Soil-Pile Interaction Under Dynamic Load: State-of-The-Art

Nabanita Sharma i), Dr. Jayanta Pathak ii) and Dr. Diganta Goswami iii)

i) Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.
ii) Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, Assam, India.
iii) Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, Assam, India.

ABSTRACT

Soil-Pile interaction is the phenomena involving the response of pile foundations caused by the flexibility of the
supporting soils, as well as the response of soils caused by the presence of the pile foundations and the structures. This
paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the soil-pile interaction for mid-rise buildings and the effect of dynamic load on them.
Following a precise summary of the historical development in this field, the methods available for the analysis of soil-pile
interaction, are elucidated. The sustainability of pile foundation under earthquake load is a concern for foundation
engineers and such foundations are commonly used in the Guwahati city. A large number of mid-rise buildings are
constructed in last decade, which are mostly founded on pile-foundations. It is therefore important to study the
sustainability of such foundation system under earthquake load. A brief description on the interaction of soil and piled-raft
foundation, which is gaining popularity in the recent years as a sustainable foundation system for buildings and other
structures, is also highlighted.

Keywords: soil-pile, dynamic load, piled-raft

1 INTRODUCTION more important as an effect, and noticing also an

important reduction in the amplitude of the horizontal
Pile foundation is one of the most widely used deep
motion in the long direction of the building.
foundations to support structures like high rise and mid-
rise buildings. Buildings with more than 12 storeys is
2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS
called a high-rise building, with less than 4 storeys is a
low-rise building, and having storeys between 4 and 11, Over the last few decades, various methods have
are called mid-rise buildings [7]. These buildings are been developed for the analysis of soil-pile interaction
subjected to static loads coming from the superstructure under dynamic load. These methods are broadly
as well as dynamic loads mainly in the form of grouped under three categories – Finite Element
earthquake. During vibration, the pile interacts with method, Experimental studies and Computer
surrounding soil and develops stiffness and damping of Programming.
the soil-pile system [10]. Soil-Pile interaction refers to
2.1 Finite Element Method
the complex phenomena in which the response of the
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a very
soil influences the response of the pile foundation and
efficient tool for numerical analysis of nonlinear
the response of the pile influences the soil movement.
dynamic response of soil-pile system [10]. This method
The Guwahati city lies in the Seismic Zone V [21]. The
is a numerical approach based on elastic continuum
multi-storeyed buildings situated in a greater part of the
theory that can be used to model soil-pile interaction by
city are highly vulnerable to earthquakes. Roesset
considering the soil as a three-dimensional, quasi-
(2013) stated that, the effects of the soil on the seismic
elastic continuum [32]. Kücükarslan et al. (2004)
response of more general structures were addressed by
studied the inelastic analysis of pile-soil interaction,
Sezawa and Kanai in 1935. Seismic soil structure
where the piles were modeled as linear finite elements
interaction effects were addressed for the first time in
and the inelastic modeling of the soil media was
the United States by Martel in 1940, where the behavior
introduced by a rational approximation to a continuum
of the Hollywood Storage Building during the 1933
with nonlinear interface springs along the piles and
Long Beach earthquake was studied. In the fifties
concluded that the inelastic analysis is not only capable
Merritt and Housner looked again at this problem, using
of predicting the general trend of pile group behaviour,
data recorded at and near the building, comparing the
but it is also capable of predicting the general trend of
effects on the translational and rotational motions of the
pile settlement, which is of primary importance in the
building, concluding that the rotation seemed to be
design of pile foundations. Ladhane and Sawant (2010)
studied the nonlinear 3D finite element analysis of pile
group subjected to lateral load using Von-Mises,
Drucker-Prager and Mohr-Coulomb soil models to
define plastic yielding in soil. It was found that in
nonlinear analysis higher displacements occur as
compared to the linear analysis at all the load levels.
Also, the effect of nonlinearity reduces with the
increase in pile spacing. Luo et al. (2016) investigated
the dynamic response of a seismic soil–pile–structure
interaction (SSPSI) system by conducting nonlinear 3D
finite element numerical simulations and found that the
nonlinearity of the soil–pile interface has a great effect
on the dynamic response of the system and is more
suitable for simulating the real interactions between the
soil and the piles. The presence of pile foundations can
suppress the rocking of the structure and it will lead to
decreased displacement response of soil and structure
during the interaction between the soil and the piles.
Finite Element method has become quite popular in
analyzing soil-pile interaction. This method has been
widely implemented in a large number of computer
programs, which is discussed under the category of
computer programs.
2.2 Experimental Studies
Experiments prove to be a very important and
efficient tool for the engineers to study the various
facts. Ashour et al. (2004), assessed the behaviour of a
laterally loaded pile group in uniform and layered soil
based on the strain wedge model approach and found
that the overlap of shear zones among the piles in a
group varies along the length of the pile and changes
from one soil layer to another in the soil profile and,
interaction among the piles grows with the increase in
lateral loading. Seismic Soil-Pile Structure Interaction
was studied by Malhotra (2004), where the physical
processes that occur in a seismically loaded pile
supported structure were categorized into far-field
effects, near field effects, and inertial effects. Far-field
effects consist of pore-pressure generation, ground
deformation and subsequent cyclic degradation. Near
field effects include strain rate effects (soil-pile
slippage), cyclic degradation, and gap-slap mechanism.
It is recommended that while examining SSPSI, the far-
field and near-field effects should be considered along
with the stress strain behaviour of soils. Allotey and
Naggar (2008) carried out two case studies of single
piles, one in clay and one in sand, to study the effect of
the type of soil on nonlinear cyclic response of piles
using a recently developed beam on a nonlinear
Winkler foundation (BNWF) model. It was observed
that the effect of soil cave-in and recompression is to
decrease pile maximum moment, move its point of
occurrence closer to ground surface, and increase
hysteretic energy dissipation. Maravas et al. (2008)
developed a simplified discrete system in the form of a
simple oscillator to analyze the dynamic behaviour of
structure on footings and piles on compliant ground,
under harmonic excitation, and found that a structure
founded on a pile generates higher radiation damping
than a statically and geometrically equivalent structure
resting on a spread footing. Therefore, a pile foundation
acts as an elementary passive seismic protection system
offering higher amounts of damping due to wave
radiation.
Chandrasekaran et al. (2010) performed static lateral
load tests on 1x2, 2x2, 1x4, and 3x3 model pile groups
embedded in soft clay and studied the effects of pile
spacing, number of piles, embedment length, and
configuration on pile-group interaction. It was found
that the lateral load capacity of piles in 3x3 group at
three diameter spacing is about 40% less than that of
the single pile while, group interaction causes 20%
increase in the maximum bending moment in piles of
the groups with three diameter spacing in comparison
to the single pile. Manna and Baidya (2010) carried out
horizontal vibration tests on reinforced concrete single
pile and group piles under varying levels of harmonic
excitation acting above the center of gravity of the pile
cap-loading system to study the nonlinear dynamic
behaviour of pile foundations. It was found that the
boundary zone parameters, pile-soil separation, pile-
soil-pile interaction and the embedded effect of the pile
cap play a major role in the coupled dynamic response
of pile foundation. The depth of fixity of piles in clay
under dynamic lateral load was studied by Ayothiraman
and Boominathan (2012), for which dynamic
experiments were carried out on instrumented model
aluminium single piles with different length to diameter
ratios, embedded in clay of different constituencies to
study its bending behaviour under lateral loads. It was
observed that the maximum bending moment due to
dynamic load is magnified by about 1.5–4 times in
comparison to the static load for short piles but about 9
times for long piles. In the same year, Suleiman et al.
measured soil-pile interaction for small diameter
concrete piles embedded in loose well-graded sand
subjected to lateral soil movement, by collecting
experimental data to directly measure the soil-pile
interaction for fully-instrumented passive pile. They
found that the soil-pile interaction pressure increases on
the back side of the pile for the length above the shear
surface and increases on the front side of the pile.
Chawhan and Quadri (2013), carried out laboratory
study of a model testing of the piles embedded in sand
collected from Tungabhadra River at Harihar taluk,
Davangere district, Karnataka State and studied the
lateral resistance of piles, variations of lateral stiffness,
eccentricity and soil layer thickness ratio and the
coefficient of subgrade modulus variation (N h), the
effect of the installation method, and the pile head
restrained condition. It was observed that deflection,
slope, shear force decreases and moments, soil
reactions increase with the increase of depth of
embedment of pile. Asha and Salinitha (2013) carried
out an investigation to study influence of rock socket
depth on seismic behaviour of single end bearing pile
foundations embedded in homogeneous stiff clayey soil
and layered soil and found that lateral displacement
under seismic load does not change beyond a rock
socket depth of 0.8D. It was also observed that when
subjected to seismic load, pile groups in parallel
arrangement deflected more than that in series
arrangement irrespective of the group size.
Chandrasekaran et al. (2013) studied the behaviour of
single pile on sandy soil due to both vertical and
horizontal load applied directly, and found that piles
supporting large load of a building undergoes minimum
lateral displacement. Suleiman et al. (2014)
experimentally studied the soil-structure interaction of
piles which are used to stabilize failing slopes. Piles
subjected to lateral soil movement are known as passive
piles. It was observed that the pressure exerted on the
pile by the moving soil increased as the soil movement
increased, and that the soil pressure increased linearly
along the pile within the moving soil. Fatahi,
Hokmabadi and Samali (2014), studied the seismic
performance-based design for tall buildings considering
soil-pile-structure interaction by conducting a series of
shaking table tests and found that presence of pile
foundations change the dynamic characteristics and
behavior of the superstructure which should be
considered in predicting the damage level of structural
and non-structural elements. Hokmabadi, Fatahi and
Samali (2014) studied the effects of the seismic soil-
pile-structure interaction (SSPSI) on the dynamic
response of buildings with various heights by
conducting a series of shaking table tests on 5-, 10-
story, and 15-story model structures. It was concluded
that effects of the SSPSI can change the dynamic
characteristics of the soil-pile-structure system and also
increase the lateral deflection. Srivastava et al. (2016)
carried out physical modeling of a typical building
frame resting on a pile group embedded in cohesive soil
mass using complete three-dimensional finite element
analysis and found that the displacement at top of frame
decreases with increase in pile spacing. Also, increase
in pile diameter and number of piles in a group
increases the stiffness of the pile group due to which
the displacement decreases.
2.3 Computer Programs
Computing has become an indispensable tool since
the development of computer technology has provided
powerful support for SSI analysis. The common
computer programs include SHAKE, FLAC, FLUSH,
DYFRA, ETABS, SASSI and so on. Use of computer
to analyze soil-structure interaction has started in
1980s. Huang et. al. (2004) dealt with the earthquake
response of pile foundations by a three-dimensional
effective stress finite element method program LIQCA.
It was found that the numerical simulation can capture
the fundamental aspects of the pile-soil seismic
interaction, and can produce the useful results for
seismic design or verification of pile foundations.
Tafreshi (2010) analyzed the nonlinear soil-pile
structure interaction under dynamic loads by using
beam on Winkler foundation and free-field soil analysis
using DYFRA program and found that the method is a
reliable method to investigate soil-pile behaviour
subjected to seismic loading. Maheshwari and Sarkar
(2011) used the computer software MATLAB to
develop finite-element code to model three-dimensional
soil-pile-structure systems to study seismic behaviour
of soil-pile-structure interaction in liquefiable soils and
found that the soil-pile-structure interaction increases
the period of the structure and tend to decrease the peak
response. Nisha and Divya (2013), made an attempt to
evaluate the soil parameters like shear stress, angle of
friction and stress behaviour of clay-concrete, sand-
concrete, sand-clay, concrete-geogrid, interfaces
analyzed by finite element method software PLAXIS
2D. It was found that the interface stresses increased by
about 11% due to the area change between the concrete,
sand, clay and when different loading is given
uniformly, the shear stress values are altered by about
2%. Bhowmik et al. (2013) carried out a numerical
analysis of soil-pile system subjected to vertical
dynamic loading, where a Finite Element model was
developed using Abaqus 6.10. It was found that
resonance frequency increases and resonance amplitude
decreases with the increase in pile length. Khare and
Chore (2013), examined the effect of soil-structure
interaction on a G+3 frame resting on pile group
embedded in the cohesive soil using a finite element
based software program in ETABS and concluded that
the effect of the soil-structure interaction in the columns
placed in the leading row is less and is more in the
columns placed on the right hand side. In the same year,
Chatterjee and Choudhury studied the effect of
damping models on dynamic response of single pile
using finite difference based numerical software
FLAC3D. It was observed that with a change in
damping models, the response of the pile foundation
changes considerably. Wu et al. (2015) carried out a
sensitivity analysis for the determination of vertically
loaded pile-soil interface parameters in layered soil
based on FLAC3D. It was concluded that the shear
stiffness is related to the slope of the skin friction - pile-
soil displacement curve, and the larger is stiffness, the
greater is the slope. Also, the interfacial friction angle
has a great influence on the skin friction. Adam et al.
(2016) carried out numerical study to investigate the
seismic response of mid-rise RC buildings subjected to
different seismic excitations assuming full nonlinear
SSI employing PLAXIS V8.2 software. It was
concluded that it is essential to consider SSI effects in
the seismic design of mid-rise buildings for the safety
of the structure.
3 USE OF PILED RAFT FOUNDATION
Piled raft foundation is combination of pile and raft
foundation that covers the entire area beneath a
structure and support all wall and columns. In
situations, where a raft foundation alone does not
satisfy the design requirement, it may be possible to
enhance the performance of the raft by the addition of
piles. The use of a limited number of piles, may
improve both the ultimate load carrying capacity and
the settlement performance of the raft. Rafts supported
on piles are being increasingly used for multi-storeyed
buildings with basements in poor soils with high water
table conditions [34]. Chaudhari and Kadam, (2013),
studied the effect of piled raft design on high-rise
building considering soil structure interaction using the
finite element software ANSYS 11 and found that the
moment carrying capacity of soil pile structure system
depends on soil type, pile diameter, pile configuration
and quantity of concrete. Garg et al. (2013) carried out
a parametric study to observe the behaviour of pile raft
foundation system (PRFS) with relative stiffness of raft
by modeling the PRFS in PLAXIS 3D and observed
that with the increase in soil stiffness, the load transfer
by pile decreases while load shared by raft increases
and the overall and differential settlement reduces. Soil-
foundation-structure interaction of buildings founded
on Piled-Raft Foundation was evaluated through 3D-
Nonlinear Finite Element Analyses using PLAXIS 3D
FOUNDATION code by Ahmed et al. (2014). It was
concluded that the foundation structure and soil field
response is highly affected by different building
structure shape and soil failure models. Also, the soil
field response in layered soil is affected by presence of
lesser stiff layer below the raft. Singh and Singh (2013)
experimentally investigated the performance of piled
raft foundation on sand and observed that the load
carrying capacity increases when the load is transferred
to the soil through piled-raft while the settlement per
unit load is quite less. Das, Saha and Haldar (2016)
studied the effect of inherent variability of undrained
shear strength of soil on seismic design of piled raft
supported structure incorporating dynamic soil-
structure-interaction. From the study, fundamental
period of soil–piled–raft– structure system
incorporating SSI was found to be best fitted with
normal distribution function. Also, probability of failure
for pile foundation embedded in very soft soil indicates
a possibility of high risk of flexural as well as
serviceability failure criteria for pile foundation
supporting shorter/stiff period of structure under
seismic loading. Badry and Satyam (2016) studied
about the seismic soil structure interaction analysis for
piled raft supported buildings in the recent 25th April,
2015 Nepal earthquake (M=7.8). The study concluded
that the system response is more for the ground motion
which carries, the more acceleration on the ground.
Also, a higher degree of asymmetry of the
superstructure increases the chances of its failure under
earthquake scenario. In another work by Albusoda and
Salem (2016), the effect of interaction on piled-raft
system settlement subjected to earthquake excitation
was studied using PLAXIS 3D. The piled raft
foundation components for this analysis are embedded
pile and plate element. The settlement of a pile-raft
system is influenced by the SSI, due to the effect of
stresses on strain through the supporting soil.
4 CONCLUSIONS
This paper reviewed the current state-of-the-art on soil-
pile interaction under earthquake load. It has been
found that to have an accurate estimation of soil-pile
interaction, both static and dynamic loadings need to be
considered. To have a better judgment on the structural
performance of mid-rise buildings, the analysis of the
effects of dynamic soil-structure interaction on seismic
behaviour and lateral structural response of mid-rise
moment resisting building frames is essential [38].
Finite element techniques and computer programs
based on Finite Element Method are found to be more
effective and accurate methods for analysis of soil-pile
interaction. Also, in comparison to pile foundation,
piled-raft foundation is proved to be cost effective and
is also found to be a problem solver for complex
subsoil conditions [31].
The Guwahati city, being in seismic zone V is
highly vulnerable to earthquakes. Construction of mid-
rise buildings in the greater part of the city has become
a matter of great concern. Therefore, seismic analysis of
soil-pile behavior of pile foundations on which most of
these buildings are founded is a great requisite for the
sustainability of the buildings. Also, piled-raft
foundation is found to be more sustainable than the
conventional pile foundation system for the
complicated soil conditions of the city.
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