General Index

absolute brightness, 245, 253 authority, 1-2, 5-6, 9, 75, 112, 130, 353
absolute dating, 279, 286-289, 383 autotrophs, 216, 377
absolute time, 284 average molecular kinetic energy, 98, 103
absorption spectrum, 139-140, 260 Avogadro’s hypothesis, 100, 168, 172, 175, 179
abyssal hills, 273, 276, 316, 323, 325, 382, 384 basal slip, 339
abyssal plains, 273-274, 276, 316, 323, 325, 382, 384 basalt, 270, 273-276, 295, 297, 299-300, 306, 308-309,
acceleration, 20-23, 25 312, 382
acids, 205-208, 211, 212-218, 220-221, 377 base, 79, 167, 202, 205, 208-210, 212, 294, 296, 298,
activation energy, 174, 179 315, 377, 383
ADP, 216, 221, 377 base level, 339, 345, 385
alcohol, 88, 167, 195, 203, 211 basement rocks, 322, 324
alloys, 159, 183, 185, 188-189, 374 Benioff zones, 317-318
alluvial fans, 339 beta decay, 225-226, 230-234, 237-238, 241, 378
alpha decay, 224-225, 230, 232 beta particles (rays), 231
alpha particles (rays), 136-137, 141, 224, 231, 370 big bang, 243, 248-254, 263, 380
alternating current, 33 binary accretion model, 269, 275
ambient temperature thermal energy, 107, 111-112, biosphere, 327, 334
367 black dwarf, 258, 261-262
amino acid, 207, 211, 215-218, 221, 377 black hole, 259, 261-262, 382
amino acid fabrication, 216 Bohr model, 137-138, 141, 161
amino group, 206, 210-213 brightness-distance, 245-246, 253
ammonia, 88, 205, 207, 210, 213, 215, 219-220, 268, brittleness, 187-188
377 Brownian motion, 75, 95-96, 102-103, 111, 211, 365,
ammonoids, 331-332, 334 370
amplitude, 117-118, 121-122, 144-145, 151 buoyancy, 47, 49, 51, 53, 298
angular momentum, 55-57, 62-64, 264-265, 269, 275- buoyant force, 49-54, 359-360
276, 382 Cambrian period, 288, 333
antinode, 160 capture model, 269, 275
apparent brightness, 245, 253 carbohydrate, 106, 204, 212
Archimedes’ principle, 49, 53, 298, 384 carbon chains, 201, 207, 211-212, 220
asthenosphere, 297-300, 308, 312-313, 315-320, 323- carbonization, 330, 334
324, 343 carbonized residues, 330
astronomical distance measuring, 243-245, 246-247 carbonyl group, 204-205, 211-213
astronomical unit, 266, 275 carboxyl group, 205-206, 210-213
atmosphere, 219, 297 cast, 128, 130, 243, 330, 334
atmosphere, origin of, 343 catalyst, 207
atomic clock, 79, 83 catastrophe theories, 263, 266, 276, 382
atomic mass, 136, 141-142, 159, 163-164, 166, 168, catastrophism, 288, 328
170, 223, 232, 349, 370, 372 causality, 2, 8-9, 288
atomic mass unit, 136, 141 Cavendish balance, 34, 291, 299
atomic number, 158-161, 163, 165-168, 223-226, 230- cell nutrients, 215-216
232, 296, 372, 378 cells, 12, 201, 203, 207-209, 216, 218-219, 227-228,
atoms, 13-14, 17 323, 344, 379
atomic volume, 163, 169, 372 Cenozoic era, 283, 288, 308, 323, 333, 340
ATP, 216, 220-221, 377 centripetal, 20, 25, 42-45, 358-359

389
centripetal accelerations, 42 cosmology, 4-5, 243, 247, 251-253, 380
centripetal forces, 42-43, 358 coulomb, 32, 35
Cepheid variables, 245 covalent bonds, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 211-213, 220
chain reaction, 203, 236-237, 239-242, 379 craton, 271-272
charge, 31-34 cross-cutting relations, 280, 288-289
charge on an electron, 134 crust, 14, 295, 299
charged particles in atoms, 133, 142 crystal, 14, 17-18, 133, 145, 151, 179, 186-187, 195,
chemical bond, 178-179, 185, 189, 193, 197 197, 263
chemical elements, 155, 159, 169, 349 Curie temperature, 296, 299, 306, 312, 384
chemical formulas, 176-179, 190 curved spacetime, 253
chemical potential energy, 59, 61-63, 107-109, 361- dark energy, 251, 253-254
362, 364, 367-368 dark matter, 249, 253-254
chemical reaction, 61, 63, 174, 177-180, 207, 362 daughter product, 285, 287-288
chemical reactivity, 184-185, 188 decay curve, 285, 287, 289, 383
chlorophyll, 213, 216, 220-221, 377 deceleration, 20-21, 25
circuit, 33, 35, 361 deductive method, 17
circular motion, 17, 24, 42, 44, 56, 69 deep oceanic trench, 275
collisional model, 269, 275 deep ocean floor, 273
color, 89, 92 deltas, 339
combustion, 61, 63, 65, 85, 167, 224, 285, 362 dense oxide, 299
complex organisms, 218, 344 density, 89, 92
compound, 174, 179 deoxyribonucleic acid, 208, 212, 333
compression force, 92 deoxyribose, 204, 208, 210, 212-213
compression waves, 116-117, 121-122 destructive interference, 121, 144, 155, 160
concepts, 347 differentiated planet, 297, 299-300, 383
conductors, 33, 35, 40, 91, 93-94, 169, 365 diffraction, 120-122, 125-127, 130-132, 143, 145-146,
conservation laws, 55, 63, 67, 82 152, 369-370
conservation of angular momentum, 56-57, 63, 264, direct current, 33
269, 275 discrete, 32
conservation of electric charge, 55-56, 63, 230, 240 discrete spectrum, 89-90, 92-93, 137-138, 140-141,
conservation of energy, 59-60, 62-63, 65, 102, 106, 157
113, 211, 367 disorder, 105-114, 171-172, 178-179, 216, 221, 347,
conservation of linear momentum, 56, 63 367-368
conservation of mass, 55, 62-63, 167-168, 177-178, divergent plate boundaries, 316, 324-325
211, 230, 240 DNA, 208-210, 212-221, 333, 335, 377-378
conservation of mass-energy, 83, 230, 240, 261, 364 Doppler effect, 246, 253, 380
conservation of mass number, 230, 240 dust cloud, 261
constructive interference, 120-121, 126, 130, 144, 155, efficiency of energy conversion, 109
160 elastic, 90-91, 93
contact forces, 34, 39-40, 43-44, 47-49, 53, 316, 357, elastic constant, 90, 93, 365
359 elastic limit, 91, 93
continents, 269-272, 275 elastic rebound, 292, 321
continuous, 32, 89, 92 electric charge, 31-34, 134
continuous model of matter, 87, 92 electric current, 33, 35-36, 45, 65, 91-93, 113, 133,
continuous spectrum, 92-93, 139, 381 357, 365
continuously habitable zone, 269, 275 electrical conductivity, 184-185, 188-189, 374
control rod, 240 electrical force constant, 33, 35
convection, 51-54, 60-65, 296-297, 308, 312-313, electrical force law, 32, 131
315-317, 323-325, 333, 362 electrical model of matter, 32, 34-36, 134
convection currents, 296-297, 308, 312-313, 315-317, electrical nonconductivity, 188
323-325, 333 electrical potential energy, 58-59, 61-64, 97-98, 101,
convergent plate boundaries, 317, 323-325 103, 107, 234, 366, 379
core, 296, 299-300, 343 electrical properties, 91-92, 94
core, composition of, 296 electrically nonconducting, 186, 188
cosmological inflation, 249, 253 electricity, simple experiments with, 31
cosmological redshift, 246, 253-254, 380 electrolysis, 175-176, 179-180, 374

390
electromagnetic family, 124 free-fall acceleration, 29, 35, 44
electromagnetic interaction, 34 frequency, 117, 121
electromagnetic radiation, 123 friction, 21, 25
electron capture, 225-226, 229-232, 237, 378-379 fuel rod, 241
electron microscope, 145-146 functional groups, 203, 207, 210-213
electrons, 12, 17 galaxies, 15-18, 34, 43, 77, 219, 243, 245-253, 255,
electrons as particles, 134 258-259, 380-381
element, 159, 167, 169, 174 gamma decay, 225-226, 230, 234, 237
elementary particle, 17, 84, 237, 239-241 gamma particles (rays), 64, 124, 225-227, 378
emission spectra, 141 gases, 88, 93, 99-100
energy, 57-66 general theory of relativity, 247-248, 252-253, 258,
energy crisis, 109, 112 261, 359
energy transfer and transformation processes, 60-62, geologic column, 283-284, 286-289, 331, 334, 383
66 glaciers, 305, 312, 337, 339-342, 345, 385
energy wells, 157, 186 Glossopteris flora, 303, 312-313
energy, forms of, 57-59 gluons, 238-241, 249
entropy, 107-109, 111-113, 171-172, 347, 367 gneiss, 270-271, 276
enzymes, 207-208, 210, 213, 216-218, 220-221, 377 granite, 270-271, 273, 275, 279, 297, 300, 382
epicenter, 293-295, 299-300, 318 gravitational acceleration, 34, 37, 39, 43-44, 357
equilibrium (thermodynamic), 110, 112 gravitational constant, 31, 33, 35, 291, 299
era, 283, 288-289, 304-305, 308-309, 312-313, 317, gravitational interaction, 17, 25, 29-31, 34, 39-41, 49,
323, 333, 340, 344 237, 250, 252, 255, 261, 358-359, 364
essential amino acid, 216, 221 gravitational potential energy, 57-62, 64, 98, 107, 113,
ethane, 202, 212-213 116, 157, 234, 248, 255-257, 315, 361, 381-382
evaporation, 97-98, 101, 103-104, 304, 337, 345, 362, gravity, 30-31, 34
366, 385 greenhouse effect, 266, 275
events (spacetime), 76, 83 groundwater, 270, 330, 340-342, 344-345, 382, 385
exclusion principle, 156-157, 160, 168, 183, 186 groups, 13, 87, 152, 168-169, 176, 180, 188, 203, 206-
existence, 2,8 208, 210-214, 266, 311, 331
expanding universe, 246-249, 253, 380 half-life, 228-231, 235, 285-289, 347, 378-379, 383
external mold, 330, 334 headward erosion, 338-339, 345
falling objects, 29, 34, 37 heat, 97, 103
families, 163, 165, 169 heat conduction, 60-62, 64-65, 98-99, 102-104, 361-
fatty acids, 205, 212 362
fault, 280, 282-283, 289, 292-293, 299, 320-321, 323, heat flow, 61, 64, 113
325, 384 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 146-147, 151-152
fauna, 281, 288 Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, 245, 253
faunal succession, 281-282, 287-288, 328, 331, 334 heterotrophs, 216
finding forces, 39, 45, 47, 53, 357 hot spots, 321-323, 325
first law of motion, 19-21, 24-26, 41-43, 53, 56, 353- hot-spot trails, 321-322
354 hydrocarbons, 107, 202, 267
fission, 226-227, 230, 232, 235-237, 239-242, 269, hydrologic cycle, 337-338, 345
275, 379 hydrologic system, 337-340, 342, 344-345, 385
fission model, 269, 275 hydrosphere, 269, 275, 297, 299
fixed stars, 5, 71-72, 268 hydroxyl group, 203, 205, 211-213
floating objects, 50, 53 hypocenter, 292-293, 299, 318
flora, 281, 288, 303-304, 312-313 igneous (rocks), 270-271, 275-276, 279, 282, 286-289,
fluids, 47-48, 50-51, 53, 63, 88, 90, 93-95, 103, 117, 295, 323, 331, 334, 343, 379, 382-384
122, 270, 298, 344, 360, 364-366, 368 inclusions, 280-281, 287-288
fold mountains(belt), 271-275, 325, 344 index fossils, 331, 334
forces, 21, 25 inductive method, 17
formulas and names of salts,187 infrared, 124
fossils, 8, 280-281, 283, 287-288, 301, 303-304, 309, inner core, 14, 17, 101, 294-297, 299-300, 383
312-313, 327-335, 344, 383-384 insulators, 33, 35, 91
Foucault pendulum, 69-70, 72 interference, 15, 120-122, 125-127, 129-132, 143-145,
frames of reference, 73, 76-77 148, 151-152, 155, 160, 312, 340, 368-370

391
interference curve, 145, 151 318-319, 324, 382
interferometry, 309, 312, 322 magnetic reversals, 308
internal energy, 58-59, 61, 63-65, 97-104, 107-108, magnetite, 306, 308, 312
110, 112-113, 343, 361-362, 364, 366-368, 381 malleability, 184-185, 188-189, 374
internal mold, 330, 334 mantle, 15, 17, 51, 53, 295-300, 312-313, 315-316,
intuition, 2, 9, 143, 285, 337, 353 320-324, 343, 345, 383-384
ions, 135-136, 141, 172-174, 178-179, 185-190, 195- mantle plumes, 321-324
198, 211-212, 231, 370, 374 marble, 36, 85, 270-271, 276, 364
ionic bond, 185-186, 188-189, 193, 195, 197 maria, 268-269, 276
ionic material, 93 Mars, 15, 72, 161, 266-267, 269, 274, 276, 343, 371
ionization energy, 165, 169-171, 186, 372-373 mass, 21-23, 25
ionized (atom or matter), 88, 93, 135-136, 227, 255- mass and energy, 55, 63, 75, 82-85, 347, 379
256, 381 mass-energy, 63, 82-84, 98, 223, 226, 230, 234-235,
ionizing radiation, 227-228, 230-231, 234, 379 240-242, 252-253, 259, 261, 364, 379
iron catastrophe, 343, 345 mass increase, 82-83, 85, 364
irreversible processes, 105-107, 111-112, 114 mass number, 159-163, 169, 223-226, 230-231, 240-
island arcs, 273-274, 276, 308, 317-319, 323-325, 382 241, 378
island chains, 273-274, 276, 321 mass spectrometer, 134-136, 140-141, 172-174, 178-
isostasy, 51, 53, 298-299, 301, 384 180, 285, 370, 373
isotopes, 223-224, 229-231, 234-235, 239-240, 269, mature star, 261
285-289, 378, 383 Maxwell’s equations, 124, 130-131
jovian planets, 266-268, 275, 277 mechanical layering, 297, 299
Jupiter, 5, 15, 34, 123, 129, 262, 266-267, 275 mechanism, 211-212
kinetic energy, 57, 64 mechanistic philosophies, 43
kinetic theory of matter, 95, 104 medium, 115-122, 130, 141-143, 145, 155-156, 160,
latent heat, 101, 103, 296, 299, 366 243, 262, 264, 293, 368, 383
latent heat of crystallization, 296, 299 Mercury, 15, 93, 104, 161, 167, 248, 266, 276, 343,
lava, 51, 266, 268, 270, 275-276, 282, 286, 289, 306- 349, 364-366, 372, 378
308, 343, 382-384 mesosaurus, 304, 313
law of conservation of energy, 59-60, 62-63, 65, 102, Mesozoic era, 283, 288, 317, 323, 333
106, 113, 367 messenger RNA (mRNA), 217, 220-221
law of conservation of mass, 55, 167-168, 177-178 metal, 165, 169, 183-185
law of conservation of mass-energy, 82-83 metallic bond, 184, 188-189, 193
law of gravity (universal law of gravitation), 7, 30, 31 metallic luster, 184-185, 188-189, 191, 374-375
law of increasing disorder, 105-113, 216, 221, 347, metamorphic (rocks), 270-271, 275-276, 279, 287-288,
367-368 295, 382, 384
law of definite proportions, 178 meteor impacts, 268
length contraction, 79, 81-85, 363 meteor impact craters, 270, 276
life, 215, 219-220 meteorites, 276, 287, 289, 295-296, 383
light clock, 79-80, 83-84, 363 meteors, 269, 276, 287, 295, 343
light year, 12 methane, 202, 207, 212-213, 215, 219-220, 267-268,
limestone, 195, 270-271, 276, 279-281, 332, 341, 345 376-377
linear island chain, 275 microfossils, 327
linear momentum, 55-56, 62-64 microscopic, 12, 17, 98, 184, 203, 330
liquid outer core, 17, 295, 299 midocean ridge, 274
liquids, 14, 18, 88-89, 91, 93, 96, 103-104, 116-117, Milky Way, 5, 12, 15-16, 77, 245, 260
167, 187, 197, 360, 364-366 minerals, 187, 195-197, 215, 270, 276, 286-287, 295-
lithosphere, 269, 272, 274-276, 292, 298-300, 308-309, 296, 300, 306, 330, 337, 343
312, 315-321, 323-325, 333, 384 mixture, 163, 168, 171, 179-180, 220, 275, 374
low velocity zone, 297, 299 models, 11, 347-348
lunar highlands, 268, 276 moderator, 241
lystrosaurus, 304, 312-313 modified solar system model, 138, 141
macromolecules, 209, 215, 217 Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho), 295, 297, 299
macroscopic, 12, 17, 34, 61, 63, 98, 107-109, 111, 123, molds, 330
143 molecular formulas, 177-178
magma, 270, 275-276, 279, 282, 286, 308, 313, 316, molecular ions, 172, 195, 197

392
molecular model of matter, 95, 102-104, 347, 366 orbital energies, 157, 160, 172, 184
molecular orbitals, 171 orbitals, 155-161
molecular structure, 134, 172, 208 order (and disorder), 106, 108, 112
molecules, 95, 103, 171, 179 order and energy, 107, 367
moon, 268-269 organic life, 219-221, 377-378
moon’s orbit, 30 original horizontality, 279, 287-288
moraines, 340 outer core, 14, 17, 101, 295-297, 299-300, 383
motion, measuring of stars, galaxies, 246-247 oxidation number, 188-189, 198, 376
motion of the earth, 67, 69-73, 77, 252 oxidation states, 169, 185-190, 193, 374
motion symmetry, 67-69, 72, 83, 362-363 p waves, 292-295, 299-300
muon, 81, 84, 238, 363 pair production, 82-84
nebular hypothesis, 264-265, 275-276 paleoclimatic evidence, 304, 312
negative oxidation state, 189 paleoenvironment, 333-334
Neptune, 15, 266-268, 275 paleomagnetic evidence, 306, 312
net electric charge, 64, 378 paleontological evidence, 303-304, 313
net force, 15, 21, 23, 25, 39, 41-42, 45, 47-50, 56, 63, paleontologists, 327, 330
255, 354, 358 paleontology, 281, 287-288, 306, 327, 329, 333-334
neutrinos, 81, 84, 225, 233, 237-239, 241, 248-250, Paleozoic era, 283, 288, 304-305, 309, 312-313, 323,
256, 364, 381 333, 344
neutron star, 258, 261-262 Pangaea, 302, 304-305, 308-309, 311-313, 317, 320,
neutrons, 12-13, 17-18, 87, 141, 159-163, 170, 223- 322-323, 344, 346, 385
226, 230-241, 250, 258, 261, 369, 372, 378-379 parent isotope, 285-288, 383
Newtonian laws, 83, 148-150, 152, 371 particle annihilation, 83-84
Newtonian model (synthesis), 25, 34, 44, 152, 371 particulate nature of light, 126-127
node, 160 peridotite, 295-300
nonconductors, 91-94, 365 periodic patterns, 163, 165-166
noncontradiction, 3, 8, 128-129, 131 periods (geologic column), 283, 286
nonionic material, 93 photoelectric effect, 128, 130-132, 150, 157, 369
nonmetals, 91, 169-170, 183-188, 193, 195, 197, 199, photons, 128-129, 131
373, 375-376 Planck’s constant, 128-129, 131, 138, 143, 147-148,
normal polarity, 308-309, 312 151, 157, 370-371
nuclear energy, 233-234, 236, 239-241, 257, 261 plane of the ecliptic, 263, 267-268, 276
nuclear fission, 226, 235, 240-242 planetary differentiation, 343, 345
nuclear fusion, 234-235, 240-242, 249, 256-258, 285, planetary nebula, 257, 261
381-382 planetesimals, 265, 268-269, 275-276, 342
nuclear matter, 12, 137, 140, 249, 261 planets, 265-269
nucleic acids, 208, 210, 213-215, 220 plasma, 15, 18, 88-90, 92-93, 97, 133, 235, 256, 261,
nucleon structure, 237-238 357, 364, 379, 381
nucleons, 12-13, 16, 159, 163, 223, 225-226, 230, 233, plastic, 14, 90-91, 93, 126, 215, 297, 299, 315, 339
237, 239, 241, 248, 250, 254, 257, 378, 380 plastic flow, 339
nucleotides, 208-210, 212-216, 218, 220-221, 377 plate motion, 309, 315-316, 322-323, 335, 340, 344-
nucleotide fabrication, 216 345
nucleus, 13, 18, 223 plates (tectonics), 15, 18, 301, 309-310, 312, 315, 317-
Occam’s razor, 3, 5, 8, 72, 353 325, 333, 337, 343, 347, 385
ocean basins, 18, 272, 274-277, 298, 306, 308, 382, plum pudding model, 136, 141
384 Pluto, 15, 263, 265-266, 268, 276
oceanic ridge, 273-276, 307-309, 313, 316-317, 320- pollution, 105, 110, 112-114, 344, 368
321, 324-325 polymer, 203
oceanic trenches, 273-275 position symmetry, 2, 8, 67, 71, 353
oceans, 272-274 positive oxidation state, 189
octet rule, 193, 195, 197, 212 positron, 83-84, 226-227, 231
oil-drop experiment, 134, 141 positron decay, 226-227
Olber’s paradox, 251, 253-254 postulates, 76-77, 79, 83-84, 284, 363
operational definitions, 76 Precambrian era, 283, 288
orbits, 3, 5, 7, 15, 129, 137-141, 143, 155-156, 188, precipitation, 270, 276, 337, 340, 345, 385
263-264, 370 pressure (in fluids), 48-49, 53

393
primary waves, 292, 299 running water, 266, 270, 337, 340-342, 344-346
principle of motion symmetry, 67-69, 72, 362-363 runoff, 337-339, 345, 385
principle of noncontradiction, 3, 128-129, 131 Rutherford experiment, 136-137, 141, 237, 378
probability curve, 144-145, 148, 151 Rutherford model, 137, 141
probability wave, 145, 151, 156, 160 salt, 186-188, 189
products, 64, 85, 174-180, 198, 226, 230, 234-237, sand dunes, 266, 341
242, 270, 360 sandstone, 270-271, 276, 280-281
properties of covalent molecules, 195 Saturn, 15, 266-268, 275
properties of gases, 99 scientific laws, 42-43
properties of waves, 117, 122 seafloor spreading, 307, 309, 312-313, 325
protein manufacture, 216-218 seamounts, 273
proteins, 207-208, 210, 212-221, 377 second law of motion, 23-27, 29, 36, 42-45, 48, 53,
protons, 12, 18, 223, 230, 238 347, 355-358, 362
protons and neutrons, 13, 17-18, 87, 160, 223, 230, second law of thermodynamics, 106, 111-113, 148
233-234, 236-239, 250, 372, 378-379 secondary waves, 292, 300
protoplanets, 265, 275 sedimentary rocks, 270-271, 279-281, 287-288, 304,
protostar, 255-256, 261-263, 265, 275-276, 381-382 317, 327, 331, 334, 382
protosun, 265, 276 seismic discontinuity, 294, 299, 383
Proust’s law, 167, 169 seismic tomography, 316, 324
pulsars, 258, 382 seismic waves, 292-295, 297, 299-300, 316, 324, 383
pure metals and alloys, 183 seismic waves and earth structure, 292
quantum mechanics, 144, 148-152, 311 seismometers (seismographs), 293, 299
quarks, 12, 17-18, 151, 230, 238-241, 249-250, 378 self-evident truths, 2, 8, 67, 128
quasars, 259, 261, 309, 312, 322, 382 semiconductors, 33, 35, 91
radar ranging, 244, 253 sensory data, 2, 353
radiation (electromagnetic), 123 shadow zone, 294-295, 300
radiation (ionizing), 227-228, 230 shale, 270-271, 276
radioactive, 224 shear, 48, 90-91, 94, 116-117, 121-122, 189, 292, 295,
radioactive dating, 223, 229-230, 378-379 299-300, 365, 368
radioactive half-life, 228, 230, 235, 288, 378 shear waves, 116-117, 121-122, 292, 295, 300
radioactive materials, 227-230, 237 shearing, 90, 93
radioactivity, 140, 224, 227-228, 230-231, 236, 285, shearing force, 93
287, 312 shield, 65, 271-272, 275-276, 302, 312, 322-325, 361
radiometric dating, 285-289, 321-322, 331, 334 shooting stars, 269, 276
rayed crater, 276 silicate, 196-197, 295, 300, 343
reactants, 175, 177-179, 188, 216, 220 simplest formulas, 178
reason, 2 simplicity, 3, 5, 8, 72, 79, 138, 358
receding, 80-84, 252, 340, 342 simultaneity, 77-78, 84
red giant, 257-258, 261-262 simultaneous, 71, 77-79, 84, 152
reductionism, 12, 18 sinkholes, 341
reflection, 118-119, 121-122, 125-126, 132, 184, 246, slate, 270-271, 276
295 solar system, 263-265, 276
refraction, 119, 121-122, 125, 130, 132, 293, 383 solar system model, 137-138, 141
relative dating, 279-282, 284, 287-289, 383 solar wind, 265, 276, 343
relativistic mass, 82, 84 solid inner core, 14, 17, 294-295
replacement, 329-330, 334 solids, 88, 93
rest mass, 82-84, 225, 364 source of radiation, 124
resultant force, 21, 25, 53, 358 spacetime, 75-77, 79-81, 83-84, 238-239, 247-249,
reversals, 308 252-253, 258-259, 363
reverse polarity, 308-309 special principle of relativity, 67, 71-73, 77, 83, 362
reversible (and irreversible) process, 105 special theory of relativity, 63-64, 75-76, 79-80, 82-85,
ribonucleic acid, 208, 212 123, 247, 252, 363
ribose, 204, 208, 210, 212-213 specific gravity, 50, 53-54, 88-89
ribosomes, 217-218, 220-221, 377 spectrum (continuous or discrete), 89, 92-93
RNA, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216-218, 220-221, 377 speed of light, 43, 75-77, 79-85, 123-124, 129-131,
rules, 347 225, 246-247, 359, 363-364, 369, 380

394
spin, 57, 69, 72, 263-264, 276, 363, 382 unaltered hard parts, 329, 334
spin (electron), 156-158, 160, 306 uncertainty, 146-149, 151-152, 225, 296, 371
spreading centers, 316-317, 321, 323-324, 384 uncertainty principle, 146-149, 151-152, 225, 371
stable platform, 271-272, 275-276, 323 uniform motion, 19-20, 23, 25-26, 56, 67-74, 76-77,
standard, 22-23, 25, 79, 83, 306 80, 83, 353-354, 362-363
standing waves, 155-156, 159-160 uniformitarianism, 284, 288-289, 328, 332
stars, 255-262 universal law of gravitation, 25, 31, 34-36, 44, 53,
states of matter, 63, 88, 92, 96, 103, 107 347, 356, 359
steady state model (of universe), 243, 251, 253-254, Uranus, 15, 263, 266-268, 275
380 valence electrons, 166, 169-171, 178, 183, 185-186,
stellar parallax, 70-72, 74, 363 188-189, 193-195, 197-198, 201-202
strong force, 12-14, 17-18, 34, 256, 378-379 valley glaciers, 339-340
strong interaction, 17, 230, 233-234, 237-241, 261, vector bosons, 238-241
379-381 vectors, 21-22
structural formula, 202, 212 Venus, 15, 263, 266, 275-276
structural trends, 303 vitalism, 211-212
subduction, 318-321, 323-325, 384 water table, 89, 340-341, 345
subduction zone, 318-320, 323-324, 384 wave, 115-122
sugars, 204, 207-208, 212-215 wavelength, 117-118, 120-122, 124-126, 131, 143,
supernova, 245, 258, 261, 382 145-147, 155, 184, 246, 368-369, 371
supernova Type Ia, 246, 251 wave model (of atom), 150, 155, 160-161, 166, 168-
superposition, 122, 279-280, 287-289, 383 169, 186, 189, 210-211, 220, 347, 370
surface waves, 115-116, 121, 292, 300 wave-particle duality, 128-129, 131, 144, 151-153,
suture, 320, 322-325, 332 160, 168, 189, 197, 201, 211, 220, 230, 240, 370,
suture zone, 320, 323-325 376
s waves, 292-295, 298-299 wave phenomena, 116, 118, 125
symmetry, 2-3, 8-9, 67-69, 71-72, 74, 80, 83, 284, 288, wave phenomena of light, 125
332, 353, 362-363 wave speed, 117-119, 121-122
symmetry principles, 67, 71-72, 74 waves of probability, 131, 145, 151, 155, 160, 228
tectonic system, 315, 321, 337-339, 342-343, 345, 385 way science works, 141, 309
temperature, 97-98, 103 ways to increase order, 108
tension, 90-91, 93-94, 112, 365 weak force, 12-13, 17-18, 315
tension force, 93 weak interaction, 230, 233, 237-239, 241
terrestrial planets, 266-267, 276-277 Wegener’s hypothesis, 306
thermal conductivity, 184-185, 188-189, 374 weight, 29, 35
thermal energy, 97, 103 white dwarf, 258, 261-262, 382
third law of motion, 23-25, 27, 30, 35, 40-41, 43, 53, wind, 11, 52, 68, 103, 265, 276, 337, 341-346
355, 358 work, 60-61, 64
Thomson model, 136, 141 worldlines, 76
tidal disintegration model, 269, 275 x-ray, 124
time dilation, 79-81, 83-84, 363
time symmetry, 3, 8-9, 71, 284, 288, 353
torque, 56-57, 63-64, 275
trace fossils, 330
triangulation, 244-245, 253, 380
transfer RNA, 218, 220-221
transform boundaries, 320, 324-325
transform faults, 320-321, 323
transparent, 119, 165, 174, 183, 187-188, 195, 199,
329, 375-376
transparency, 189
transpired, 337
trilobites, 288, 304, 313
two-slit experiment, 130, 144-145, 148
types of waves, 116, 121, 292, 298
ultraviolet, 124

395