Title: Self-Confidence

1. Which of the following statements regarding self-efficacy is (are) true?

a. There is a reciprocal relationship between efficacy and behavior change.
b. Efficacy changes are related to changes in exercise adherence.
c. Exercise behavior can influence feelings of efficacy.
*d. all of the above
e. a and c

Title: Self-Confidence
2. One's confidence can change as the situation changes. This is known as
a. trait self-confidence
*b. state self-confidence
c. situational self-confidence
d. cognitive self-confidence
e. naturally occurring self-confidence

Title: Self-Confidence
3. Sport self-confidence is currently viewed as
a. a trait variable
b. a state variable
*c. statelike or traitlike depending on the situation
d. an affective variable
e. a cognitive variable

Title: Self-Confidence
4. The probable reason that approximately a dozen runners broke the 4-minute barrier within one
year after Roger Bannister originally did was their
a. enhanced training procedures
b. improved equipment
c. faster tracks
*d. expectations that it could be done
e. superior coaching

Title: Self-Confidence
5. Confidence is seen as multidimensional, consisting of confidence in
a. one's ability to execute physical skills
b. one's level of fitness
c. one's psychological skills
*d. all of the above
e. a and c

Title: Self-Confidence
6. According to the study by Nelson and Furst on arm wrestling and expectations,
a. objectively weaker subjects who expected to win actually did win more often than stronger
subjects who expected to lose
b. objectively stronger subjects won regardless of expectations
c. objectively weaker subjects won regardless of expectations
d. expectations were a better predictor of success than actual strength was
*e. a and d

Title: Self-Confidence
7. According to Rosenthal and Jacobson's study on teachers’ expectancies and students’
performances,
*a. children identified as "late bloomers" exhibited the greatest gains in IQ
b. teachers' expectations were not related to IQ scores
c. children identified as "late bloomers" exhibited the slightest gains in IQ
d. males had higher gains in IQ than females did
e. none of the above

Title: Self-Confidence
8. Coaches often form expectations of athletes based on
a. performance information and media reports
*b. performance information and person cues
c. person cues and media reports
d. scouting and media reports
e. person cues and scouting reports

Title: Self-Confidence
9. Which of the following is (are) true?
a. Coaches spend more time with high-expectancy athletes.
b. Coaches show more positive affect to high-expectancy athletes.
c. Coaches spend more time with low-expectancy athletes.
*d. a and b
e. b and c

Title: Self-Confidence
10. Which of the following is (are) FALSE?
a. Coaches give high-expectancy athletes more instructional feedback.
b. Coaches provide more praise to high-expectancy athletes.
*c. Coaches provide more beneficial feedback to low-expectancy athletes.
d. a and b
e. b and c

Title: Self-Confidence
11. Which of the following is (are) true?
a. Low-expectancy athletes exhibit lower performances due to less effective reinforcement and
playing time.
b. Low-expectancy athletes attribute their failures to lack of effort.
c. Low-expectancy athletes attribute their failures to lack of ability.
*d. a and c
e. a and b
Title: Self-Confidence
12. The four-step process concerning the formation of a coach’s expectations and their effects on
the coach's and athlete's behavior signifies that
a. coaches should continually reevaluate an athlete's ability throughout the season
b. coaches should carefully monitor their quantity and quality of reinforcement and instructional
feedback
c. coaches should rely on one source to make ability judgments
d. all of the above
*e. a and b

Title: Self-Confidence
13. Self-efficacy theory was originated by
a. Charley Hardy
b. Tara Scanlan
*c. Albert Bandura
d. Larry Brawley
e. Joseph Wolpe

Title: Self-Confidence
14. Confidence is usually defined by sport psychologists as the
*a. belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior
b. inner self
c. equivalent of self-esteem
d. belief that you can do anything you desire if you set your mind to it
e. none of the above

Title: Self-Confidence
15. Self-efficacy has been used interchangeably with
a. self-esteem
*b. self-confidence
c. self-motivation
d. self-concept
e. self-fulfilling prophecy

Title: Self-Confidence
16. Confidence can be improved by
a. thinking confidently
b. acting confidently
c. using imagery
*d. all of the above
e. a and b

Title: Self-Confidence
17. If you want to avoid breaking down an individual's self-confidence,
a. don't criticize people for inconsequential errors
b. don't criticize the behavior; criticize the person
c. don't use sarcasm to motivate people
d. all of the above
*e. a and c

Title: Self-Confidence
18. Which of the following is NOT a recommendation provided by Horn regarding expectations
of coaches?
a. Coaches should interact infrequently with athletes.
b. Coaches should respond to skill errors with immediate criticism.
*c. Coaches should try to create a mastery-oriented environment.
d. a and c
e. b and c

Title: Self-Confidence
19. Collective efficacy refers to
*a. each individual's perception of the efficacy of the team as a whole
b. the aggregate of each individual's own self-efficacy
c. the coach's view of the efficacy of the team as a whole
d. the belief that the team can win the championship
e. none of the above

Title: Self-Confidence
20. Recent research has identified nine sources of sport self-confidence. These fit into which of
the following categories?
a. climate (environment)
b. self-regulation
c. arousal
*d. a and b
e. b and c

Title: Self-Confidence
21. According to the latest thinking, self-efficacy is now called
*a. self-regulatory efficacy
b. self-improvement
c. self-esteem
d. self-worth
e. self-monitoring

Title: Self-Confidence
22. Research by Gould and his colleagues on setting up detailed plans as a way to increase
confidence showed that
*a. elite athletes had the most detailed plans
b. female athletes had the most detailed plans
c. male athletes had the most detailed plans
d. college athletes had the most detailed plans
e. none of the above
Title: Self-Confidence
23. Coaching efficacy is composed of all of the following areas except
a. game strategy
*b. playing experience
c. motivation
d. technique
e. character building

Title: Self-Confidence
24. The relationship between confidence and performance is
a. positive linear
b. negative linear
*c. curvilinear
d. negatively accelerated
e. positively accelerated

Title: Self-Confidence
25. Research has indicated that live and filmed modeling increases self-efficacy in muscular-
endurance tasks. This is an example of
a. verbal persuasion
*b. vicarious experiences
c. performance accomplishments
d. emotional arousal
e. parental expectations

Title: Self-Confidence
26. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of confidence?
a. positive emotions
b. effort
c. concentration
d. goals
*e. visualization

Title: Self-Confidence
27. The strongest and most dependable information on which to base self-efficacy judgments
comes from
a. vicarious experiences
*b. performance accomplishments
c. emotional states
d. verbal persuasion
e. physiological states

Title: Self-Confidence
28. An injured athlete is feeling depressed and anxious about his rehabilitation and thus has a low
sense of self-efficacy. This is an example of using which source of self-efficacy?
a. vicarious experiences
b. physiological states
c. verbal persuasion
d. performance accomplishments
*e. emotional states

Title: Self-Confidence
29. Which of the following is (are) NOT a major source of self-efficacy?
*a. parental expectations
b. performance accomplishments
c. emotional arousal
d. vicarious experiences
e. a and d

Title: Self-Confidence
30. Which of the following points about self-efficacy theory is (are) true?
a. Self-efficacy affects effort expenditure and persistence.
b. Self-efficacy plus ability are enough for success.
c. Self-efficacy is task specific.
d. all of the above
*e. a and c

Title: Self-Confidence
31. Researchers investigating the concept of psychological momentum in sport found that teams
of athletes having momentum
a. will continue to perform well for the next few minutes of play
b. will continue to perform well for the rest of the game
*c. were just as likely to perform poorly as to continue to perform well
d. are important in individual sports but not in team sports
e. are important in team sports but not in individual sports

Title: Self-Confidence
32. According to recent research on the “hot hand” in basketball, if a coach needed to choose a
player to take the last critical shot, he should choose
a. the player who has the hot hand
b. It doesn’t matter whom he chooses.
*c. the player with the hot hand who is also generally a good shooter
d. the player with the hot hand who is generally not a good shooter
e. none of the above

Title: Self-Confidence
33. Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the model of sport confidence?
a. sources of sport confidence
b. constructs of sport confidence
c. factors influencing sport confidence
*d. controllability of sport confidence
e. factors affecting sport confidence

Title: Self-Confidence
34. Which of the following is true regarding judges’ knowing a skater beforehand?
a. Judges’ knowledge of the skater did not affect their scoring.
*b. Skaters who were known to judges were ranked higher than skaters not known to judges.
c. Skaters known to judges received higher artistic marks than skaters not known to judges.
d. a and c
e. b and c