Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Forpipe1/16in. (2 mm) to W4 in. (20 mm)wallthickness. For pipeover 3 4 in. (20 mm)wallthickness. May be used
also for thidmesses fromW8 in. (10 mm) to W4 in. (20 mm).
(2) Penetrant examination-the entire surface of the 4.7.2 Responsibility for Performance Qualification.
test weldment shall be penetrant examined. No linear in- The manufacturer or contractor shall conduct the test re-
dication with major dimensions greater than 1/16 in. quired by this code to qualifywelders and welding oper-
(2 mm) in a line separated by at least 1/16 in. (2 mm) ators. It is permissible, however, to subcontract any or all
shall be permitted. No more than three rounded indica- of the work on the preparation of test materialsfor weld-
tions with dimensions greater than 1/16 in. (2 mm) in a ing and subsequent work on thepreparation of test spec-
line separated by at least 1/16 in. (2 mm). imens from the completed weldments, performance of
(3) Chemical analysis-theresultsoftherequired nondestructive and mechanical tests, providedthe manu-
chemical analysis shall be within the range of analysis facturer or contractor accepts full responsibility for the
specified in the WPS. See Figure 4.22. work. The purpose of this requirement is to ensure that
the manufacturer or contractor has determinedthat their
welders and welding operators using their WPSs are ca-
pable of developing the minimumrequirements specified
Part B for an acceptable weldment.
Performance Qualification
--
4.7 General
|||| ||||||
have been qualified by the applicable tests as prescribed the limits of the performance qualification variables de-
in this section. The qualification tests described are spe- fined in Tables4.3 and 4.4.
cially devised tests to determine the welder or welding
operator’s ability to produce sound weldswith a specific 4.7.5 Base Metal. The base metal used shall comply
welding process. with 1.2. Qualification established with any one of these
77
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| | | |---
|
|
|||| ||||||
-. AFTCH
MEN
TEST
|
|| ||| ||| | || |
W, = MINIMUMMULTIPLE W1 = MAXIMUM SINGLE
PASS
FILLET
WELD
PASS FILLET WELD
6 in. (150 mm) MI1 USED IN USED IN
| |
CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION
||
--
DETAIL A-PLATE TO PLATE ASSEMBLY
INCHES MILLIMETERS
Weld Weld
Size T l min* T2 min* Size T l min* T2 min*
3116 1I2 3116 5 12 5
1I4 314 1I4 6 20 6
5116 1 5116 8 25 8
318 1 318 10 25 10
1I2 1 1I2 12 25 12
518 1 518 16 25 16
314 1 314 20 25 20
> 314 1 1 > 20 25 25
*Note: Where the maximum plate thickness used in production is less than the value shown in the table, the
may be substitutedfor T l and T2.
maximum thicknessof the production pieces
78
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QUALIFICATION
T- I O N BENDBREAK
MACRO SPECIMEN
~ ,r
DETAIL B - P I P E M PLATE ASSEMBLY
DIRECTIONOFBEND
+W \ I
T = WALL THICKNESS OFLOWER PIPE
T = t + 1/16 in. (2 mm) MIN
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AWS D1.6:1-
+ R MIN
T = SPECIMEN
THICKNESS *
Notes:
1. Elher hardened and greased shoulders or hardened rollers free to rotate shall be used.
2. The shoulders or rollers shall have a minimum bearing length 2 in.of(50 mm) for placement ofthe specimens.
3. The shouldersor rollers shall be highenough abovethe bottom of the testing jig so that the specimen will clear the shoulder
or rollers
when the plungeris in the low position.
4. The plunger shall be fitted with an appropriate base and provision for attachment to the testing machine be designed
and shallto min-
imize deflection or misalignment.
5. The shoulder or roller supports may be made adjustable in the horizontal directionso that specimens of various thickness may be
tested in the same jig.
6. The shoulder or roller supports shall be fittedto a base designed to maintain the shoulders or rollers centered and aligned with re-
spect to the plunger, and minimize deflection or misalignment.
7. The plunger radius,A, shall be determined from the nomogram in Figure 4.9.
base metals shall be considered as qualification to weld 4.7.8.1 Immediate Retest. An immediate retest may
any one of the base metals permitted bythis code. For all be made consisting of two welds of each type and posi-
types of welded joints, the length of the weld and dimen- tion that the welder or welding operator failed. All retest
sions of the base metal shall provide sufficient material specimens shall meet all the specified requirements.
for the test specimens required by this code. With the ap-
proval of the Engineer, performance qualification test 4.7.8.2 Retest After Further "aining or Practice.
coupons may be with any of the steels listed in ANSI/ A retest may be made, provided thereis evidence that the
AWS D1.l, Groups I or II. Qualification established with welder or welding operator has had further training or
any one of these base metals shall be considered as qual- practice. A complete retest of the types and positions
ification to weld any of the basemetals permitted by this failed shall be made.
code.
4.7.9 Period of Effectiveness. The welderor welding
4.7.6 Joint Details. Performance qualificationtest on operator's qualification as specified by this code shall be
plate, pipe or tubing shall be in accordance with thejoint considered as remaining in effect indefinitely unless:
details prescribed by the WPS. (1) the welder or welding operator has not welded
4.7.7 Records. Records of the test results shall be kept with a process during a period exceeding six months, his
by the manufacturer or contractor and shall be made qualifications for that process shall terminate, or;
available to those authorized toexamine them. (2) there is a specific reason to question a welder's
ability.
4.7.8 Retest For Performance Qualification. In case a
welder or welding operator fails to meet the requirements 4.7.9.1 In the case of 4.7.9(1), the requalification test
of one or more test welds, a retest may be allowed under shall be in any position on pipe, tube or plate, and any
the following conditions: thickness or diameter.
80
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QUALIFICATION
I (MILLIMETERS)
1
t
\
I
I
1-118
(28.6)
I HARDENED
SHOULDER
i
4 12.7)
1 / 2 1 F l - 1(28.6)
18
i+
I
I I (171.4)
*I
I
(6.4)
L HARDENEDROLLERS
1-1/2in. (38.1 mm) IN
DIAMETER MAY BE
SUBSTITUTED FOR
JIG SHOULDERS
| | | |---
Notes:
1. Tapped holes of appropriate size, or other suitable means for attaching plungerto testing machine.
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2. Either hardened and greased shoulders or hardened rollers free to rotate shall be used in die.
|
3. The plunger and its base shall be designed to minimize deflection or misalignment.
|||| ||||||
4. The specimen shall be forced into the die by applying the loadon the plunger until the curvatureof the specimen is such that an118
in. (3mm) diameter wire cannotbe placed between the specimen and all pointsin the curvatureof the die memberof the jig.
|
5. The plunger radius,A. shall be determined from the nomogramin Figure 4.9.
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81
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AWS D l .6: 999
1
T + 1/16
(1.6 mm) ROLLER ANY
f DIAMETER
T = SPECIMEN THICKNESS
Notes:
1. Radius A shall be as specified, or as determined from the nomogram in Figure 4.9. Dimensions not shown are the optionof the de-
signer, except that the minimum width of the components shall be2 in. (50 mm).
2. It is essential to have adequate rigidity
so that the jig will not deflect during testing.The specimen shall be firmly clamped on one end
so that it does not slide during the bending operation.
3. Test specimens shall be removed from the jig when the outer roll has traversed 180" from the starting point.
| | | |---
4.7.9.2 In the case of 4.7.9(2), the requirements of
4.8.2 Electrodes.A welder qualified for welding withan
4.7.8.2 shall apply. electrode identified by F-number in Table 4.5 shall be
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considered qualified to weld with another electrode in
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4.7.10 Test Specimens For Welder and Welding Oper-
the same F-number designation using the same process.
|||| ||||||
ator Qualification
4.7.10.1 The welder or welding operator qualification 4.83 Electrode and Shielding Medium.A welderqual-
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test shall conform to the thickness, diameter and position ified with an approved electrode and shielding medium
limitations of Tables 4.3 and 4.4. For removal of test combination shall be considered qualified to weld with
specimens see Figures 4.14,4.15, and 4.23. the same electrode F-number as classified in Table 4.5,
| |
and shielding medium combination for the process used
||
4.7.11 Test Positions For Groove (G) and Fillet (F)
--
in the qualification test.
Welds. See Table 4.4 for production welding positions
qualified by test positions.
4.8.4 Position. A change in the position of welding to
4.7.12 Tack Welding.It should be notedthat this code one for which the welder is not qualified shall require
does not recognize tack welders as such; tack welding to requalification. See Table 4.4.
this code shall be performed only by welders or welding
operators qualified to the requirements of ANSUAWS 4.8.5 Diameter Limits. A change from one diameter
D1.6. grouping as shownin Table 4.4 to another shall require
requalification.
4.8 Limitation of Variables for Welder 4.8.6 Weld Progression. When the direction of welding
progression is vertical, a change in the direction of weld-
Performance Qualification ing shall require requalification.
4.8.1 Process. A welder shall be qualified for each pro-
cess used. GMAW-S (short circuit transfer) shall require 4.8.7 Backing. The omission of backing or a backing
a separate qualification from GMAW (globular or spray gas in CJP welds welded from one side shall require
transfer). requalification.
82
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.-c
c-
Notes:
1. It is generally recommended that the specimensfor the bend tests be approximately 318 in. (10 mm). However, the specimen thick-
ness may be any value within the range given above as dictated by the material thickness, available equipment, orthe applicable
specification.
2. Required accuracy of measurement is as follows:
(1) Specimen thickness: ?1/64 in. (0.4 mm).
(2) Elongation: ?1 percent.
(3)Bend radius: +_1/16in. (1.6 mm).
3. Example: A standard requires a minimum elongation of 20 percent. If the specimenis 7/16 in. (11 mm) thick, a line is drawn between
these two points and extended to determine the appropriate bend radius, which would 7/8 in.
be(22 mm).
4. When applying thenomogram data, jigs that will provide20 percent elongation may be used for any metal havingan elongation over
20 percent.
83
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AWS D1.63 999
L
W = W4 in.
(20 mm) MIN
I
1/4 in. (6 mm)
I
S T D - A W S D L - b - E N G L L999
-11 I
10 in. (250 mm) APPROX.
\ \
A k
/ . 07842b5 05LLL93 385
Notes:
1. Thin sheet metal being tested tends to tear and break near the shoulder.In such cases, dimension C shall be no greater than1-1/3
times W.
2. Weld reinforcement and backing strip, if any,shall beremoved flush with the surface of the specimen.
3. When the thickness, T, of the testweldment is such thatit would not providea specimen within the capacity limitations
of the available
test equipment, the specimen shall be parted through its thickness many into asspecimens as required.
4. The lengthof the reduced sections shall be equal to the width of the widest of portion
the weld plus 1/4 in. (6mm) on each side.
4.8.8 Weld Deposit. A change in the weld deposit thick- ing shall be considered qualified forsingle electrode ma-
ness for the process qualified,as prescribed in Table4.3, chine welding in the same process(es) subject to the
shall require requalification. limitations of 4.8. The weldingoperators should receive
training and demonstrate their ability to make satisfac-
4.8.9 The addition or deletion of a consumable insert
tory welds.
in a CJP,single side, openroot weld joint shall require
requalification. 4.9.4 Position. A change in the position of welding to
one for which the welding operator is not already quali-
fied shall require requalification.
4.9 Limitation of Variables for
Welding Operator Performance
Qualification 4.10 Types, Purposes, and
4.9.1 Electrode and Shielding Medium.A welding op- Acceptance Criteria of Tests
--
erator qualified with an approved electrode and shielding and Examinations for Welders
||
84
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QUALIFICATION
Dimensions
Specimen 1 Specimen 2
in. mm in. mm
W = width *
1 0.05 25 2 1 1.50 f 0.1 25 4023
B = width of weld 0.50 approx. 0.75 approx. 12 approx. 20 approx.
C = nominal widthof section 1.5 40 2.0 50
Notes:
1. The weld reinforcement and backing,if any, shall be removed.
2. The width, B, of the weld may be varied to approximately W/2 by selecting an appropriate specimen thickness, T, and its location
within theweld.
3. The width,W, may be varied within reason to accommodate the approximately of B = W/2 if it is not possiMeto meet the requirements
of Note 2.
of the reduced section within 1/8 in.
4. The grip sectionof the specimen shall be symmetrical, with the centerline (3 mm).
(3) When accessible, the root of the weld shall be in- 4.10.2.2 Substitutionof RT for Guided-Bend Tests.
spected, and there shall be no evidence of cracks, incom- Radiographic testing of the test weld may be used at the
plete fusion, or inadequate joint penetration. A concave contractor’s option in lieu of mechanical testing with the
root surface is permitted, provided the total weld thick- exception forjoints welded by GMAW-S (which must be
ness is equal to or greater than that of the base metal. bend tested). | | | |---
tested).
be prepared for testing in accordance with Figures4.16
through 4.20.
4.10.2.1Qpe andNumberofGuided-Bend Tests.
| |
The type and numberof test specimens that must be tested 4.10.2.4 Acceptance Criteria for Guided-Bend Tests.
||
--
to qualify a welder or welding operatorby guided-bend The convex surface of the bend test specimens shall be
testing are shown in Table 4.3, together with the rangeof visually examined for surface discontinuities. For accep-
thickness that is qualified by the thickness of the test tance, the surface shall contain no discontinuities ex-
plates, pipeor tubing used in making the qualification. ceeding the following dimensions:
85
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STDOAWS Dl-6-ENGL 3999 6 07842b5 0533395 358 6
AWS Dl .6:1 999 QUALIFICATION
- WELD TO BE APPROXIMATELY
CENTER OF GAGE LENGTH.
, ,"," ,
/
-r"".:.II
,,, ,,,,, ,.
a
Y
;::kg?:
, ,.,'
._
. .,..
1
..
1
1.
~
,..~,',.,,
~
~ ~~
Specimen No.
(mm)in. W, in.
C,(mm) (mm)
G , in. A (min), in. (mm)
1 1122 1/64
(12
0.4)
1-1/16
(27) approx. (502)
2+
1 2-1/4 (57)
3 1 2 1/16 (25
2 2) 1-112(40)approx, 22(5of)1/64
42 (1 OOf)
t (0.5) 2-1 14 (57)
4-112(1 15)
J
2% (502) 2-114 (57)
4 1-112 (40
118 +_ ? 3) 2 (50) approx. (1
42 002) 4-112
15)
(1
82 (2002) 9 (230)
Notes:
1. The weld reinforcement and backing, if any, shall be removed flush with the specimen.
2. Alternate specimen shall not be used for nominal wall thickness less3/8 than
in. (10mm).
3. Only grip sections of the specimen may be flattened.
4. In the case of full wall thickness specimens, cross-sectional areas may be calculated by multiplying W and = Tt).(t
5. T is the thicknessof the test specimen as provided in forthe applicable specification.
6. The reduced section shallbe parallel within0.010in. (0.25mm) and may have a gradual taper in width from the ends toward
the cen-
ter with the ends not more than 0.010 in. (0.25mm) wider than the center.
7. The grip sectionof the specimen shallbe symmetrical, with the centerlineof the reduced section within
1/8in. (3mm).
Figure 4.12-Tension Specimen for Pipe Size Greater Than2 in. (50 mm)
Nominal Diameter (see 4.6.6.1)
(1) 1/8 in. (3 mm) measured in any direction on the 4.10.3 Radiography Testing. To obtain a volumetric
surface. evaluation of the test specimen.
(2) 3/8 in. (10 mm)-the sum of the greatest dimen-
sions of all discontinuities exceeding 1/32 in. (1 mm), 4.103.1 If radiographyisusedinlieuofthepre-
but less than or equal to 1/8 in. (3 mm). scribed bend test, the weld reinforcement need not be
(3) 1/4 in. (6 mm)-the maximum comer crack, ex- ground or otherwise smoothed for inspection unless its
cept when the comer crack resulted from visible slag in- surface irregularities or junctures with the base metal
clusion or other fusion type discontinuities, then the 1/8 would cause objectionable weld discontinuities to be ob-
in. (3 mm) maximum shall apply. Specimens with corner scured in the radiograph. (See 4.10.5.) If the backing is
cracks exceeding 1/4in. (6 mm) with no evidence ofslag removed for radiographic testing, the root shall be
inclusion or other fusion type discontinuities shall be dis- ground flush with the base metal.
regarded, and a replacement test specimen fromthe orig-
inal weldment shall be tested. Failure of this specimen 4.103.2 The radiographic procedureand technique
shall require requalification. requirements of section 6.
shall be in accordance with the
86
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STDmAWS D L - h - E N G L 1797 m 07642h5 05LLL9b 074 =
QUALIFICATION 1999 Dl .6:
Dl
Notes:
1. Use maximum diameter specimen (a), (b), (c), or (d) that canbe cut from the section.
2. Weld should bein center of reduced section.
3. Where only a single specimen is required, the centerof the specimen should be midway between the surfaces.
4. Reduced Section "A"should not be less than width of weld plus two times "D."
5. The ends maybe of any shapeto fit the holders of the testing machinein such a waythat the loadis applied axially.
One (1) in. (25 mm) at each end of the length of the test lution shall be used to give a clear definition of the weld.
plate shall be excluded from evaluation. See Annex G .
| | | |---
4.10.4 Macroetch Test. To determine complete fusion (1) Visual examination of the weld shall show
and unacceptable discontinuities. (Fillet welds shall be
|
87
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AWS Dl .6:1999
WELD REINFORCEMENT
SHALL BE MACHINED
FLUSH WITH THE BASE METAL.
20
-
DMIN
+ I
I
V-JAWS
OF
I II>- TESTING
l MACHINE
'I
I
I
PLUG I
(2) The actual weld size shall be equal to or greater excess of the requirements of 6.28.1. There shall be no
than the specified weld size. porosity visible on the weldsurface.
(3) The weld shall not have any concavityor convex- The broken specimen shall pass if:
ity greater than 1/16 in. (2 mm). (1) The specimen bends flat upon itself, or
(2) The fillet weld, if fractured, has a fracture surface
4.10.5 Fillet Weld Break Test. The entire length of the showing complete fusion to the root of the joint with no
fillet weld shall beexamined visually and then a 6 in. inclusion or porosity larger than 3/32 in. (2.5 mm) in
(150 mm) long specimen (see Figure4.5) or a quarter- greatest dimension, and
section of the pipefillet weld assembly shall be loaded in (3) The sum of the greatest dimensions of all inclu-
such a way that the root of the weld is in tension. At least sions and porosity shall not exceed 3/8 in. (10 mm) in the
one weldingstart and stop shall be located within the test 6 in. (150 mm) long specimen.
specimen. The load shall be increased or repeated until
the specimen fractures or bends flat upon itself.
Table 4.3
--
I
|| ||| ||| | || |
Type of Joint’ in. (mm) in. (mm) Side Bend Maximum, in.
Face Bend Root Bend
-
|
Groove
Groove
I Over 3/8 (10) but
less than 3/4 (20)
3/4 (20) and over
2t
Max to be welded
1 - 1 2 -
1
I -
1
1/8 (3)
Notes:
1. I b o or more pipe test coupons of different thicknesses and different diameters may be used to determine the weld metal thickness qualified and that
thickness may be applied to production welds to the smallest pipe diameter for which the welder is qualified.
2. To qualify for positions 5G and 6G, two root-bend and two face-bend specimens, or four side-bend specimens, as applicable.
3. Welder qualifications limited to minimum WPS limits.
4. See Figures 4.14,4.15, and 4.23 for specimen locations.
5. Groove weld tests qualify fillet welds within the limitation of Tables 4.3 and 4.4.
Outside Diameterof Test Coupon, in. (mm) Maximum Outside Diameter Qualified, in. (mm) Thickness Qualified’
Less than 1 (U) I welded Size 1 All
[Note
1 ((73)
22-7/8
5 )than
to less
-
61 I overand
1 (25)
~~
I All
2-7/8 (73) andover 1 - and
over (73) 2-7/8 - 1 All
Notes:
6. 2-7/8 (73) O.D.is equivalent to NPS 2-3/2 (65).
7. Welder qualifications limited to minimum WPS limits.
89
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AWS Dl .6:1999
Table 4.4
Performance Qualification-Position and Diameter Limitations (see 4.7.4)
Plate and Pipe Over24 in. Pipe s 24 in.
Weld Position' (600 mm) O.D. (600 mm) O.D. Plate and Pipe Fillet
I
1G F F (Note 2) F
2G F, H F, H (Note 2) F, H
3G F, H,V F (Note2) F, H, V
Plate4roove
4G F, 0 F (Note 2) F, H,0
3G and 4G F, v, 0 F (Note2) All
2G, 3G,and 4G All F, H (Note 2) All
1F - - F (Note2)
2F - - F, H (Note 2)
Plate-Fillet 3F - - F, H, V (Note 2)
4G - - F, H, O (Note 2)
3F and 4F - - All (Note 2)
1G F F F, H
2G F, H F, H F, H
Pipearoove 5G F, v, 0 F, V,0 All
6G All All All
2G and 5G All All (Note3) All
~
1F - - F
2F - - F, H
Pipe-Fillet 2m - - F, H
4F - - F,H,0
5F - - All
Notes:
1 . Positions of welding
F = Flat
H = Horizontal
V = Vertical
O = Overhead
2. Pipe 2-7/8 in. (73mm) NPS and over.
3. Note 3:
90
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