Acknowledgement

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Abstract

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Table of Contents

Introduction
Aims ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Literature Review ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Basics of Traversing .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Terms used in Surveying for Traversing ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Field Procedure .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Field Reconnaissance ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Choice of Stations ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Setting up of Instrument ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Distance Measurement .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of Equipments...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Procedures ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Results ............................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Analysis & Discussions ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
References ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

List of Figures

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Figure 1: Theodolite…………………………………….................................................................9

Figure 2: Ranging rod…………………………………….............................................................10

Figure 3: Tripod……………………………………......................................................................10

Figure 4: 30m Measuring Tape……………………………………...............................................10

Figure 5: Plumb Bob……………………………………...............................................................10

Figure 6: Ball Pein Hammer……………………………………...................................................11

Figure 7: Wooden Peg……………………………………............................................................11

List of Figures

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Table 1: List of Group Members…………………………………………………………………..6

Table 2 : List of Equipments………………………………………………………………………8

Table 3 : Booking Sheet of Results………………………………………………………………..8

Table 4 : Combined Results……………………………………………………………………….8

Table 5 : Error Calculation……………………………………………………………………….. 8

This practical was carried out in group of eight members.

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The table 1 below shows the list of members of the group.

Member Names ID

BACHOO Swarna 1711515

BANGAROO Genna Rajam 1713568

CHEEKOORY Urvashee 1714271

CHEEKHOORY Vidya Pravesh 1714777

DOOBEE Niresh Kumar 1712480

PATROO Kavi Rohan 1611607

POKEERBUX Muhammad Nabeel 1711839

SREECHAUND Naresh 1712869

Table 1: List of Group Members

Introduction

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Leveling is the art of determining relative height or elevations of different points on the earth surface. The
elevation of a point has been defined as its vertical distance above and below a given reference level
surface and usually a mean sea level. The leveling work can be carried out by using direct method or
indirect method. The main equipment needed to carry out leveling works is level and staffs. The elevation
of the point is calculated using Height of Collimation Method or by using Rise and Fall Method. The final
works of the leveling is to transform the numerical data into graphic form either in map or drawing.

Aims

Determination of the difference in levels between two given points

Objectives

1. Able to carry out fly level observation (Rise and Fall method) from BM/standard bench
mark(SBM) to temporary bench mark (TBM).
2. Able to compute the transferred RL from BM/SBM to TBM.
3. Able to adjust and check the levelling data.

Literature Review

Basics of Levelling

In this practical, focus is shifted to one of levelling techniques namely, fly level observation or also
known as the rise and fall method. The observation will be initiated from a known reduced level (RL)
value of a benchmark (BM) and end at another known RL value of BM. In between the BMs, a number of
change points (CPs) will be set up to observe the fore sigh treading and the back sight reading of each
stationed staves and the values are booked. Upon completion of the observation, the RL values will be
calculated and booked. After the RL values are known, three (3) arithmetical checks will be calculated to
ensure the precision of the works. Consequently, the adjustment value can be computed where this value
will be distributed accordingly to each station. Finally, the adjusted RL values are booked and the
misclosure will be calculated to be compared with the adjusted values to determine whether the levelling
works is accepted or unsatisfactory.

Terms used in Surveying for Levelling

Bench Mark and Reference Datum

In order to calculate the heights of points a datum is required, i.e. a reference level. This is usually the
mean sea level. For this purpose, the use of Bench Marks is necessary, and these are classified as follows:
Bench Mark (BM) – a point with known height above mean sea level (or other reference datum). These

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are permanent points (e.g. unchanged by weather conditions) and are provided by the Department of
Lands and Surveys.

Reduced Level

The height of any target point is referred to as Reduced Level (RL), because it is reduced to a known
datum.

Backsight (BS)

It is first staff reading taken immediately after setting up the instrument.

Foresight (FS)

last staff reading taken before moving the instrument to another location.

Intermediate sight (IS)

All readings taken between a BS and a FS.

Change Point

Common sources of errors in levelling

1. Instrument not correctly levelled.

2. Dumpy Level not correctly focused.

3. The wrong cross-hair reading recorded (e.g. top instead of middle).

4. Staff incorrectly read or not held vertical.

5. Staff incorrectly booked.

Booking and Calculation

Booking the Levels

The booking of the levels is done at the same time that a reading is taken.

There are two methods of booking levels:

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  Collimation Method: It consist of finding the elevation of the plane of collimation ( H.I.) for
every set up of the instrument, and then obtaining the reduced level of point with reference to the
respective plane of collimation. The height of collimation is the height of the horizontal line of
sight above the datum, and is sometimes called the height of instrument.

 Rise and Fall Method: It consists of determining the difference of elevation between
consecutive points by comparing each point after the first that immediately preceding it. The
difference between the staff reading indicates a rise fall according to the staff reading at the point.
The R.L is then found adding the rise to, or subtracting the fall from the reduced level of
preceding point.

Advantages of the two methods of booking:

The advantage of the collimation method is that it is ideal for setting out reduced levels on site. The
reduced level of points/pegs on site can easily and quickly be found by measuring down (or up, for
inverted reduced levels) from the height of collimation.

The advantage of the rise and fall method is that it is the simplest method of booking and checking the
calculations on site.

The rise and fall method is used for this survey. The rise/fall is obtained by calculation. In this case, the
fore sight is subtracted from the current back sight. If the value is negative, it is recorded in the “fall”
column. Otherwise it gets noted in the “rise” column. As such, the calculations for the rise/fall columns
are done and recorded. The corresponding values of the reduced level at the different stations are
subsequently calculated and tabulated. A Rise and Fall data sheet is shown below.

Checks on Calculations

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Check on reduced levels obtained from back sights and foresights

Sum of back sights - sum of foresights = first reduced level - last reduced level = sum of rises - sum of
falls = first reduced level - last reduced level

Field
Procedure

Field Reconnaissance

A field reconnaissance was carried out where we:

1. Identified the main features on our survey site:

i. The road
ii. Trees
iii. The given temporary benchmarks namely the initial one near the farm and the final one near the
Entomology division.

2. Identified the different kinds of obstacles which may affect the survey process:

i. Regularly travelling vehicles

ii. Uneven surfaces of the road

3. Identified the nature of our site, i.e. gentle sloped land.

4. Made a sketch of the plan was then made containing the identified features and obstacles.

Choice of Change Point

The choice of Change point was made in accordance to the Field Reconnaissance.

There would be eleven Change Point and would be named as CH1 (first change point), CH2, CH3, CH4,
CH5, CH6, CH7, CH8, CH9, CH10 and CH11 (last change point).

Setting up of Instrument

Levelling of the Dumpy Level with the Tripod

 The tripod is placed on the ground and the three legs are spread to a suitable height, according to
the reader.
 The legs are adjusted and well pressed on the ground, if it is on the soft ground. The base should
be nearly horizontal with the naked eye.

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  Then, the Dumpy Level is placed on the base and is correctly gripped to it in such a way that it
will not fall or move.
 Next, the bubble in the Dumpy Level is adjusted such that the latter is brought in the middle of
the circle. This will ensure that he level is perfectly horizontal. This is done using the 3 foot
screws on the base of the Dumpy Level.
 The Dumpy Level is rotated through 180° and is checked again. The staff is held at a distance
from the apparatus. The instrument is pointed at the target. The reading is taken at the middle
cross hair.

Distance Measurement

The distance is measured from the centre of the peg on which the Dumpy Level with the tripod is leveled
to a centre of a change point.

The distance is measured is the Horizontal Distance.

Methodology

List of Equipments

The table below shows different equipment used during the Levelling Practical.

Equipments Picture Purpose

It is used to focus and read the

values on the staff reading from

1 Dumpy Level a definite distance accurately. It

also has the ability to measure
horizontal angles.

It contains graduated readings.

2 Levelling Staff It is used to measure the height
about a certain point.

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 It is used to hold a dumpy level
stable on its legs. It can be

3 Tripod adjusted to different desired

height.

It is used to measure horizontal

4 30m Measuring Tape distances between the staff and
the dumpy level.

It is used to check the vertically

and situate the centre of the
5 Plumb Bob
tripod approximately to the
centre of a marking.

It is used to hold the staff stable

6 Change Plate and level on uneven surface at

the markings.

Procedures

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 1. The Dumpy Level is set up at a convenient position. The staff is held on the Initial Temporary
Benchmark (TBM) near farm and a reading is taken.
2. This will be a back sight (BS), because it is the first staff reading after the Dumpy Level has been
set up. The length of foresight and back sight should be approximately equal and is measured
using a measuring tape.
3. The staff is moved another position and another reading is taken. This will be a foresight (FS).
And this will be the first change point (CP1).
4. Next, the Dumpy Level is moved to a different position between CP1 and a new change point
CP2 and the staff is left CP1 and CP2 afterwards. The staff is turned so that it faces the level and
a reading is taken. This will be a back sight for CP1 and fore sight for CP2.
5. Step 2 to 4 is repeated at different positions until CP11 is reached.
6. The next position of the staff is on the Final Temporary Benchmark (TBM) near the Entomology
Division.
7. The dumpy level is positioned and leveled between the CP11 and the TBM.
8. The staff with the change plate are placed to CP11 and then on TBM.
9. The reading on the left towards CP11 will be the BS and TBM will be FS.
10. Afterwards, the same procedure is done to return to the initial Temporary Benchmark near the
farm.
11. All the readings are recorded in a clear and tabular form as shown below and checks are carried
out each time in order to minimize errors.

Note:

i. No inter sight have been taken as the road is relatively flat.

ii. The role of the different taskes, i.e. Distances measurement, Setting up of Apparatus, Staff
levelling, reading the dumpy level was interchanged during the survey to give opportunity to
everyone.

Results

The reading are shown booked by the rise and fall method in table 1.1. These are normally recorded in a
level book containing all the relevant columns. Each line of the level book corresponds to a staff position
and this is confirmed by the entries in the Remarks column. The calculation proceeds in the following
manner, in which the reduced level of a point is related to that of a previous point.

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Forward Levelling

Intermediate
Back Sight Fore Sight Reduced Distance,
Sight (IS), Rise, m Fall, m Remarks
(BS) , m (FS), m Level, m m
m
TBM ( Near
1.573 - - 0.000 10.1
Farm)
1.429 - 1.128 0.445 - 0.445 10.0 CH1

1.482 - 0.995 0.434 - 0.879 9.91 CH2

1.441 - 0.920 0.562 - 1.441 10.0 CH3

1.663 - 0.887 0.554 - 1.995 20.0 CH4

1.582 - 0.533 1.130 - 3.125 20.0 CH5

1.675 - 0.465 1.117 - 4.242 20.0 CH6

1.525 - 0.593 1.082 - 5.324 20.0 CH7

1.755 - 0.597 0.928 - 6.252 20.0 CH8

1.857 - 0.808 0.947 - 7.199 20.0 CH9

2.044 - 0.745 1.112 - 8.311 20.0 CH10

2.198 - 0.714 1.334 - 9.645 20.0 CH11

TBM ( Near
- - 0.956 1.242 - 10.887 23.0
Entomology)
∑ BS = ∑ FS = ∑R=
20.224 m 9.337 m 10.887 m

Check: Allowable
misclosure:
20.224 – 10.887 m 10.887-
9.337 0.000 = ± 5√12 mm
10.887 m 10.887 m = ± 17.321 mm
= ± 0.0173 m

Backward Levelling

Intermediate
Back Sight Fore Sight Reduced Distance,
Sight (IS), Rise, m Fall, m Remarks
(BS) , m (FS), m Level, m m
m
TBM ( Near
1.024 - - 0.000 23.0
Farm)
0.5628 - 2.143 - 1.119 -1.119 20.0 CH1

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 1.023 - 2.082 - 1.454 -2.573 20.0 CH2

0.850 - 2.044 - 1.021 -3.594 20.0 CH3

0.929 - 1.800 - 0.950 -4.544 20.0 CH4

0.951 - 1.892 - 0.963 -5.507 20.0 CH5

0.797 - 1.980 - 1.029 -6.536 20.0 CH6

0.853 - 1.971 - 1.174 -7.710 20.0 CH7

0.801 - 1.972 - 1.119 -8.829 20.0 CH8

1.045 - 1.975 - 1.174 -10.003 20.0 CH9

TBM ( Near
- 1.909 - 0.864 -10.867 18.30
Entomology)
∑ BS = ∑ FS = ∑F=
8.901 m 19.768 m 10.867 m

Check: Allowable
misclosure:
8.901– 10.867 m -10.867-
19.768 0.000 = ± 5√22 mm
-10.867 m -10.867 m = ± 23.452 mm
= ± 0.0235 m

Analysis & Discussions

1) From the first BM to A there is a rise. A BS of 2.225 m has been recorded at the BM and FS of
0.823 m at A. The resulting height difference is given by (2.225m – 0.823m) = +1.402 m. The
positive sign indicates the rise and is entered at point A.
2) The procedure is repeated and the height difference from A to B is given by (2.006m -0.790m) =
+ 1.216 m. This is entered at point B.
3) When calculating the rises or falls in the FS or IS column must be subtracted from the line
immediately above, either in the same column or one column to the left. The FS is subtracted
from the IS or BS in the line above and the BS on the same line as the FS is the used to continue
the calculation with the next IS or FS in the line below.
4) When the table is complete, a check on the arithmetic involved is possible and must always be
applied. This check is

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 ∑ (BS ) - ∑ ( FS ) = ∑ ( RISES ) - ∑ ( FALLS ) = LAST RL – FIRST RL

5) In table 1.1, the difference between the adjusted RL of the first BM and adjusted RL of the final
BM is 0.00. The result show that the levelling is accurate and pricise. It is mean that we do not
have to make an adjustment.

6) The allowable misclosure for any levelling sequence is

allowable misclosure = ±5√n mm

where n is the number of instrument positions. If the actual value is greater than the allowable
value, the levelling should be repeated. However, if the actual value is less than the allowable
value, the misclosure should be distributed equally between the instrument positions.

Errors and Adjusted Reduced Levels

Allowable misclosure:

E = ± 5√22 mm

= ± 23.452 mm

= ± 0.0235 m

Conclusion

We manage to carry out Rise and Fall observation from Bench Mark (BM) to Temporary Bench Mark

(TBM). All the readings data were booked by the rise and fall method. Arithmetical check was

applied in fly level method for verify the accuracy of calculation. ƩBS – ƩFS = Ʃ rises – Ʃ falls =

last RL – 1st RL is the arithmetical check to verify the accuracy of calculation. The arithmetical

check found that all the value were equal to 0.00m, meant that the accuracy of calculation were

verified.

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The leveling was done from a known BM to unknown TBM and reversed to the known BM

again. Then we compute the transferred level from BM to TBM and compute the level back to the

BM to checked our data is correct. The compute reduced level on the TBM is 50.030m and the

reading from TBM back to the BM is equal to the known level of the BM , 44.565m.

The allowable misclosure is used to check the precision of leveling data, ±5√n mm where n is the

number of instrument positions. The allowable misclosure is found to be ± 14mm in our practical

which is we have eight of instrument positions. The actual value is less than the allowable value,

which is that actual value is 0.00m and the allowable misclosure is ±0.014m . It proved that our work

is accepted.

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18
References ( Havard Style )

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Appendices ( If any )

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