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To introduce the mechanism of transfer 1. Able to explain the mechanism by
of prestress in PSC member and which prestressing force is
determine the bursting force. transferred to concrete in pre-
tensioned beams;
2. Able to explain the stress
trajectories in an end block of a
post-tensioned concrete beam with
a single anchorage.
3. Able to determine the bursting
force in post-tensioned member.
  Prestressed concrete contains
tendons which are typically stressed
to about 1000 MPa.
 These tendons need to be anchored
at their ends in order to transfer
prestressing force to the concrete.
End of pre-tensioned End of post-tensioned
member member
 In pre-tensioned concrete, the force
is transferred by bond between the
tendon and the concrete (steel-
concrete bond).
 For a pre-tensioned member, usually
there is no anchorage device at the
ends.
 In post-tensioned concrete, relatively
small anchorage plates transfer the
force from the tendon to the
concrete immediately behind the
anchorage by bearing at each end of
the tendon.

Anchoring device
 In either case, the prestressing force
is transferred in a relatively
concentrated fashion, usually at the
ends of the member, and involved
high local pressures and forces.
 Therefore, a finite length of the
member is required for the
concentrated forces to redistribute
(disperse) the stress occurs behind
the anchorage plate to form the
linear compressive stress
distribution, (according to St.
Venant's Principle).
 The distance over which this
redistribution occurs is called
anchorage zone (disturbed region).
 The length of member over which the
redistribution of stress takes place is
called the transmission length (in pre-
tensioned), and the anchorage length
(in post-tensioned).
 In the anchorage zone (within the
transmission/anchorage length), the
stress trajectories are the main
concern of Engineers.
 Stress trajectories are complex in
nature.
 Therefore, it is in the Engineer's
interest to ensure two things in this
zone:
 The zone must not crack at the
serviceability limit state, and
 The zone must not fail at the
ultimate limit state.
 When the pretressing force is
transferred to the concrete,
transverse stresses (compressive and
tensile) developed together with the
shear stress within the anchorage
zone.
 Usually, the stress concentrations
within the anchorage zone in a pre-
tensioned member are not as severe
as a post-tensioned anchorage zone.
 A more gradual transfer of
prestressing force occur in pre-
tensioning system.
 Meanwhile, the high concrete bearing
stresses behind the anchorage plates
in post-tensioned members.
The mechanism of prestressing force is
transferred to pre-tensioned beams

 The transmission of prestressing

force from steel (wires) to concrete
is generally through a steel-concrete
bond.
 The transfer of prestressing force
usually occurs only at the end of the
member, with the steel stress varying
from zero at the end of the wires to
the prescribed amount (Pm0) at some
distance.
 That distance is known as
transmission length.
The mechanism of prestressing force is
transferred to pre-tensioned beams

 Over the transmission length the

bond stresses are high.
 The figure shows the distribution of
bond stresses – stress in steel and
concrete in the transmission zone.
 The maximum bond stress is reached
in the zone of transverse
compression.
 When the bond stress is zero, the
stress in steel and concrete reach
their maximum values, and uniform
stress distribution is prevalent from
this section.
The mechanism of prestressing force is
transferred to pre-tensioned beams
 The main mechanisms that contribute
to the strength of the steel-concrete
bond are:
(1) chemical adhesion of steel to
concrete,
(2) friction at the steel-concrete
interface, and
(3) mechanical interlocking of
concrete and steel.
 When the wires are released from its
anchorage within the casting bed and
the force is transferred to the
concrete, there is a small amount of
wires (tendon) slip at the end of the
member.
 This slippage destroys the bond for a
short distance into the member at
the released end, after which
adhesion, friction and mechanical
interlock combine to transfer the
wires force to concrete.
 Hoyer effect (Wedge action)

 When the wires are released from its

temporary anchorage on the
prestressing bed, the end of the
wires swell as a result of the recovery
of the lateral contraction.
 During the stressing operation, there
is a reduction in the diameter of the
wires (tendon) due to Poisson’s ratio
effect.
 The concrete is then cast around the
highly tensioned wires (tendon).
 Hoyer effect (Wedge action)

 When the wires (tendon) are

released, the unstressed portion of
the wires (tendon) at the end of the
member returns to its original
diameter, whilst at some distance into
the member, where the tensile stress
in the wires (tendon) are still high,
the wires (tendon) remains at its
reduced diameter.
 Within the transmission length, the
diameter of wires varies and there is
radial pressure exerted on the
surrounding concrete.
 Hoyer effect (Wedge action)

 This pressure produces a frictional

component which assists in the
transferring of force from the steel
to the concrete.
 The wedging action due to this radial
strain is known as the Hoyer effect.
 Transmission Length
 The length required at the end of a
pre-tensioned member for a build-up
of stress in concrete is of great
importance.
 The transmission length depends
mainly on the diameter and surface
characteristics of the wire, the
elastic properties of steel and
concrete, and the coefficient of
friction between steel and concrete.
 Observed values of transmission
length for most common condition are
ranged from 50 – 150 times the
diameter of the tendon.
 The force transfer is not linear, with
about 50% of the force transferred
in the 1st quarter of the transfer
length and about 80% within the 1st
half of the length.
 For design purpose, however, it is
reasonable and generally conservative
to assume a linear variation of steel
stress over the entire transmission
length.
 Transmission Length

 Based on the wedge action, Hoyer has  Marshall and Krishna Murthy’s semi-
developed an expression for empirical relations for determination
computing the transmission length, of transmission length which
which is given by: applicable for plain smooth wires and
strands is given by:
𝜙 𝛼e 𝑓pi 𝑓pe
𝑙pt = 1 + 𝜐c −
2𝜇 𝜐s 𝐸c 2𝑓pi − 𝑓pe 𝑓cu × 103
𝑙pt =
𝛽
 Example 5.1 Solution:
Calculate the transmission length at the end
of the pre-tensioned simply supported beam 𝜙 𝛼e 𝑓pi 𝑓pe
as per Hoyer’s method using the following 𝑙pt = 1 + 𝜐c −
2𝜇 𝜐s 𝐸 c 2𝑓pi − 𝑓pe
data:
Span of the beam = 50 m 𝐸𝑠 210
ϕ wire = 7 mm 𝛼e = = =7
𝐸𝑐 30
m = 0.1
nc = 0.15 𝑓pi = 0.7𝑓pu = 0.7 ∗ 1500 = 1050 N mm2

ns = 0.30
𝑓pe = 0.6𝑓pu = 0.6 ∗ 1500 = 900 N mm2
Es = 210 kN/mm2 and Ec= 30 kN/mm2
Ultimate tensile strength of steel wire, fpu =
1500 N/mm2 7 7
𝑙pt = 1 + 0.15
2 ∗ 0.1 0.30
Initial stress in steel, fpi = 0.7fpu 1050 900
− = 𝟕𝟎𝟑 𝐦𝐦
Effective stress in steel, fpe = 0.6fpu 30000 2 ∗ 1050 − 900
 Example 5.2 Solution:

Estimate the transmission length of the ends 𝑓cu × 103

of a pre-tensioned beam prestressed by 7 mm 𝑙pt =
𝛽
ϕ wires. Assume the cube strength of
concrete at transfer as 42 N/mm2. Adopt
Marshall and Krishna Murthy’s empirical From Table 5.1: β = 0.0174
relation.

42 × 103
𝑙pt = = 𝟔𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦
0.0174
 Bond stress
 The magnitude of bond stresses
developed between concrete and steel
and its variation in the anchorage
zone of a pre-tensioned beam is
depicted in the following figure.
 The bond stress is zero at the ends
but build up rapidly to a maximum
over a very short length.
 This value decreases as the stress in
the wire builds up.
 At a distance equal to the
transmission length, the bond stress
is almost zero while the stress in
steel and concrete reach their
maximum values.
 Bond stress
If:
 (tbp)max = the max. value of bond  Based on tests conducted at the
stress University of Leeds, the following
relations have been proposed by
 (tbp)x = bond stress at a distance x
from the free end Marshall:

 ϕ = diameter of the wire

𝜏bp = 𝜏bp 𝑒−4𝜓𝑥 𝜙
 fs = stress in steel a distance x from x max
the free end
 fsc = effective stress in steel at the 𝑓s = 𝑓sc 1 − 𝑒−4𝜓𝑥 𝜙

end of the anchorage zone  The stress in a steel wire gradually

increases from zero at the end of the
beam to 100% of the effective stress
at the end of the transmission length.
 Example 5.3 Solution:

A pre-tensioned beam is prestressed using 5 (a) Calculate the transmission length;

mm diameter wires with an initial stress 80%
Use Marshall and Krishna Murthy’s equation:
of the ultimate tensile strength of steel. The
cube strength of concrete at transfer is 30 From Table 5.1: β = 0.0235
N/mm2. Given the ultimate tensile strength of
steel is 1600 N/mm2, (tbp )max = 7.42 N⁄mm2 30 × 103
𝑙pt = = 𝟒𝟖𝟑 𝐦𝐦
and ψ=0.00725. 0.0235

a) Calculate the transmission length;

b) Compute the bond stress at ¼ and ½ the (b) Compute the bond stress at ¼ and ½ the
transmission length from the end; transmission length from the end;
c) Calculate the overall average bond stress.
𝜏bp = 𝜏bp 𝑒−4𝜓𝑥 𝜙 = 7.42𝑒−4∗0.00725𝑥 𝜙
x max
Solution: Solution:

(b) Compute the bond stress at ¼ and ½ the (b) Compute the bond stress at ¼ and ½ the
transmission length from the end; transmission length from the end;

𝜏bp = 𝜏bp 𝑒 −4𝜓𝑥 𝜙

= 7.42𝑒 −4∗0.00725𝑥 𝜙
𝜏bp = 𝜏bp 𝑒 −4𝜓𝑥 𝜙
= 7.42𝑒 −4∗0.00725𝑥 𝜙
x max x max

¼ the transmission length from the end = ½ the transmission length from the end = ½
¼*483 = 120.75 mm *483 = 241.5 mm
𝜙 = 5mm 𝜙 = 5mm
Therefore, the bond stress: Therefore, the bond stress:

𝜏bp = 7.42𝑒−4∗0.00725∗120.75 5
𝜏bp = 7.42𝑒 −4∗0.00725∗241.5 5
120.75mm 120.75mm
= 𝟑. 𝟔𝟖 𝐍 𝐦𝐦𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟑 𝐍 𝐦𝐦𝟐
Solution:

(c) Calculate the overall average bond

stress;

0.8 ∗ 1600 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 2.52

𝜏bp =
average 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 2.5 ∗ 483
= 𝟑. 𝟑 𝐍 𝐦𝐦𝟐
 Introduction
 In the anchorage zone of a post-
tensioned member, the state of
stress-distribution is complex and 3D
in nature.
 In most post-tensioned members, the
prestressing tendons are introduced
in a duct, then stressed and anchored
at the end faces.
 The large forces will be concentrated
over relatively small areas and applied
on the end blocks and hence, develop
transverse and shear stresses.
 The transverse stresses developed in
the anchorage zone are tensile in
nature over a large length.
 The effect of transverse tensile
stress is the development of a zone
of bursting tension in a direction
perpendicular to the anchorage force,
resulting in horizontal cracking.
 Since concrete is weak in tension,
suitable reinforcement are generally
provided in the transverse direction
to resist the bursting tension.
Stress distribution (trajectories) in the
anchorage zone

 High bearing stresses at the

anchorage plate disperse throughout
the anchorage zone, creating high
transverse stresses (compressive and
tensile), until at a distance la from the
anchorage plate.
 The idealised stress trajectories
(distribution) in the anchorage zone
(end block) with the compressive and (a) A single square anchorage plate centrally
tensile stress paths are shown in fig. positioned at the end of a prismatic member depth
(b). h and width b. (b) Stress trajectories for a
centrally placed anchorage plate
Stress distribution (trajectories) in the
anchorage zone
 The stress trajectories are convex to
the centre line of the member, and
produce transverse paths of
compressive stress normal to the
member axis.
 Further from the anchorage, the
compressive stress trajectories
become concave to the member axis
and, produce transverse tensile
stress paths. (a) A single square anchorage plate centrally
 At the same time, transverse tensile positioned at the end of a prismatic member depth
stresses develop in the nearby h and width b. (b) Stress trajectories for a
concrete. centrally placed anchorage plate
Stress distribution (trajectories) in the
anchorage zone

 The stress trajectories are closely

spaced directly behind the bearing
plate where compressive stress is
high, and become more widely spaces
as the distance from the anchorage
plate increases.
 St. Venant’s principle suggests that
the length of the disturbed region, la,
for the single centrally located (a) A single square anchorage plate centrally
anchorage is approximately equal to positioned at the end of a prismatic member depth
the depth of the member h. h and width b. (b) Stress trajectories for a
centrally placed anchorage plate
Stress distribution (trajectories) in the
anchorage zone

 The variation of the transverse

stresses along the centre line of the
member, and normal to it, is presented
in the following figure.
 The degree of curvature of the stress
trajectories is dependent on the size of
the bearing plate. The smaller the
bearing plate, the larger are both the
curvature and concentration of the
stress trajectories, hence the larger Distribution of transverse stress behind a
are the transverse tensile and single central anchorage
compressive forces in the anchorage
zone.
Stress distribution (trajectories) in the
anchorage zone

 The transverse tensile forces, often

called bursting or splitting forces, need
to be estimated accurately so that
transverse reinforcement within the
anchorage zone can be designed to
resist them.
 Elastic analysis can be used to analyse
anchorage zone prior to the
commencement of cracking.
Distribution of transverse stress behind a
single central anchorage
Investigation on anchorage zone stress
through Guyon’s method for forces
evenly distributed
 Guyon has developed design tables for
the computation of bursting tension in
end blocks which are based on his
earlier mathematical investigations
concerning the distribution of
stresses in end blocks subjected to
concentrated loads.
 According to Guyon’s method, the
bursting tension is expressed as:
0.58
𝐹bst = 0.3𝑃 1 − 𝑦po 𝑦𝑜
Investigation on anchorage zone stress
through Guyon’s method for forces
evenly distributed
Where:
P = anchorage force
ypo yo = distribution ratio (refer design
table of Guyon’s method)
2ypo = depth of the anchorage plate
2yo = depth of the anchorage prism (for
this case is equal to the depth of the end
block)
Investigation on anchorage zone stress
through Guyon’s method for forces
evenly distributed
 In Guyon’s method, the position of
zero stress, maximum transverse
stress and its magnitude for the
forces which are evenly distributed
are computed by using the coefficient
given in design table of Guyon’s
method.
Example 5.4
The end block of a prestressed concrete
beam, rectangular in section, is 100 mm
wide and 200 mm deep. The prestressing
force of 100 kN is transmitted to
concrete by a distribution plate, 100 mm
wide and 50 mm deep, concentrically
located at the ends.
a) Calculate the position and magnitude
of the maximum tensile stress;
b) Compute the bursting tension.
Solution:
Calculate the position and magnitude of the
maximum tensile stress
2𝑦po = 50 mm
2𝑦o = 200 mm
∴ 𝑦po 𝑦o = 50 200 = 0.25
Refer design table of Guyon’s method:
Position of zero stress from the end face =
0.15 2𝑦o = 0.15 × 200 = 30 mm
Position of max. stress from the end face =
0.33 2𝑦o = 0.33 × 200 = 66 mm
Ratio of max. tensile stress to average
stress = 0.345
Solution: Solution:

Max. tensile stress = 0.345 𝑃 𝐴

100 × 103 Compute the bursting tension:
= 0.345 = 1.725 N mm2 0.58
200 × 100 𝐹bst = 0.3𝑃 1 − 𝑦po 𝑦𝑜
Therefore, the max. tensile stress is given by 𝐹bst = 0.3 × 100 103 1 − 0.25 0.58
= 16.575 kN
1.725N mm2 at the position of 66 mm from
the end face.
If the yield stress in mild steel is 260N mm2 ,
66 mm then:
𝐹bst 16.575
Area of steel required = =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 0.87 ∗ 260
30 mm = 73mm2
Hence, provide 3M6 for the tensile
reinforcement in the anchorage zone.
 End Zone Reinforcement

The forms are closed stirrups, mats or Confining the concrete with spiral
links with loops. reinforcement.
 End Zone Reinforcement

Fabrication of end zone reinforcement: End zone reinforcement with guide and
duct: