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Vilenkin’s creation of the universes

This solution describes an universe which is contracting at t < 0 until it

reaches minimum size (amin = H −1 ) at t = 0, and is expanding at t > 0.
If we see a as the particle coordinate, we find a similarity with quantum
tunneling process.
We moves to the Euclidean framework by using wick rotation (t → −iτ ).
Eq. (6) becomes −ȧ2 + 1 = H 2 a2 .
The solution of this equation is

a(τ ) = H −1 cos(Hτ ), (8)

This solution also bounces at the classical turning point amin . The
solution is defined only for |τ | ≤ π/2H.

Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 6 / 17

 t

Figure: A schematic representation of the cosmic tunneling event.

Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 7 / 17

Vilenkin’s creation of the universes

The action of the de Sitter instanton is given by

 
√ 4 √
Z Z
1 4 1 2
SE = − d xR g + d x g (∂µ φ) + V (φ) , (9)
16πG 2

Where V (φ) = ρv . We restrict the scalar field φ to a constant value. We

integrate from −π/2H to π/2H. We finds,
3
SE = − (10)
8G2 ρv

We can use our previous analogy to interpret the quantity exp(−SE ) as

being proportional to the tunneling probability. If the potential has several
maxima, most universes will be created at the maximum with the smallest
value.

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Creation of de Sitter space from nothing in EiBI theory

We will use the result from 5 , where they already calculate the Euclidean
EiBI action for the general case. We use minisuperspace metrics given by,

ds2g = dτ 2 + a(τ )2 dΩ23 , (11)

ds2q = M (τ )2 dτ 2 + b(τ )2 dΩ23 , (12)

The Euclidean EiBI action is,

!
2π 2 κφ̇2 b2
Z 
3
SE = dτ a λ + κV (φ) + 2 1− 2 , (13)
κ 2 a

We use 8πG = 1 and c = 1.

5
F. Arroja, C. Y. Chen, P. Chen and D. h. Yeom, JCAP 1703 (2017) no.03, 044
Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 9 / 17
Creation of de Sitter space from nothing in EiBI theory

with the equations of motion,

b ḃṀ bM 2
b̈ = + − , (14)
3κ M 3κ
ḃ2 a2 b2 b2
= 1 + − − , (15)
M2 2κ 3κ 6κM 2
b3 κφ̇2
= λ + κV (φ) − , (16)
a3 M 2
bM κφ̇2
= λ + κV (φ) + , (17)
a 2
3ȧ dV (φ)
0 = φ̈ + φ̇ − . (18)
a dφ

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Creation of de Sitter space from nothing in EiBI theory

Following Vilenkin’s path, we set the scalar field φ to a constant value.

From equations of motion we find that,

b2
M2 = = ±(λ + κV (φ)) (19)
a2
a2
ȧ2 = 1 + (1 − (λ + κV (φ))) (20)
3κ
a2
ä = (1 − (λ + κV (φ))) (21)
3κ
The solution for a is,
s r !
3 (V (φ) + Λ)
a= cos τ (22)
(V (φ) + Λ) 3

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Creation of de Sitter space from nothing in EiBI theory

We calculate the Euclidean EiBI action:

2π 2 b2
Z  
3
SE = dτ a (λ + κV (φ)) 1 − 2 (23)
κ a
 3/2
2 3
SE = −2π (λ + κV (φ))(V (φ) + Λ)
V (φ) + Λ
Z πq 3 r !
2 (V (φ)+Λ) (V (φ) + Λ)
× dτ cos3 τ (24)
3
q
π 3
− 2 (V (φ)+Λ)

3
SE = −8π 2 (λ + κV (φ)) (25)
(V (φ) + Λ)
 
2 1
SE = −24π +κ (26)
(V (φ) + Λ)

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 200

SE = -1
=0
-200
=1

-400

0 10 20 30 40 50

V+Λ
Figure: The values of the Euclidean EiBI action with different value of κ. The
κ = 0 also represent the general relativity case.

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Creation of de Sitter space from nothing in EiBI theory

By using a positive value of κ, the action will be lower than the

general relativity counterpart. The opposite situation happens if we
use negative value of κ, the action will be higher. Also, the negative
value of κ makes the action to cross SE = 0 and change sign
afterward.
If κ has a very small negative value, the tunneling probability could be
been peaked at large value of V (φ) + Λ. This will lead to a scenario
where most universes being created at the maximum with the largest
value.
If we choose to set V (φ) = 0, the action will be independent from φ.
The resulting action comes purely from gravity.

Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 14 / 17

Conclusion

We find the Euclidean action for Vilenkin’s creation of the universes

from nothing in EiBI theory. If we use a positive value of Eddington
parameter κ, the Euclidean action is decreased. Otherwise, if we use
a negative value of κ, the action is increased.
For κ with a very small negative value, there is a possibility that the
tunneling probability could be peaked around a maximum with a large
value.
In EiBI theory, the Euclidean action can be achieved without the
scalar field contribution, resulting in action that comes only from
gravity.

Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 15 / 17

Reference

[1] M. Banados and P. G. Ferreira, “Eddington’s theory of gravity and its progeny,”
Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 011101

[2] A. Vilenkin, “Creation of Universes from Nothing,” Phys. Lett. 117B, 25

(1982).

[3] A. Vilenkin, “The Birth of Inflationary Universes,” Phys. Rev. D 27 (1983) 2848.

[4] F. Arroja, C. Y. Chen, P. Chen and D. h. Yeom, “Singular Instantons in

Eddington-inspired-Born-Infeld Gravity,” JCAP 1703 (2017) no.03, 044

Reyhan Dani Lambaga (UI) July 1, 2018 16 / 17

 Thank You

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