Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENTADO POR:
AREQUIPA – PERÚ
2012
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Contenido
RESUMEN: ..........................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
........... 5
INTRODUCCIÓN: ............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ 6
1 LOS METALES...........................................................
..............................................................................................................................
................................................................... 1
1.1ESTRUCTURA DE LOS METALES ............................................................................................
............................................................................................ 1
1.1.1Estructura Cristalina: .....................................................................................................
..................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2Estructura Granular: ................................................................................
......................................................................................................
...................... 2
1.2TIPOS DE METALES: ..................................................................
..............................................................................................................
............................................ 3
1.2.1LOS METALES FÉRROSOS ..............................................................
...............................................................................................
................................. 3
1.2.1.1Hierro puro ............................................................................
.............................................................................................................
................................. 3
1.2.1.2Acero: ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1.3Fundición: ...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1.4Aplicaciones de los metales ferrosos ..........................................................
.....................................................................
........... 3
1.2.2METALES NO FERROSOS:
FER ROSOS: .............................................................................................. 4
1.3PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS ..........................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................... 5
1.4PROPIEDADES QUÍMICAS .....................................................................................................
..................................................................................................... 5
1.5PROPIEDADES DE LOS METALES .......................................................................................... 6
1.6TÉCNICAS PARA TRABAJAR LOS
LO S METALES: .......................................................................... 7
1.7PRODUCCIÓN Y USO DE LOS METALES ................................................................................ 8
2.-Procesos de purificación de los metales ...................................................................................
................................................................................... 9
2.1ANODIZADO: .................................................................
........................................................................................................................
....................................................... 9
2.1.1Elementos: ............................................................
..................................................................................................................
...................................................... 10
2.1.2Ciclo Típico del Proceso de Anodizado. ..............................................................
.......................................................................
......... 11
2.2DESTILACIÓN .............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......... 12
2.2.1Fundamento Teórico ...................................................................................................
................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Clasificación
Clasificac ión de la destilación .................................................................
.....................................................................................
.................... 13
2.2.2.1 Destilación Simple
S imple ..........................................................................................
...................................................................................................
......... 13
2.2.2.2 Destilación fraccionada ........................................................................................... 14
2.2.2.3 Destilación al
a l vacío ..................................................................................................
.................................................................................................. 15
2.2.2.4 Destilación por arrastre de vapor .....................................................................
...........................................................................
...... 16
2.3LA ELECTROLISIS: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
......... 16
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2.3.3Electrólitos ............................................................
..................................................................................................................
...................................................... 19
2.3.4Electrólisis del agua ......................................................................
.....................................................................................................
............................... 19
2.4 GALVANIZADO ....................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
............................... 21
2.4.1 Utilidad .......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................... 21
2.4.2 Proceso galvanizado ....................................................................
...................................................................................................
............................... 22
2.4.3Descripción del proceso del galvanizado
g alvanizado ....................................................................
.................................................................... 22
2.4.4GALVANIZADO EN CALIENTE ...................................................................
.......................................................................................
.................... 23
2.4.5 GALVANIZADO
GA LVANIZADO EN FRIO ..............................................................
..............................................................................................
................................ 24
2.4.5.1APLICACIONES ...................................................................................................... 24
2.4.6 ZincadoElectrolitico ....................................................................................................
.................................................................................................... 25
2.4.6.1 PRODUCTOS ...............................................................................................
........................................................................................................
......... 25
2.4.7Galvanizado Electrolítico ....................................................................................
.............................................................................................
......... 26
2.4.8 GALVANIZADO POR LAMINACION..........................................................
..............................................................................
.................... 27
2.5 SIDERURGIA .............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................... 28
2.5.1 EVOLUCIÓN DE LA SIDERURGIA ................................................................................. 29
2.5.2 Siderurgias integrales y acerías ..............................................................
..................................................................................
.................... 29
2.5.3 Proceso de producción ......................................................................................
...............................................................................................
......... 30
2.5.3.1 Procesos en plantas integrales ......................................................................
............................................................................
...... 30
2.5.4 Laminadoras ...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... 31
2.5.5 Procesos en acerías especializadas ............................................................................
............................................................................ 32
2.6 Fundición .......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.................... 33
2.6.1 Diseño y modelo..............................................................
.........................................................................................................
........................................... 34
2.6.2 CLASIFICACION
CL ASIFICACION DE PIEZAS ..........................................................................................
.......................................................................................... 34
2.6.3 SELECCION Y ALEACION DE METALES PARA FUNDICION ........................ 35
2.6.4 VARIANTES
V ARIANTES ................................................................................................................. 35
Bibliografía .................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
................................................................. 37
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Contenido Imágenes
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RESUMEN:
Cuando los metales se extraen de la tierra, pocos o casi ninguno de ellos lucen brillantes
y poseen las características y aspecto que les solemos atribuir. Por consiguiente, para
obtenerse metales que se puedan utilizar en las diferentes aplicaciones humanas (es
decir obtener metal puro), es necesario en primer término separar el mineral de la tierra
y las piedras desprendidas con él .
Uno de los procesos originales para obtener metales purificados se atribuye a la esposa
de un minero. Esta descubrió, al lavar las ropas de su marido, que las partículas de
plomo se adherían a la espuma del jabón.
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INTRODUCCIÓN:
Alrededor del año 3500 a. C. ya existía la metalurgia del hierro esponjoso. Algunas
técnicas usadas en la antigüedad fueron el moldeo a la cera perdida, la soldadura o el
templado del acero. Las primeras fundiciones conocidas empezaron en China en el siglo
I a. C., pero no llegaron a Europa hasta el siglo XIII, cuando aparecieron los primeros
altos hornos.
El cobre fue el primer metal descubierto por encontrarse en estado casi puro en la
naturaleza y fue trabajado al final del periodo Neolítico. Al principio, se le golpeaba
hasta dejarlo plano como una hoja. Después se aprendió a fundirlo con fuego y vaciarlo
en moldes, lo que permitió fabricar mejores herramientas y en mayor cantidad.
Se calcula que hacia el tercer milenio antes de Cristo, después de un difícil proceso de
extracción, se empezó a trabajar con el hierro. Este requiere, como se sabe, altas
temperaturas para su fundición y moldeado porque así es más maleable y resistente.
Los utensilios elaborados con metales fueron: armas, herramientas, vasijas, adornos
personales, domésticos y religiosos. El uso de los metales significó un gran avance
técnico que repercutió de diversas formas en la conformación de la civilización humana.
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1 LOS METALES
Los metales se caracterizan por tener un brillo especial, llamado brillometálico y
principalmente por ser excelentesconductores del calor y la electricidad, porostentar una
excelentesconductoresdel
importantísima densidad y por mantenerse sólidos en temperaturas ambiente, excepto el
mercurio que es líquido.
Algunos metales se presentan en estado libre como el oro, pero otros aparecen en
estados de óxidos, sulfuros, carbonatos, fluoruros, cloruros. etc.
Los metales son toxicos como es elcaso del plomo y del mercurio.
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1.2TIPOS DE METALES:
Son aquellos cuyo componente principal es el hierro, pues es abundante y tiene buenas
propiedades.
Fíjate que el acero y la fundición tienen los mismos componentes, pero la fundición
tiene más carbono que el acero. (DIAZ COBO)
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1.2.2METALES NO FERROSOS:
Los demás metales casi nunca se emplean en estado puro sino formando aleaciones, es
el caso del níquel, el cromo, el titanio o el manganeso
Hay un tipo de metales no ferrosos que destacan por su valor económico, llamados metales
nobles, los cuales son: oro, plata y platino. (Avilés, 2010) (I.E.S). (ALVAREZ, 2011)
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(DIAZ COBO)
1.3PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS
Los metales suelen ser duros y resistentes. Aunque existen ciertas variaciones de uno a
otro, en general los metales tienen las siguientes propiedades: dureza o resistencia a ser
rayados; resistencia longitudinal o resistencia a la rotura; elasticidad o capacidad de
volver a su forma original después de sufrir deformación; maleabilidad o posibilidad de
cambiar de forma por la acción del martillo, tienen elevada conductividad eléctrica,
elevada conductividad térmica.
Hay ciertos metales que tienen la propiedad de ser maleables, lo que significa que se
pueden cortar en finísimas láminas como el oro, el estaño y el aluminio; y otros como el
hierro y el cobre que son tenaces o resistentes
resis tentes a la ruptura por tracción.
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Los metales tienen energía de ionización baja: reaccionan con facilidad perdiendo
electrones para formar iones positivos o cationes. De este modo, los metales forman
sales como cloruros, sulfuros y carbonatos, actuando como agentes reductores (donantes
de electrones). (SLIDESSHARE)
1.5PROPIEDADES DE LOS METALES
(I.E.S)
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2.1ANODIZADO:
El anodizado es un proceso electroquímico industrial aplicado al aluminio para
aumentar el espesor creando una densa capa de óxido de aluminio, la cual proporciona
al metal una mayor resistencia a la abrasión y a los agentes químicos y atmosféricos.
Bien, el proceso de anodizado consiste en obtener de manera artificial películas de
óxido de mucho mas espesor y con mejores características de protección que las capas
naturales, estas se obtienen mediante procesos químicos y electrolíticos. Artificialmente
se pueden obtener películas en las que el espesor es de 25/30 micrones en el tratamiento
de protección o decoración y de casi 100 micrones con el procedimiento de
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2.1.1Elementos:
El baño debe mantenerse a unos 20º C. de temperatura, como el mismo proceso genera
calor es que necesitamos una bandeja con agua donde poder refrigerar el recipiente de
anodizado. En algunos casos necesitaremos colocar algo de hielo en el agua para
mantener la temperatura.
Para sostener las piezas dentro del electrolítico utilizaremos un listón de madera en el
que hemos colocado algunos clavos en sus laterales, unimos estos mediante un cable de
cobre para que estén conectados eléctricamente entre sí. Las piezas, denominadas
ánodo, y que conectaremos al (+ positivo), estarán sostenidas de los mismos mediante
unos cocodrilos.
Solo falta una fuente de corriente que puede ser un cargador de baterías de 12 volts.,
algunos cables, cocodrilos y tester si tienen.
ti enen.
(BARROS, 2004)
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Enganche
Permite asegurar un adecuado contacto para la conducción de la corriente.
Desengrase
Consiste en aplicar agentes químicos que eliminen de la superficie manchas de aceite,
grasas u otros
Matizado o Decapado Químico
Este proceso se realiza en un tanque con soda cáustica como etapa preparatoria de la
superficie del aluminio antes de la anodización
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2.2DESTILACIÓN
Proceso que consiste en calentar un líquido hasta que sus componentes más volátiles
pasan a la fase de vapor y, a continuación, enfriar el vapor para recuperar dichos
componentes en forma líquida por medio de la condensación. El objetivo principal de la
destilación es separar una mezcla de varios componentes aprovechando sus distintas
volatilidades, o bien separar los materiales volátiles de los no volátiles. En la
evaporación y en el secado, normalmente el objetivo es obtener el componente menos
volátil; el componente más volátil, casi siempre agua, se desecha. Sin embargo, la
finalidad principal de la destilación es obtener el componente más volátil en forma pura.
Por ejemplo, la eliminación del agua de la glicerina evaporando el agua, se llama
evaporación, pero la eliminación del agua del alcohol evaporando el alcohol se llama
destilación, aunque se usan mecanismos similares en ambos casos. (TODOBODEGA)
(RAYMOND, LARRY, WHITTEN, & STANLEY)
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