Particles’ trajectories around charged black holes with a

nonlinear electrodynamics source

A S. Habibina, Handhika S. Ramadhan

Departemen Fisika
Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia

Universitas Indonesia

20 September 2018

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 Overview

1 Introduction

2 Electrically charged black hole solution

3 Geodesic Equation

4 Result and Discussion

5 Conclusion

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 Introduction

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 Introduction

There have been many proposals of nonlinear electrodynamics

(NLED) whose goal is to resolve the singularity of Maxwell’s solution
of the field of point charge
One of the most studied formulation is the Born-Infeld (BI)
electrodynamics, resulting in a finite electric field and energy at the
charge’s position
The geodesics of black hole coupled to BI electrodynamics had been
studied in general relativity by Breton1

1
N. Breton and R. Garcia-Salcedo, hep-th/0702008 [HEP-TH].
A S. Habibina, Handhika S. Ramadhan (UI) 20 September 2018 4 / 21
 Introduction

One of the form of nonlinear electrodynamics is the one proposed by

Hassaı̈ne2
We write a generalization of the Maxwell action defined by Hassaı̈ne
as follow
√
Z
IM = α dd x −g (Fµν F µν )q , (1)

In this action (1), Fµν = ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ is the Maxwell tensor α is a

constant and d is the number of dimension. Later, we set d = 4 and
define q as an arbitrary number of power of the electrodynamics.

2
M. Hassaine and C. Martinez, Phys. Rev. D 75, 027502 (2007), [hep-th/0701058].
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 Electrically charged black hole solution

A S. Habibina, Handhika S. Ramadhan (UI) 20 September 2018 6 / 21

 Electrically charged black hole solution

We consider the following action

√
Z  
R
I[gµν , Aµ ] = d4 x −g − α(Fµν F µν )q , (2)
2κ
where q is a rational number that will be determined later, κ > 0 is the gravitational constant,
and R is the scalar curvature. We also define a line element in a static and spherically
symmetric space-time as

dr2
ds2 = −N 2 (r)f 2 (r)dt2 + + r2 dΩ2 . (3)
f 2 (r)
The formulation here is restricted by electrostatic scenario (Aµ ≡ φ, 0, 0, 0) and the only
non-vanishing component of the Maxwell tensor is given by Ftr .

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 Electrically charged black hole solution

The equations of motion derived from the action are

1 √
√ ∂µ ( −gF µν F q−1 ) = 0, (4)
−g
 
1
Gµν = 4κα qFµρ Fνρ F q−1 − gµν F q , (5)
4

where F is the Maxwell invariant F = Fαβ F αβ . By inserting Gµν to the Einstein equation, we
can express the scalar curvature in terms of Maxwell invariant F as

R = −κα(4q − 4)F q . (6)

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 Electrically charged black hole solution

The Einstein Tensor now can be written as

((N f )0 f )0 2(N f )0 f (4q − 4)

Gtt = − − + κα = κα(2q − 1)F q , (7)
N rN 2
((N f )0 f )0 2f 0 f (4q − 4)
Grr = − − + κα = κα(2q − 1)F q , (8)
N r 2
(N f )0 f f 0f (1 − f 2 ) (4q − 4)
Gθθ = − − + + κα = −καF q . (9)
rN r r2 2

Substracting Eqs. (7) and (8) gives

2N 0 f 2
= 0. (10)
rN
Therefore, N (r) is a constant, which can be set to 1 without loss of any generality.

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 Electrically charged black hole solution

we obtain the generalized Maxwell equations (4) as

∂r (r2 F rt (Frt )2q−2 ) = 0. (11)

Solving the Einstein equations gives us the following solution

C
Ftr = 2 , (12)
r 2q−1

A 2κα(−1)q C 2q (2q − 1)2

f 2 (r) = 1 − − 2 , (13)
r 2(3 − 2q)r 2q−1
N (r) = 1. (14)

Where A and C are two integration constants proportional to the mass and the electric charge.

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 Electrically charged black hole solution

Setting q = 1 reduces f 2 (r) to

A C 2 ακ
f 2 (r) = 1 − + (15)
r r2
1
which is equivalent to RN solution when α = κ
. Hence we can fix the constants as

A = 2M , C = Q. (16)
In order to gain a real solution, the exponent q is then restricted to be an element of the
following set
 
n
Q̃ = , (n, p) ∈ Z, p 6= 2 (17)
p

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 Geodesic Equation

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 Geodesic Equation

In the case of motion of test particle of mass µ and charge , the geodesic is

d 2 xν dxα dxβ  dxσ

2
+ Γαβν = − Fσν . (18)
dτ dτ dτ µ dτ
Evaluating the geodesic equation for the t coordinate, we have
2 +1
 Cr 1−2q
ṫf 2 = E + 2
(19)
µ 1−2q +1

where E is the energy of the charged particles. We limit our case as timelike geodesic in
equatorial plane (θ = π/2), which gives the line element

1 = f 2 ṫ2 − f −2 ṙ2 − r2 φ̇2 . (20)

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 Geodesic Equation

The geodesic of φ coordinate gives the relation L = r2 φ̇ where L is the angular momentum of
the test particle. Substituting this relation and (19) to (20), we have
2 +1 
2
L2
  
 Cr 1−2q
ṙ2 + f 2 +1 − E+ 2
= 0. (21)
r2 µ 1−2q +1
1 2 
Comparing Eq. (21) with 2
ṙ + Vef f (E, L, r) = 0 and defining β = µ
, we get the effective
potential
2 +1 
2
f2 L2
  
1 Cr 1−2q
Vef f (r) = +1 − E+β 2 (22)
2 r2 2 1−2q
+1

which depends on both E and L for a charged particle.

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 Result and Discussion

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 Chargeless Test Particles

β=0,κ=1.0
0.5

0.4 1
5
0.3
3
Veff

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
r
Figure: The effective potential Ve f f for chargeless test particles with different number of q.
The values of the constant are M = Q = 0.5, E = 1, L = 3, α = 1/4.

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 Positively Charged Test Particles

β=0.7,κ=1.0
1
1
0
5
Veff

-1 3

-2

-3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
r
Figure: The effective potential Ve f f for positively charged test particles with different number
of q. The values of the constant are M = Q = 0.5, E = 1, L = 3, α = 1/4.

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 Negatively Charged Test Particles

β=-0.7,κ=1.0
1.0

0.5
1
Veff

0.0

-0.5 5 3

-1.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
r
Figure: The effective potential Ve f f for negatively charged test particles with different number
of q. The values of the constant are M = Q = 0.5, E = 1, L = 3, α = 1/4.

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 Conclusion

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 Conclusion

In 4-dimensional Einstein’s gravity, there is no SCO provided by the

effective potential, regardless of the charge of the test particles
The nonlinearity of the electrodynamics resulting a repulsive effect
that prevent the test particles to form a stable orbit

A S. Habibina, Handhika S. Ramadhan (UI) 20 September 2018 20 / 21

 Thank You

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